ASE 341 TUTORIAL SOLUTIONS – 1

1. Determine the vorticity field for the following velocity vector

𝑉 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝒊̂̂ − 2𝑥𝑦𝒋̂

Answer:
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
⃗ =(
∇×𝑉 − ) 𝒊̂ + ( − ) 𝒋̂ + ( − ) 𝒌̂
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
From the velocity field,
𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑣 = −2𝑥𝑦
𝑤=0
Thus,
𝜕 𝜕 2
⃗ = 0𝒊̂ + 0𝒋̂ + [
∇×𝑉 (−2𝑥𝑦) − ̂
(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )] 𝒌
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
̂
= [−2𝑦 − (−2𝑦)]𝒌
̂
= 0𝒌
Hence,
⃗ =0
∇×𝑉
2. Determine an expression for the vorticity of the flow field described by
𝑉 = −𝑥𝑦 3 𝒊̂ + 𝑦 4 𝒋̂
Is the flow irrotational?

Answer:
𝜔
⃗ =∇× 𝑉 ⃗
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
∇×𝑉 ⃗ =( − ) 𝒊̂ + ( − ) 𝒋̂ + ( − ) 𝒌̂
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
From the velocity field,
𝑢 = −𝑥𝑦 3
𝑣 = 𝑦4
𝑤=0
𝜕 4 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗ = [−
∇×𝑉 (𝑦 )] 𝒊̂ + [ (−𝑥𝑦 3 )] 𝒋̂ + [ (𝑦 4 ) − ̂
(−𝑥𝑦 3 )] 𝒌
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

̂
= 0𝒊̂ + 0𝒋̂ + [3𝑥𝑦 2 ]𝒌

̂
⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝒌
∇×𝑉
The flow is rotational, because 𝛁 × ⃗𝑽 ≠ 𝟎
3. The velocity components of an incompressible, two-dimensional velocity field are given
by the equations
𝑢 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)
𝑣 = 𝑦(2𝑥 + 1)
Show that the flow is irrotational and satisfies conservation of mass.

Answer:
If the flow is irrotational,
⃗ =0
∇× 𝑉
Curl of a 2D velocity field,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
⃗ =(
∇×𝑉 − )𝒌̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
From the velocity field,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= (𝑦 2 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)) = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕
= (𝑦(2𝑥 + 1)) = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

̂
⃗ = (2𝑦 − 2𝑦)𝒌
∇×𝑉

⃗ =0
∇×𝑉
and the flow is irrotational.

To satisfy the conservation of mass,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Since,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= (𝑦 2 − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)) = −2𝑥 − 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕
= (𝑦(2𝑥 + 1)) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Then,
−2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
Hence, the conservation of mass is satisfied.
4. Velocity field is given as
𝑦
𝑉 = 𝑢0 sin [𝜔 (𝑡 − )] 𝒊̂ + 𝑣0 𝒋̂
𝑣0
and 𝑢0 , 𝑣0 and 𝜔 are constants. Determine,
a) the streamline that passes through the origin at 𝑡 = 0; 𝑡 = 𝜋/2𝜔.
b) the pathline of the particle that was at the origin at 𝑡 = 0; 𝑡 = 𝜋/2𝜔.

Answer:
a) For two-dimensional flow
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑣
= or =
𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
From the velocity field,
𝑢 = 𝑢0 sin[𝜔(𝑡 − 𝑦⁄𝑣0 )]
𝑣 = 𝑣0
Substitute,
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑣0
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢0 sin[𝜔(𝑡 − 𝑦⁄𝑣0 )]

