Unit II Force and Motion

• Scalar and vector quantities, Types of vector, addition and subtraction of vectors,
Triangle and parallelogram law, Scalar and Vector Product, Resolution of vectors and
its application to lawn roller, Force, momentum
• Statement and derivation of conservation of linear momentum, its applications
• Impulse and its applications
• Circular motion, definitions of basic quantities
• Relation between linear and angular velocity and linear and angular acceleration
• Expression and applications of centripetal and centrifugal forces with examples
• Application of various forces in lifts, cranes etc.
Observe the w o rld
 Scalars Vectors

Mass Weight
Distance Charge Displacement
Area Strain Force
Volume Torque
Speed Velocity
Work Acceleration
Energy Momentum
Power Stress
Temperature
Scalars Vectors

+−

=
> <
 Representation of a vector
𝑗Ƹ
y
B
𝒗

A 𝑨𝑩 𝒂

x 𝒇
O (0,0,0)
𝑖Ƹ
𝒑

z 𝑘෠
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector Magnitude: 0
2.Unit Vector
Direction: Indefinite
3.Position Vector (We cannot comment on it direction)
4.Co-initial Vector
5.Like and Unlike Vectors Zero Vector
6.Co-planar Vector Null Vector
7.Collinear Vector .
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
O (0,0,0)
10.Negative of a Vector
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector
2.Unit Vector Magnitude: 1
3.Position Vector Direction: Depends
4.Co-initial Vector
5.Like and Unlike Vectors 𝒙
6.Co-planar Vector ෝ=
𝒙
7.Collinear Vector 𝒙
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
10.Negative of a Vector
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector
2.Unit Vector A vector drawn from
3.Position Vector origin to any point A
4.Co-initial Vector
5.Like and Unlike Vectors
6.Co-planar Vector . A
7.Collinear Vector 𝑶𝑨
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
O (0,0,0)
10.Negative of a Vector
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector Vectors having same starting point
2.Unit Vector
3.Position Vector
4.Co-initial Vector D
5.Like and Unlike Vectors
6.Co-planar Vector 𝑨𝑫
. A 𝑨𝑪
7.Collinear Vector C
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector 𝑨𝑩
10.Negative of a Vector B
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector
2.Unit Vector
3.Position Vector
4.Co-initial Vector
5.Like and Unlike Vectors
6.Co-planar Vector
7.Collinear Vector
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
10.Negative of a Vector
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector
2.Unit Vector Three or more vectors lying
3.Position Vector on same plane
4.Co-initial Vector or parallel planes
5.Like and Unlike Vectors
6.Co-planar Vector
7.Collinear Vector
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
10.Negative of a Vector
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector
Vectors lying along same line or
2.Unit Vector
on parallel lines
3.Position Vector
4.Co-initial Vector
5.Like and Unlike Vectors
6.Co-planar Vector
7.Collinear Vector
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
10.Negative of a Vector
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector
Vectors with same magnitude
2.Unit Vector
and same direction
3.Position Vector
4.Co-initial Vector
5.Like and Unlike Vectors
6.Co-planar Vector
7.Collinear Vector
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
10.Negative of a Vector
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector
A point is displaced from
2.Unit Vector
position A to position B,
3.Position Vector
then
4.Co-initial Vector vector 𝑨𝑩 is called Displacement
5.Like and Unlike Vectors vector
6.Co-planar Vector
B
7.Collinear Vector
8.Equal Vector A 𝑨𝑩

9.Displacement Vector
10.Negative of a Vector O (0,0,0)
 Types of vectors
1. Zero Vector
Two vectors with same magnitude
2.Unit Vector
and exactly opposite directions are
3.Position Vector
called negative vectors
4.Co-initial Vector
of each other
5.Like and Unlike Vectors
6.Co-planar Vector
7.Collinear Vector
8.Equal Vector
9.Displacement Vector
10.Negative of a Vector
Recap…
Physical Quantities

Scalars Vectors

Magnitude Magnitude + Direction

Q. What is shown in diagram?

A.Zero vector

B. Unit vector
.
C. Co-initial vectors

D.Negative vectors
Weight is a scalar quantity
True/False

Force is vector quantity

True/False
 If vector details are given

𝑎Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ + 5𝑗+Ƹ 4𝑘෠

𝑏 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗+Ƹ 11𝑘෠

𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑖Ƹ + 5𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑗Ƹ + (4𝑘෠ + 11𝑘)

෠

= 5𝑖Ƹ + 1𝑗Ƹ + 15𝑘෠

𝑎Ԧ − 𝑏 = −1𝑖Ƹ + 9𝑗Ƹ − 7𝑘෠

 Vector product

Dot product Cross product

Scalar product Vector Product
𝑎.
Ԧ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑎Ԧ × 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑏
𝜃

𝑎Ԧ
 𝑎Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ
𝑏 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗Ƹ
Q. What is 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 ?

