‘UNDER WATER WIND MILLS’

SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted To

Department of Technical Education, Kerala

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma

In
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted By
RISHIKESH BAIJU

(2201022397)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE MUTTOM-

685587
2024-2025
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE MUTTOM-685587
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the SEMINAR report of ‘UNDER WATER WIND MILLS’is done by RISHIKESH
BAIJU (2201022397) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Diploma in
Mechanical Engineering of the Department of Technical Education Kerala during the year 2024-2025.

Name of Guide, Head of Department,

Nebu Jacob Sandeep R

Lecture in Mechanical Engineering
VISION AND MISSION OF DEPARTMENT

MISSION

To be a centre of excellence in Mechanical Engineering by developing

professionals with continuous learning and social commitment .

VISION

Excel in Mechanical Engineering topics with strong fundamentals and acquire

skills for competitiveness.

Prepare students for successful career and develop entrepreneurship for

setting
up new startup initiatives.

Adapt latest technical advancement and update themselves for industry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who contributed to
the successful completion of this seminar report.

First and foremost, I extend my deepest thanks to my guide, Mr. Nebu Jacob,
for his invaluable guidance, support, and constant encouragement throughout
the preparation of this report. His insightful feedback and expertise have been
instrumental in shaping the direction of my research.

I would also like to thank Mr. Sandeep R, Head of the Department of

Mechanical Engineering, for his support and for providing a conducive
environment for learning and exploration.

I am deeply grateful to the entire staff of the Mechanical Engineering

Department of Govt Polytechnic College Muttom for their constant support,
knowledge sharing, and assistance throughout the course of my seminar work.

My sincere gratitude goes to Mrs. Mayaben N. A, Principal of Govt Polytechnic

College Muttom, for offering the resources and facilities that made this
seminar possible.

I am thankful to my friends and colleagues for their motivation and assistance,

and to my family for their unwavering support during this period.

Finally, I acknowledge the work of all the researchers and authors whose
contributions have provided a strong foundation for my study.

Thank you all for your support and encouragement.

 ABSTRACT

Underwater wind mills, also known as tidal or hydrokinetic turbines, are an innovative
technology that harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water, such as tidal currents, river
flows, or ocean streams, to generate electricity. This renewable energy solution is part of the
broader field of marine energy, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels.
Unlike conventional wind turbines that capture wind energy, underwater wind mills operate
beneath the surface of the water, taking advantage of the higher density and consistent flow
of water compared to air.
The basic concept of underwater wind mills involves submerged turbines that rotate as water
flows through them, driving a generator to produce electricity. These turbines are strategically
placed in areas with strong, predictable water currents, such as tidal estuaries or near the
coastlines where tidal forces are strong. The energy generation process is similar to traditional
wind turbines, but underwater wind mills are more efficient due to water’s greater density,
enabling smaller turbines to generate significant amounts of power.
The technology presents several advantages: it is reliable, as water currents are more
predictable than wind, it operates quietly, reducing noise pollution, and it has a minimal visual
impact on the environment since the turbines are submerged. However, underwater wind
mills face challenges such as high installation and maintenance costs due to their location in
harsh marine environments, potential disruption to marine life and ecosystems, and technical
hurdles related to corrosion and biofouling.
In conclusion, underwater wind mills represent a promising frontier in renewable energy,
offering the potential to provide clean, predictable, and sustainable power. Further research
and development in materials, environmental impact mitigation, and cost reduction will be
crucial to their widespread adoption and integration into the global energy mix.
INDEX

SI CONTENT PAGE NO.

NO.
1 Introduction 1

2 Description 2

3 Working 6

4 Application 9

5 Cunclusion 11

6 Reference 19
 INTRODUCTION

Underwater windmills, more commonly referred to as tidal turbines or tidal energy

generators, are a fascinating and relatively new form of renewable energy technology
designed to harness the kinetic energy of ocean currents and tidal flows to produce electricity.
Unlike traditional wind turbines that capture energy from wind in the atmosphere,
underwater windmills operate beneath the ocean’s surface, exploiting the immense,
consistent power of moving water.
Concept and Mechanism
Underwater windmills work similarly to traditional wind turbines. They consist of rotors or
blades attached to a generator. As water flows past the blades (due to tidal movements, ocean
currents, or river flows), the blades rotate, driving the generator to produce electricity. The
key difference between underwater windmills and their terrestrial counterparts is the medium
in which they operate. Water is about 800 times denser than air, which allows underwater
windmills to generate far more energy from slower-moving water currents compared to the
air needed to spin a wind turbine.
.