𝑢0 sin[𝜔(𝑡 − 𝑦⁄𝑣0 )] 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑑𝑥
Integrate both sides,
𝑢0 (𝑣0 ⁄𝜔) cos[𝜔(𝑡 − 𝑦⁄𝑣0 )] = 𝑣0 𝑥 + 𝐶 … (1)
For the streamline passing through 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0 the value of C can be obtained from
Eq.1 as,
𝑢0 𝑣0
𝐶=
𝜔
Hence, the equation for this streamline is,
𝑣0 𝑦 𝑢0 𝑣0
𝑢0 ( ) cos [𝜔 (𝑡 − )] = 𝑣0 𝑥 +
𝜔 𝑣0 𝜔
𝑢0 𝜔𝑦
𝑥 = [cos ( ) − 1] … (2)
𝜔 𝑣0
For the streamline passing through 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑡 = 𝜋/2𝜔 the value of C can be obtained
from Eq. 1 as,
𝐶=0
Hence, the equation for this streamline is,
𝑢0 𝜋 𝑦
𝑥 = cos [𝜔 ( − )]
𝜔 2𝜔 𝑣0
𝑢0 𝜋 𝜔𝑦
𝑥 = cos ( − )
𝜔 2 𝑣0
𝑢0 𝜔𝑦
𝑥 = sin ( ) … (3)
𝜔 𝑣0
b) The pathline of a particle can be obtained from,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑢= and 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
From the velocity field,
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑢0 sin [𝜔 (𝑡 − )] … (4)
𝑑𝑡 𝑣0
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑣0
𝑑𝑡
Since 𝑣0 is constant,
𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝐶1 … (5)
Substitute 𝑦 into Eq. 4,
𝑑𝑥 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝐶1 𝐶1 𝜔
= 𝑢0 sin [𝜔 (𝑡 − )] = −𝑢0 sin ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑣0 𝑣0
This can be integrated to give the 𝑥 component of the pathline as,
𝐶1 𝜔
𝑥 = − [𝑢0 sin ( )] 𝑡 + 𝐶2 … (6)
𝑣0

For the particle that was at 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 at time 𝑡 = 0. From Eq. 5 and 6, 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0. Thus, the
pathline is,
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑡 … (7)

For the particle that was at 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 at time 𝑡 = 𝜋/2𝜔. From Eq. 5 and 6,
𝑣0 𝜋 𝑢0 𝜋
𝐶1 = − and 𝐶2 = −
2𝜔 2𝜔
Thus, the pathline is,
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑢0 (𝑡 − ) and 𝑦 = 𝑣0 (𝑡 − ) … (8)
2𝜔 2𝜔
5. A flying airplane produces swirling flow near the end of its wings. In certain circumstances
this flow can be approximated by the velocity field
𝑢 = −𝐾𝑦/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑣 = 𝐾𝑥/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
where K is a constant depending on various parameters associated with the airplane (i.e., its
weight, speed) and x and y are measured from the center of the swirl. Show that the streamlines
are circles.

Answer:
Streamlines are given by,
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝐾𝑥/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 −𝐾𝑦/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Thus,
𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥
Integrate both sides,
1 2 1
𝑦 = − 𝑥2 + 𝐶
2 2
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐶1
This equation is an equation of the circle.
6. For the given velocity field, calculate the circulation around a circular path of radius 5 m.
Assume that 𝑢 and 𝑣 given are in units of meters per second.
𝑢 = 𝑦/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑣 = −𝑥/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

Answer:
7. A worker is performing maintenance in a small rectangular tank with a height of 3m and a
square base 1.5m by 1.5m. Fresh air enters through a 0.2m diameter hose and exits through a
0.1m. diameter port on the tank wall. The flow is assumed steady and incompressible. (Air
must be changed every 3 minutes.) Determine,
a) the exchange rate needed (m3/min) for this tank and
b) the velocity of the air entering and exiting the tank at this exchange rate.

Answer:
a) The necessary exchange rate, which will provide the flowrate entering and exiting the
space, is based on the volume, of the tank, where
𝑉 = (3)(1.5)(1.5) = 6.75 𝑚3
Therefore, the required flowrate, 𝑄, is
6.75
𝑄= = 2.25 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
3
b) The continuity equation can be used to calculate the velocities at the inlet and outlet. Thus,
𝜕
∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 + ∑ 𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ∑ 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 = 0 … (1)
𝜕𝑡 𝑐𝑣
We consider the volume within the tank to be the control volume, 𝐴𝑖𝑛 the cross-sectional area
of the hose as it protrudes through the tank wall, and 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 the area of the port in the tank
wall. Since the flow is assumed steady and incompressible,
𝜕
∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝑐𝑣
And
𝜌𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑖𝑛
Thus, Eq. 1 reduces to
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 = 0
or
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄
Which can be rearranged to solve for 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 and 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
𝑄 2.25
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = = 286.48 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 0.1 2
𝜋( )
2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 4.77 𝑚/𝑠