A. 6𝑖Ƹ 𝑎Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ

B. 8𝑗Ƹ 𝑏 = −3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗Ƹ
C. 6𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ
D. 6𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ Q. What is 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑏 ?

A. 0𝑖Ƹ
B. 8𝑗Ƹ
C. 6𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ
D. 6𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ
Q. Identify the symbol Q. Two vectors are at
in vector algebra. 90° to each other. Their
dot product is?
x
A. 𝑑𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 A. 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒
B. 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 B. 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
C. 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 C. 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
D. 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 D. 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
Force The push or pull on an object with mass
that causes it to change its velocity

SI unit: Newton
or kg·m/s2
Formula: F=ma
Dimension: MLT-2
 Resolution of vectors
y
𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 42 + 32 = 25 = 5
6
5
4
4 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠
3 A(4,3)
2
3 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠
1
O (0,0) 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
R esolution of vectors
cos 𝜃 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
=
𝑂𝐵 𝑅𝑥
=
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑂𝐴 𝑅

𝑹𝒙 = 𝑹 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
C A
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝐵 𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑦 sin 𝜃 = = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑂𝐴 𝑅
𝜽
𝑹𝒚 = 𝑹 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
O B
𝑅𝑥
 Real world analogy

3𝑁 4𝑁 x
 Real world analogy

4𝑁 3𝑁 x
It is easier to pull a lawn roller than to push it
Momentum

Mass x velocity
p=mv

Units, dimensions
 Conservation of Momentum
Total momentum
of an isolated system
is
always conserved

Simply, Momentum before = momentum after

 Recoil of gun

Before shot
𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜

𝑀
After shot 𝑚
𝑝𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑀𝑉 + 𝑚𝑣 = 0
𝑣
𝑉 𝑀𝑉 = −𝑚𝑣
𝑚
𝑉=− 𝑣
𝑀
 Other examples

• Jumping from a boat

• Rocket travel

• Newton cradle
 Impulse
𝑣
Impulse = force x time = m a t = m t = m v
𝑡

Impulse = force x time

Observe the screen!
Observe the screen!
Linear motion Vs Circular motion
 Linear motion Circular motion

displacement (d) angular displacement ()

velocity (v) angular velocity ()
acceleration (a) angular acceleration ()
momentum (p) angular momentum (L)
mass (m) moment of inertia (I)

force (f) torque ()

Linear motion Circular motion

𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 𝝎𝟐 = 𝝎𝟏 + 𝜶𝒕
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕 𝜽 = 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜶𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔 𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝟏 = 𝟐𝜶𝜽

𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 𝝉 = 𝑰𝜶
𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗 𝑳 = 𝑰𝜽
Circular motion
Total circle = 2 Radians

𝑑𝜃
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜔
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛼 =
𝑑𝑡
 Circular motion
𝐴𝑟𝑐 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 × 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
B
𝑟 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑟 × 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝜃
A =𝑟×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝜔
=𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑇 = 𝑟𝛼 Home work
 What Is Conclusion?
A continuous force is required
to keep a body
moving in a circular path

This force is called centripetal force

 Now We Understood!
Centripetal force
provided by gravitational force
𝐹𝑔
keep moon in its orbit

and similarly planets in their orbits

What About Water?
What About Water?
Mathematically
Centrifugal Force?
 Polling
Q. Which statement is true?

A. Centripetal force is an outward force

B. Centripetal force is an inward force
C. Centripetal force does not act along radius of the
circular path
D. Centrifugal force is inward force
 Activity based question

Q. Match the analogous quantities in linear and circular motion

Velocity • • moment of inertia

Acceleration • • angular velocity
Mass • • torque
Force • • angular acceleration
 When a vehicle moves in a circular path on road, who
provides the necessary centripetal force?

Centripetal force Centripetal force Centripetal force

provided by hand provided by gravity provided by -------?