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Key Components:
1. Turbine Blades: These are designed to be highly durable and optimized for
water flows. They are typically made from strong, corrosion-resistant
materials like composites or metal alloys.
2. Generator: Attached to the turbine blades, the generator converts the
mechanical energy from the rotating blades into electrical energy.
3. Support Structure: This holds the turbine in place underwater, often
anchored to the seabed. These structures need to withstand ocean
currents, tidal forces, and other marine environmental factors.
4. Cables and Transmission Systems: The electricity generated by the
turbines is transferred via underwater cables to an onshore substation
where it is integrated into the electrical grid.
Types of Underwater Windmills (Tidal Turbines)
1. Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbines: These resemble traditional wind turbines
with horizontal spinning blades. They are placed in the path of tidal flows
to generate electricity.
2. Vertical-Axis Tidal Turbines: These turbines have blades that rotate
around a vertical axis, allowing them to capture energy from any direction
of tidal flow.
3. Oscillating Water Columns: This system involves an oscillating structure
driven by water motion rather than rotating blades.
Advantages of Underwater Windmills
1. Consistent Energy Source: Tides and ocean currents are highly predictable
compared to wind and solar energy, providing a consistent and reliable
source of energy.
2. High Energy Density: Water's density allows underwater windmills to
generate more power with smaller installations compared to wind
turbines.
3. Minimal Visual Impact: Since they are submerged, underwater windmills
are out of sight and do not have the aesthetic concerns associated with
land-based wind farms.
4. Renewable and Sustainable: These systems harness natural ocean energy,
reducing reliance on fossil fuels and contributing to the fight against
climate change.
Challenges
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 1. High Installation Costs: Building and installing underwater windmills is
expensive due to the need for specialized marine equipment and
structures that can endure harsh ocean conditions.
2. Environmental Impact: While cleaner than fossil fuels, underwater
windmills may impact marine ecosystems, including disrupting animal
migration patterns and local habitats.
3. Maintenance Complexity: Underwater turbines are subject to corrosion,
marine growth, and other challenges that make maintenance more
difficult and costly than land-based systems.

pg. 3 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GPTC MUTTOM

 DESCRIPTION

Underwater windmills, also known as marine or tidal turbines, represent an innovative

approach to harnessing renewable energy from underwater currents, such as tides and ocean
flows. While traditional wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of the wind, underwater
windmills capture energy from moving water beneath the ocean’s surface. These systems
have significant potential to produce large amounts of sustainable energy, as water is over 800
times denser than air, making it a more efficient medium for energy extraction.
This technology is part of a broader category of marine energy systems, including wave and
tidal energy, which all aim to take advantage of the vast kinetic energy available in our oceans.
Underwater windmills are particularly appealing due to the predictability of ocean currents,
unlike the variability of wind speeds on land or sea.
2. How Underwater Windmills Work
The operation of underwater windmills is fundamentally similar to that of wind turbines. The
turbines are submerged in water and positioned in areas with strong and consistent water
currents, such as tidal streams or ocean currents. These turbines are anchored to the seabed
and connected to the surface by cables for power transmission.
When water flows over the turbine blades, they rotate, generating mechanical energy. This
rotation drives a generator that converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The
energy produced is then transported via underwater cables to the grid for distribution.
Key components of underwater windmills include:
Blades: Designed to be highly efficient in moving water, often shorter and more robust than
wind turbine blades due to the density of water.
Rotor: Converts the kinetic energy of flowing water into mechanical power.
Generator: Converts the mechanical power into electrical energy.
Anchoring System: Secures the turbine to the seabed, ensuring it remains stable in the strong
currents.
Cables: Transmit the generated electricity to onshore facilities.

