ASSIGNMENT 1 ( Math 2565)

Answer 1)

1.1

a. The cases are the 50 different varieties of coffee being ranked.

b. Variables and their possible values:

• Name of the coffee: Text strings (unique names)

• Price for a 12-ounce serving: Positive numerical values (likely in dollars)

• Overall rating: Numerical values from 0 to 100

• Roast: Light, medium, or dark

• Flavor rating: Numerical values from 0 to 10

• Aroma rating: Numerical values from 0 to 10

• Body rating: Numerical values from 0 to 10

c. Classification of variables:

• Name of the coffee: Categorical (nominal)

• Price for a 12-ounce serving: Quantitative (continuous)

• Overall rating: Quantitative (discrete)

• Roast: Categorical (ordinal)

• Flavor rating: Quantitative (discrete)

• Aroma rating: Quantitative (discrete)

• Body rating: Quantitative (discrete)

d. Yes, a label was used. The "name of the coffee" serves as a label to uniquely identify
each case (coffee variety) in the dataset.

e. Key characteristics of the dataset:

• Contains information on 50 varieties of coffee

• Includes both categorical and quantitative variables

• Provides comprehensive ratings (overall, flavor, aroma, body) on different aspects of

each coffee
 • Includes pricing information for comparison

• Categorizes roast levels, allowing for analysis of preferences across roast types

• Uses different rating scales (0-100 for overall, 0-10 for specific attributes)

• Allows for multifaceted analysis and comparison of coffee varieties based on

various attributes

1.2

a. The cases for this set of data are the individual states. Each state represents a case in
the dataset.

b. Yes, there is a label variable. It is the "state" variable, which identifies each case (state) in
the dataset.

c. Identifying each variable:

• State: Categorical variable

• Number of students from the state who attend college: Quantitative variable

• Number of students who attend college in their home state: Quantitative variable

d. The quantitative variables can be used to explain several things about the states:

• The number of students from the state who attend college can indicate the overall
college-going population from each state, which might reflect factors like
population size, education emphasis, or economic conditions.

• The number of students who attend college in their home state can show how many
students choose to stay in-state for higher education. This could reflect factors such
as the quality or availability of in-state institutions, affordability of in-state tuition, or
state policies encouraging students to remain in-state.

e. This variable could be used to explain:

• The retention rate of students for in-state higher education

• The attractiveness or competitiveness of a state's higher education system

• Potential brain drain or brain gain scenarios for different states

• The effectiveness of state policies aimed at keeping students in-state for college

• Economic factors that might influence students' decisions to stay in-state or leave
for college
Answer 2)

2.1

a. Five-number summary: Minimum: 2.2 cm Q1 (25th percentile): 11.4 cm Median: 31.8 cm

Q3 (75th percentile): 44.4 cm Maximum: 69.3 cm

b. To make a boxplot, I would use the five-number summary

d. Summary of major features of this distribution:

The distribution of longleaf pine tree diameters in the Wade Tract appears to be right-
skewed (positively skewed). This means there are more trees with smaller diameters and
fewer trees with larger diameters.

Key observations:

• Range: The diameters range from 2.2 cm to 69.3 cm, showing considerable variation
in tree sizes.

• Central tendency: The median (31.8 cm) is less than the mean (which I estimate to
be around 35-40 cm based on the data), which is typical for right-skewed
distributions.

• Spread: There's a wide spread in the data, with the interquartile range (Q3 - Q1)
being 33 cm.

• Skewness: The distribution is clearly right-skewed, with a longer tail on the right
side.

Preference between boxplot and histogram: For these data, I would prefer a histogram.

Answer 3)

3.1

a. To find the height of the density curve between 0 and 5:

Area = Length * Height 1 = 5 * Height = 1/5 = 0.2

So, the height of the density curve between 0 and 5 is 0.2.

b. To find the proportion of outcomes that are more than 2:

The area under the curve represents the proportion of outcomes. The area to the right of
x=2 is:

Area = Length * Height = (5 - 2) * 0.2 = 3 * 0.2 = 0.6

 So, 60% of outcomes are more than 2.

c. To find the proportion of outcomes between 2.5 and 3.0:

Area = Length * Height = (3.0 - 2.5) * 0.2 = 0.5 * 0.2 = 0.1

So, 10% of outcomes lie between 2.5 and 3.0.

Answer 4)

4.1 F(0) = 0 (since 0 < x < 1) F(1) = 1/2 (since 0 < x < 1) F(2) = 1/2 + (2-1)/4 = 3/4 (since 1 ≤ x ≤
3) F(4) = 1 (since x > 3)

Values | F(0) | F(1) | F(2) | F(4) Results | 0 | 1/2 | 3/4 | 1

4.2 The support set of this distribution is [0, 3].

4.3 Splitting the support into three intervals:

Interval | Probability Calculation | Height of Histogram Bar [0, 1) | F(1) - F(0) = 1/2 - 0 = 1/2 |
1/2 [1, 2) | F(2) - F(1) = 3/4 - 1/2 = 1/4 | 1/4 [2, 3] | F(3) - F(2) = 1 - 3/4 = 1/4 | 1/4

4.4 Splitting the support into 6 intervals:

Interval | Probability Calculation | Height of Histogram Bar [0, 0.5) | F(0.5) - F(0) = 1/4 - 0 =
1/4 | 1/2 [0.5, 1) | F(1) - F(0.5) = 1/2 - 1/4 = 1/4 | 1/2 [1, 1.5) | F(1.5) - F(1) = 5/8 - 1/2 = 1/8 | 1/4
[1.5, 2) | F(2) - F(1.5) = 3/4 - 5/8 = 1/8 | 1/4 [2, 2.5) | F(2.5) - F(2) = 7/8 - 3/4 = 1/8 | 1/4 [2.5, 3] |
F(3) - F(2.5) = 1 - 7/8 = 1/8 | 1/4

4.5 Create two histograms: one based on 4.3 (3 intervals) and one based on 4.4 (6
intervals).

4.6 Comparing the two histograms: The histogram with 6 intervals provides a more detailed
representation of the distribution. It shows that the probability is higher in the [0, 1) interval
and gradually decreases afterwards.

