CALCULUS &

ANALYTICAL
GEOMETRY
LECTURE: 2
[CSC-1101]

ARISHA ALI
 CHAPTER # 0

FUNCTIONS

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 Functions
If a variable 𝒚 depends on a variable 𝒙 in such a way that each value of 𝒙
determines exactly one values of 𝒚, then we can say that 𝒚 is a function of
𝒙.
For example, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
𝑥 𝒚
−1 −2
0 −1
1 0
2 1

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 Cont…

Functions can be represented in four ways

 Numerically by tables
 Geometrically by graphs
 Algebraically by formulas
 Verbally (For Example “is twice the value of plus twice” we can write this verbal
representation as the function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2)

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 Dependent and Independent Variable

A function 𝒇 is a rule that associates a unique output with each input. If the
input is denoted by 𝒙, then the output is denoted by 𝒇(𝒙) (read “𝒇 𝒐𝒇 𝒙”).
▪ The variable 𝒙 is called independent variable.
▪ The variable 𝒚 is called dependent variable.

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 Examples

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 Graph of Functions

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 Graph of a function (𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒙 )
𝒙 𝒚
−3 9
−2 4
−1 1
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9

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 Graph of a function (𝒚 = 𝒙)
𝒙 𝒚
−3 −3
−2 −2
−1 −1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3

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 Vertical Line Test
Definition:

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 Examples

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 Functions: Domain & Range
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then the set of all allowable inputs (𝑥 −
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠) is called the domain of 𝒇, and the set of outputs (𝑦 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠) that result when
𝑥 varies over the domain is called the range of 𝒇.
Natural Domain:

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 Example # 6
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)

Find the natural domain of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 −3 −27

Solution: −2 −4
The function 𝑓 has real values for all real 𝑥, so 1 1
its − = −0.5 − = −0.125
2 8
natural domain is the interval (−∞, +∞) 0 0

5 125
= 1.25 = 1.953125
4 64
7 343

𝜋 = 3.14 𝜋 3 =31.00627668

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 Example # 6 (Cont…)
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
𝟏
Find the natural domain of 𝒇 𝒙 =
[(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟑)] 1 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
Solution: 3 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
The function 𝑓 has real values for all real 𝑥, except 𝑥 = 1 1 0.1904
and 𝑥 = 3, so its natural domain is − = −0.5
2
𝑥: 𝑥 ≠ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 3 = (−∞, 1) ∪ (1,3) ∪ (3, +∞) 0 0.33333 …

5 −0.941176
= 1.25
4
7 0.041666 …

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 Example # 6 (Cont…)
Find the natural domain of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝒙)
Solution:
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
Since 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥 = , the function 𝑓 has a real values except where 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 and this
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥
occurs when 𝑥 is an odd integer multiple of 𝜋Τ2. Thus the natural domain consist of all real
numbers except
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = ± ,± ,± ,…
2 2 2

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 Example # 6 (Cont…)
𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟑 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟐

Find the natural domain of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 3 0 2 0

Solution: 2.5 −0.5 1.5 −0.5
The function 𝑓 has real values for all real 𝑥, except when 2 (less) -1 1 (less) -1
the expression inside the radical is negative. Thus the
natural domain consists of all real numbers 𝑥 such that
4 (gret) 1
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2) 3 (gret) 1
2 (less) -1 3 (gret) 1
so its natural domain is
−∞, 2 ∪ [3, +∞) 4 (gret) 1 1 (less) -1

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 Practice Problems

Exercise Set: 0.1

Q#1 to Q#10 and Q#15 to Q#24

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