3. Benefits of Underwater Windmills

Underwater windmills offer several advantages, particularly in terms of
renewable energy generation:
High Energy Density: Water’s density allows underwater windmills to generate
more energy than traditional wind turbines. A smaller turbine submerged
underwater can produce more power compared to its larger counterpart on
land.
Predictability of Currents: Tidal and ocean currents are more predictable than
wind patterns, allowing for more consistent energy output. Tides are driven by
the gravitational forces of the moon and sun, making them highly reliable.
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Reduced Visual Impact: Unlike onshore or offshore wind turbines, underwater
windmills are invisible from the surface, eliminating concerns about the visual
impact on landscapes or seascapes. This makes them a more aesthetically
appealing option, especially in areas with significant tourism or natural beauty.
Lower Noise Pollution: Because these turbines operate beneath the water, they
generate little to no noise pollution, a key concern with onshore wind farms.
Longer Lifespan: Since water flows are more predictable and stable, underwater
turbines often face fewer mechanical stresses, which may lead to longer
operational lifespans and lower maintenance costs over time.
4. Challenges Facing Underwater Windmills
Despite their promise, underwater windmills face several technical,
environmental, and economic challenges that must be addressed for large-scale
adoption.
High Installation and Maintenance Costs: Installing underwater windmills is
complex and expensive. The turbines must be securely anchored to the seabed,
requiring specialized ships and equipment. Additionally, maintaining these
systems can be difficult, given their remote and submerged locations.
Environmental Concerns: While underwater windmills produce clean energy,
they can potentially disrupt marine ecosystems. The noise and vibrations from
turbines might affect marine life, particularly species that rely on echolocation,
such as dolphins and whales. There is also the risk of physical collisions between
marine animals and turbine blades.
Corrosion and Biofouling: Constant exposure to saltwater can cause corrosion of
metal components, necessitating the use of expensive materials or coatings.
Biofouling, the accumulation of marine organisms on surfaces, can reduce the
efficiency of the turbines and increase maintenance needs.
Energy Transmission: Transmitting the electricity generated underwater to
onshore grids requires sophisticated and robust underwater cabling systems.
These systems are expensive to install and maintain, particularly in deep water.
5. Applications and Future Prospects
Underwater windmills hold great potential for providing renewable energy to
coastal regions. They are especially suitable for countries and regions with
extensive coastlines and strong tidal currents, such as the United Kingdom,
Canada, and parts of Southeast Asia. Several pilot projects are already underway,
exploring the feasibility and scalability of this technology.
Scotland’s MeyGen Project is one of the most advanced tidal turbine projects,

pg. 5 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GPTC MUTTOM

capable of generating 398 MW of power—enough to power 175,000 homes
annually. This project demonstrates the scalability and potential for underwater
windmills to contribute significantly to the global energy mix.
European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC): EMEC, based in the Orkney Islands of
Scotland, is a leading center for testing marine energy devices, including
underwater turbines. Their work has been crucial in advancing the technology
and providing real-world data on the performance of these systems.
Looking forward, advancements in material science, turbine efficiency, and
installation techniques will likely reduce the costs of underwater windmills.
Governments are beginning to recognize the importance of marine energy in
achieving carbon neutrality and energy security. As a result, there is growing
investment and research into improving this technology. Collaboration between
private companies, academic institutions, and governments is crucial to
overcoming the current challenges and scaling up underwater windmills as a
viable energy source.

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 WORKING

Overview:
 Underwater windmills, also known as tidal or marine current turbines, harness energy
from the movement of ocean currents, tides, and other water flows to generate
electricity.
 These systems are similar in function to traditional windmills but use the kinetic energy
of water instead of wind.
 Global interest in renewable energy has spurred the development of underwater
windmills as a sustainable and consistent power source, especially for coastal regions.
Importance of Renewable Energy:
 As fossil fuel supplies diminish, the need for reliable, clean energy sources grows.
 Oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface, providing a vast, untapped energy
potential.
 Tidal and current energy can complement wind and solar power to create a diversified
renewable energy portfolio.

2. Mechanism and Design

How Underwater Windmills Work:
 Rotor and Blades: Like traditional wind turbines, underwater windmills have rotors and
blades designed to rotate when water flows through them. Water currents, being
denser than air, allow for efficient energy transfer even at lower speeds.
pg. 7 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GPTC MUTTOM
  Generator: The rotational motion from the turbine blades is converted into electrical
energy via a generator, similar to wind turbines.
 Foundation and Support Structures: The turbines are anchored to the seabed using
various techniques such as gravity foundations, monopiles, or floating platforms
tethered to the ocean floor.
Types of Underwater Windmills:
 Horizontal-axis turbines (HATs): Operate similarly to wind turbines with rotating
blades along a horizontal axis.
 Vertical-axis turbines (VATs): These have blades that rotate around a vertical axis and
are more versatile in areas with multidirectional currents.

