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36 views18 pages

CH09 PPT Modified

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Uploaded by

bobomi7780
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Systems Analysis & Design

Tenth Edition

Chapter 9
Process
Specifications
and Structured
Decisions

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Logic of Decisions

•Documenting and analyzing logic:


–Structured English
–Decision tables
–Decision trees
•Logic and structured decisions are
distinguishable from semistructured decisions
•Structured decision analysis methods promote
completeness, accuracy, and communication

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Process Specifications

•Sometimes called minispecs


•Created for primitive processes as well as for
some higher level processes on a data flow
diagram
•Created for class methods in object-oriented
design and for the steps in a use case

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Goals of Producing Process
Specifications
•Reduce process ambiguity
•Obtain a precise description of what is
accomplished
•Validate the system design

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Process Specifications Are Not
Created for
•Processes that represent physical input and/or
output
•Processes that represent simple data validation
•Processes that use prewritten code

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Figure 9.1 How Process Specifications
Relate to the Data Flow Diagram

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The Process Number

•Must match the process ID on the data flow


diagram
•Allows the analyst to work on or review any
process, and to locate the data flow diagram
containing the process easily

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Structured English

•Used when the process logic involves formulas


or iteration, or when structured decisions are not
complex
•Based on structured logic and simple English
statements such as add, multiply, and move

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Figure 9.3 Examples of Structured
English Types

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Advantages of Structured English

•Clarifying the logic and relationships found in


human languages
•An effective communication tool, it can be taught
to and understood by users in the organization

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Decision Tables

•A table of rows and columns, separated into four


quadrants:
–Conditions
–Condition alternatives
–Actions to be taken
–Rules for executing the actions

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Checking for Completeness and
Accuracy
•Four main problems:
–Incompleteness
–Impossible situations
–Contradictions
–Redundancy

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Decision Table Advantages

•Help the analysis ensure completeness


•Easy to check for possible errors
–Impossible situations
–Contradictions
–Redundancy

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Decision Trees

•Decision trees are used when complex branching


occurs in a structured decision process
•Trees are also useful when it is essential to keep
a string of decisions in a particular sequence

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Drawing Decision Trees

•Identify all conditions and actions and their order


and timing (if they are critical)
•Begin building the tree from left to right, making
sure you list all possible alternatives before
moving to the right

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 9.14 Drawing a Decision Tree to
Show the Noncash Purchase Approval
Actions for a Department Store

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Decision Tree Advantages

•The order of checking conditions and executing


actions is immediately noticeable
•Conditions and actions of decision trees are
found on some branches but not on others
•Compared to decision tables, decision trees are
more readily understood by others in the
organization

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Selecting a Structured Decision
Analysis Technique
• Use structured English when there are many repetitious
actions or when communication to end users is important
• Use decision tables when a complex combination of
conditions, actions, and rules are found or you require a
method that effectively avoids impossible situations,
redundancies, and contradictions
• Use decision trees when the sequence of conditions and
actions is critical or when not every condition is relevant
to every action (the branches are different)

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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