?
Single picture tells the whole story
Straight Motion During Turn

Normal
reaction (N) Normal
reaction (N)

N Cos


𝑭𝒓 N Sin

It provides Weight (mg)

Weight (mg) necessary
centripetal force
Even if frictional force does not change, can required
centripetal force change?

Centripetal force
provided by friction
Answer:
Yes!! If mass and/or velocity changes.

𝟐 𝐹𝑟
𝒎𝒗
𝑭𝒄 =
𝒓
What is the solution to avoid skidding?
Centripetal force
provided by friction

𝐹𝑟
 What is the solution to avoid skidding?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGZWVwcaq0U
Banking of roads
Banking of roads
 Polling
Q. Which statement is true?

A. Centripetal force is an outward force

B. Centripetal force is an inward force
C. Centripetal force does not act along radius of the
circular path
D. Centrifugal force is inward force
 Activity based question

Q. Match the analogous quantities in linear and circular motion

Velocity • • moment of inertia

Acceleration • • angular velocity
Mass • • torque
Force • • angular acceleration
Lift going Lift at rest
up Lift going
down
 Lift at rest

You apply some force

(weight, due to gravity)
on the weighing machine
Actual weight 70 KG
Normal The reading on the
reaction machine is the normal
70 kg reaction between your
body and the machine’s
Weight
surface

Result: Your normal weight

Caution: kg is unit of mass actually, but to correlate to daily life weight is also given in kg.
Lift going up

increased Actual weight 70 KG 1. Lift and weighing machine tries to push

normal
reaction the body upward
2. but, the body tries to stay in rest due to
75 kg inertia
Weight

Result: INCREASED weight

Caution: kg is unit of mass actually, but to correlate to daily life weight is also given in kg.
 Lift going
down

1. If acceleration of lift is less than decreased

acceleration due to gravity, it means normal
lift is letting you come down slowly. reaction
2. As lift is tied with cable which has
some tension in it, there will be some Weight
normal reaction, but less than that
when lift was at rest Actual weight 70 KG

65 kg
Result: DECREASED weight

Caution: kg is unit of mass actually, but to correlate to daily life weight is also given in kg.
 Free fall

Lift going
down
75 kg

70 kg

Lift going up 65 kg

Lift at rest
Work in PHYSICS?

Work = dot product of force and displacement

𝑾 = 𝑭. 𝒔
Dimensions: ML2T-2
Units: Nm

Important to note: Work is a scalar quantity, derived quantity

 Can work be zero? Yes!

1. If force is zero 𝑾 = 𝟎. 𝒔 = 𝟎

2. If displacement is zero 𝑾 = 𝑭. 𝟎 = 𝟎

3. Special case: If angle between 𝑾 = 𝑭. 𝒔 = 𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎°

force and displacement is 90° = 𝑭𝑺 × 𝟎
=𝟎
 Examples of zero work

Sleeping Sitting Standing

Work is zero in all cases because displacement is zero

 Examples of zero work

Force
𝑾 = 𝑭. 𝒔 = 𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎°
= 𝑭𝑺 × 𝟎
Displacement =𝟎

Work is zero in all cases because displacement is zero

 Can work be negative ?
Yes!
Example If force and
Force of friction displacement
is always opposite are in
to the direction of displacement opposite
directions.
𝑾 = 𝑭. 𝒔 = 𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
= 𝑭𝑺 × (−𝟏)
𝑾 = −𝑭𝑺
 Positive work Negative work
Force Displacement Displacement Force
 Negative work
Friction 𝑾 = 𝑭. 𝒔 = 𝑭𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝑭𝑺 × (−𝟏)
𝑾 = −𝑭𝑺

Friction
 Positive work Negative work
1. Someone pushes you
1. Kicking a football
2. You are pulled from behind when you try to
2. Moving a chair
move front
3. Throwing a stone
3. In Arm wrestling, when someone is defeating
4. Riding a bicycle
you.
5. Doctors moving a patient in wheel
4. In Tug of War when opponent team pulls hard.
chair
5. Pushing a car up a hill, when you slip back.
6. striking a pen into another pen
6. Trying to catch a heavy object, hands move down
7. Riding a skateboard
7. When you jump, work done by gravity is
8. Pushing and moving a table
negative
9. Cutting a fruit with knife
8. After you press a spring, it relaxes.
10. A car moving forward
9. Trying to kick a moving football, work done by
ball is negative
10. A car moving on road, work done by friction is
negative