4.7 The distribution is right-skewed, as the probability mass is concentrated on the left side
of the support and gradually decreases towards the right.

4.8 Approximate median and mean:

The median is around 1, as F(1) = 1/2.

For the mean, we need a more refined histogram. Using the 6-interval histogram:

Mean ≈ 0.250.5 + 0.750.5 + 1.250.25 + 1.750.25 + 2.250.25 + 2.750.25 = 1.5

Values | Mean | Median Results | ≈1.5 | ≈1

The mean is greater than the median, which is consistent with a right-skewed distribution.

Answer 5)

solve question 5

I'll solve Question 5 step by step:

5.1 For the dataset X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}:

Minimum: 1 Q1: 1.5 (25th percentile) Median: 3 Q3: 4.5 (75th percentile) Maximum: 5
Mean: (1+2+3+4+5)/5 = 3 Variance: [(1-3)^2 + (2-3)^2 + (3-3)^2 + (4-3)^2 + (5-3)^2]/5 = 2
Standard Deviation: √2 ≈ 1.414 IQR: Q3 - Q1 = 4.5 - 1.5 = 3

5.2 A box plot would be created based on these values, with the mean marked as "+".

5.3 For aX + k, where a > 0:

Minimum: a(1) + k Q1: a(1.5) + k Median: a(3) + k Q3: a(4.5) + k Maximum: a(5) + k Mean:
a(3) + k Variance: a^2 * 2 Standard Deviation: a * √2 IQR: a * 3

5.4 For Y in range [0, 1]:

Minimum: 0 Q1: 0.25 Median: 0.5 Q3: 0.75 Maximum: 1 Mean: 0.5 Variance: 1/12 ≈ 0.0833
Standard Deviation: 1/√12 ≈ 0.2887 IQR: 0.5

5.5 For Z in range [0, 1], replacing one value with z' in range [0, 1]:

Minimum: 0 Q1: 0 or 0.25 (depends on z') Median: 0.5 Q3: 0.75 or 1 (depends on z')
Maximum: 1 Mean: (3 + z')/7 Variance: changes based on z' Standard Deviation: changes
based on z' IQR: 0.5 or 0.75 (depends on z')
5.6 For W consisting of seven values {w1, ..., w7}: The maximum possible value of (w7 -
w1)/(w6 - w2) is when w7 is maximum (1), w1 is minimum (0), w6 is just slightly larger than
w2, and w2 is just slightly larger than 0.

So, the maximum possible value approaches 1/ε as ε approaches 0, where w6 = w2 + ε.

Theoretically, this could be infinitely large, but in practice, it would be limited by the
precision of the number representation.

5.7 For the standard normal distribution:

Q1 ≈ -0.67 and Q3 ≈ 0.67

The 1.5 IQR rule for outliers: Lower bound: Q1 - 1.5 * IQR ≈ -0.67 - 1.5 * (0.67 - (-0.67)) ≈ -
2.698 Upper bound: Q3 + 1.5 * IQR ≈ 0.67 + 1.5 * (0.67 - (-0.67)) ≈ 2.698

The proportion of the standard normal distribution outside these bounds is approximately
0.0070 or 0.70%.

This means about 0.70% of data points in a standard normal distribution would be
considered outliers according to the 1.5 IQR rule.

Answer 6)

6.1 Show that 1 = D(A) + D(A^c)

1. By Rule 2, D(S) = 1, where S is the sample space.

2. We know that A ∪ A^c = S and A ∩ A^c = ∅ (A^c is the complement of A)

3. Using Rule 3*: D(A ∪ A^c) = D(A) + D(A^c)

4. Therefore, D(S) = D(A) + D(A^c)

5. Substituting from step 1: 1 = D(A) + D(A^c)

6.2 Show that D(A) ≤ 1

1. From 6.1, we proved that 1 = D(A) + D(A^c)

2. By Rule 1, D(A^c) ≥ 0

3. Therefore, D(A) = 1 - D(A^c) ≤ 1

6.3 Show that E ⊆ F ⇒ D(E) ≤ D(F)

1. If E ⊆ F, then F = E ∪ (F \ E), where E and (F \ E) are disjoint

2. By Rule 3*: D(F) = D(E) + D(F \ E)

3. By Rule 1, D(F \ E) ≥ 0

4. Therefore, D(F) ≥ D(E)

6.4 Show that D(A ∪ B) = D(A) + D(B) - D(A ∩ B)

1. We can write A ∪ B as three disjoint sets: (A \ B), (B \ A), and (A ∩ B)

2. By Rule 3*: D(A ∪ B) = D(A \ B) + D(B \ A) + D(A ∩ B)

3. Note that A = (A \ B) ∪ (A ∩ B), so D(A) = D(A \ B) + D(A ∩ B)

4. Similarly, D(B) = D(B \ A) + D(A ∩ B)

5. Adding D(A) and D(B): D(A) + D(B) = D(A \ B) + D(B \ A) + 2D(A ∩ B)

6. Subtracting D(A ∩ B) from both sides: D(A) + D(B) - D(A ∩ B) = D(A \ B) + D(B \ A) + D(A
∩ B) = D(A ∪ B)