𝑄 2.25
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = = = 71.62 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑖𝑛 0.2 2
𝜋( )
2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 1.19 𝑚/𝑠
8. A rigid A rigid tank of volume 𝑉 = 1.0 𝑚3 is initially filled with air at 200 𝐶° and
𝑝0 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎. At time 𝑡 = 0, a vacuum pump is turned on and evacuates air at a constant
flow rate 𝑄 = 0.080 𝑚3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 (regardless of pressure). Assume an ideal gas and an isothermal
process.
a) Set up differential equation for this flow.
b) Solve this equation for 𝑡 as a function of 𝑉, 𝑄, 𝑝, 𝑝0 .
c) Compute the time in minutes to pump the tank down to 𝑝 = 20 𝑘𝑃𝑎.

Answer:
a) Using conservation of mass:
𝜕
− ∰ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 = ∯𝜌𝑉⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝑆
Assume density is constant throughout the tank,
𝜕 𝜕 𝑑𝜌
− ∰ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 = − (𝜌 ∰ 𝑑𝑉) = −𝑉
𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
Assume uniform flow on the surface,
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜌𝑄
∯𝜌𝑉
𝑆

𝑑𝜌
−𝑉 = 𝜌𝑄
𝑑𝑡
b) Solve for 𝑡,
𝑝
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 → 𝜌 =
𝑅𝑇
𝑑 𝑝 𝑝
−𝑉 ( ) = 𝑄
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
Assume temperature is constant,
𝑉 𝑑𝑝 𝑝
− = 𝑄
𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑝 𝑄
− = 𝑑𝑡
𝑝 𝑉
Integrate,
𝑄
−[ln 𝑝 − ln 𝑝0 ] = 𝑡
𝑉
𝑝 𝑄
− ln = 𝑡
𝑝0 𝑉
𝑉 𝑝
𝑡=− ln
𝑄 𝑝0
c) Compute the time to reduce pressure to 20 𝑘𝑃𝐴,
1 20
𝑡=− ln = 20.12 𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.080 100
9.

Answer:
RTT for fixed CV,
𝐷𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
=∫ (𝛽𝜌) 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝛽𝜌𝑉 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑆
For the mass conservation, 𝐵 = 𝑚 and 𝛽 = 1,
𝐷𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝜌
∴ =0=∫ 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝜌𝑉 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑆
For steady flow,
0 = (𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 ) − (𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 )

𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2
Since 𝜌 = constant
𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2
𝐴1 𝐷1 2 10 2
∴ 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 = ( ) 𝑉1 = ( ) (10)
𝐴2 𝐷2 15
𝑉2 = 4.44 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
10.

Answer:
RTT for fixed CV,
𝐷𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕
=∫ (𝛽𝜌) 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝛽𝜌𝑉 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑆
For the mass conservation, 𝐵 = 𝑚 and 𝛽 = 1,
𝐷𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝜌
∴ =0=∫ 𝑑𝑉 + ∫ 𝜌𝑉 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑆
For steady flow,
0 = (𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 ) − (𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 ) − (𝜌3 𝑉3 𝐴3 )
Since 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 = 𝜌3 ,

𝑉2 𝐴2 = 𝑉1 𝐴1 + 𝑉⏟
3 𝐴3
𝑄3

0.05 2
𝐴1 𝑉1 + 𝑄3 𝜋(3) ( ) + 0.01
∴ 𝑉2 = = 2
𝐴2 0.07 2
𝜋( )
2

𝑉2 = 4.13 𝑚/𝑠
11. A mixture of ethanol and gasoline, called “gasohol” is created by pumping the two liquids
in to the “wye” pipe junction. Find 𝑄𝑒𝑡ℎ and 𝑉𝑒𝑡ℎ .

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 691.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 680.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜌𝑒𝑡ℎ = 788.6 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 1.08 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 30 𝑙 ⁄𝑠 = 30 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠

Answer:
12. In a turbofan engine some of the inlet air goes through a set of compressor blades and then
exits the engine, thus “bypassing” the core of the engine (the combustion chamber and the
turbine). The ratio of the mass flow rate of air going around the core to that going through the
core is called the bypass ratio. You are working on the design of a new engine. The inlet of the
engine is circular with a radius of 2.3 𝑚. The exit of the bypass air is an annulus with an inner
radius of 1.35 𝑚 and an outer radius of 1.85 𝑚. The velocity and density at the inlet and exit
may be assumed to be uniform across. The velocity of the bypass air at the exit is 325 𝑚/𝑠 and
the density is 0.87 times the density of the inlet air. The exit velocity of the air from the engine
core is 435 𝑚/𝑠 and the density is 0.57 times that of the inlet air. The exit of the core flow is
circular.

a) Find the radius of the core flow nozzle exit required to have a bypass ratio of 8.
b) In steady state conditions, what is velocity of the inlet flow?
c) What is the thrust generated by the engine when mounted horizontally on a stationary thrust
test stand? Ignore the pressure forces at the inlet and exit.
Assume that the engine operates at sea level in a standard atmosphere.

Answer:

a) Bypass ratio should satisfy:

2 2 )
𝑚𝑏𝑜
̇ 𝜌𝑏𝑜 𝑈𝑏𝑜 𝜋(𝑅𝑏𝑜 − 𝑅𝑏𝑖
8= =
𝑚̇ 𝑐 𝜌𝑐 𝑈𝑐 𝜋𝑅𝑐2
Solve for 𝑅𝑐

1 𝜌𝑏𝑜 𝑈𝑏𝑜 2 2)
𝑅𝑐 = √ ( ) (𝑅𝑏𝑜 − 𝑅𝑏𝑖 = 0.4776 𝑚
8 𝜌𝑐 𝑈𝑐
b) Apply conservation of mass:
𝑑
∰ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 + ∯𝜌𝑉⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑆
First term is eliminated since this is a steady flow.
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑈𝑖𝑛 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝜋𝑅𝑖𝑛
∯𝜌𝑉 2 2
− 𝑈𝑐 𝜌𝑐 𝜋𝑅𝑐2 − 𝑈𝑏𝑜 𝜌𝑏𝑜 𝜋(𝑅𝑏𝑜 2)
− 𝑅𝑏𝑖 =0
𝑆
2 2)
𝑈𝑐 𝜌𝑐 𝑅𝑐2 + 𝑈𝑏𝑜 𝜌𝑏𝑜 (𝑅𝑏𝑜 − 𝑅𝑏𝑖
𝑈𝑖𝑛 = 2 = 96.21 𝑚/𝑠
𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑛
c) Apply momentum equation in x direction, with 𝜌𝑖𝑛 = 1.226 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (note that the core flow
is supersonic, so you will see in ASE 334 that without additional information we can’t know
the pressure in the exit plane)
𝜕
∰ 𝜌𝑈 𝑑𝑉 + ∯ 𝜌𝑈 ∙ 𝑈 ⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = − ∯ 𝑝𝑥 𝑑𝑆 + ∰ 𝜌𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑉 + 𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡
𝜕𝑡 𝑉
⏟ ⏟ ⏟𝑉
Steady flow Ignore the No body
unknown core force
exit pressure

⃗ 𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝑖𝑛 (−𝑈𝑖𝑛 )𝜋𝑅𝑖𝑛

𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = ∯ 𝜌𝑈 ∙ 𝑈 2 2
+ 𝜌𝑏𝑜 𝑈𝑏𝑜 2
𝜋(𝑅𝑏𝑜 2
− 𝑅𝑏𝑖 ) + 𝜌𝑐 𝑈𝑐2 𝜋𝑅𝑐2

𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 472,449 𝑁 ≈ 472 𝑘𝑁