3. Installation and Maintenance

Site Selection:
 The placement of underwater windmills requires careful analysis of water currents,
depth, and marine ecosystems.
 Suitable locations typically include areas with strong, consistent tidal flows, such as
straits, estuaries, and coastal regions.
Installation Process:
 Installation involves anchoring the turbines to the seabed using durable, corrosion-
resistant materials.
 Maintenance is critical for the longevity and efficiency of the turbines, involving
periodic inspections of blades, bearings, and support structures.
Challenges:
 Environmental Impact: The installation and operation of underwater turbines can
disturb marine life. Mitigation strategies include placing turbines in areas with minimal
ecological sensitivity.
 Corrosion and Biofouling: Prolonged exposure to saltwater causes corrosion, and
marine organisms may attach to the turbine blades, affecting efficiency. Special
coatings and regular cleaning can help reduce these effects.

4. Efficiency and Energy Output

Advantages of Underwater Windmills:
 Predictable Energy Source: Tides and currents are far more predictable than wind or
solar energy, leading to consistent power generation.
 Higher Energy Density: Due to water’s higher density compared to air, even slow-
moving currents can generate significant energy.
Energy Output:
 The energy output of an underwater windmill depends on several factors:
o Current speed: Faster currents generate more energy.
o Blade size and efficiency: Larger, optimized blades can capture more kinetic
energy.
o Depth and placement: Turbines closer to the surface or near areas with strong
tidal forces typically perform better.
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5. Applications and Future Development
Current Uses:
 Underwater windmills are currently being used in several experimental and
commercial tidal energy projects around the world, including in the UK, Canada, and
France.
Potential for Future Expansion:
 Grid Integration: Tidal energy can be integrated into existing energy grids, providing
stable, renewable energy.
 Hybrid Systems: Combining tidal energy with other renewable energy sources (wind,
solar) can create more resilient and continuous power generation systems.
Technological Innovations:
 Advances in materials science, underwater robotics, and sensor technology are
expected to improve turbine efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and minimize
environmental impacts.

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 APPLICATIONS
. Renewable Energy Generation for Coastal Areas

 Description: Underwater windmills can provide a reliable source of renewable energy

for coastal regions. By harnessing the power of ocean and tidal currents, these
turbines can generate consistent electricity.

 Application: Communities in coastal areas or islands can reduce their dependence on

fossil fuels by integrating underwater windmills into their power grids, helping them
meet energy demands with a clean, sustainable source.

 Example: The MeyGen project in Scotland is one of the largest tidal energy projects,
aiming to power homes with clean energy from tidal currents.

2. Powering Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms

 Description: Offshore oil and gas platforms require significant amounts of energy to
operate. Traditionally, they rely on diesel generators, which are expensive and pollute
the environment.

 Application: Underwater windmills can provide a greener, more sustainable energy

alternative to power offshore platforms, reducing their carbon footprint and
operational costs.

 Example: Offshore platforms in regions with strong tidal currents, such as the North
Sea, could benefit from this application, making operations more environmentally
friendly.

3. Electricity Supply for Remote Island Communities

 Description: Many remote islands rely on imported diesel fuel for electricity, which is
costly and subject to supply disruptions.

 Application: Installing underwater windmills in nearby ocean currents can provide a

stable, local source of energy for island communities, helping them achieve energy
independence and reduce reliance on imported fuels.

 Example: Island communities in places like the Orkney Islands in Scotland or the
Azores could use underwater windmills to support their energy infrastructure.

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4. Powering Desalination Plants

 Description: Desalination plants convert seawater into potable water, but they
consume a large amount of energy in the process. Renewable energy sources are
essential to making this process more sustainable.

 Application: Underwater windmills can provide the electricity needed to power

desalination plants, particularly in regions where freshwater is scarce, such as the
Middle East and North Africa.

 Example: Countries like Saudi Arabia or the UAE, which rely heavily on desalination
for their freshwater needs, could benefit from tidal energy to lower their
environmental impact.

5. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

 Description: Underwater windmills can be combined with other forms of renewable

energy, such as offshore wind farms or solar energy, to create hybrid systems that
ensure a continuous power supply.

 Application: In areas where weather conditions affect solar and wind power
production, underwater windmills can balance energy generation, providing a more
consistent output across seasons and weather variations.

 Example: A hybrid system might be implemented in locations like Japan, where both
solar, wind, and tidal energy are feasible, to ensure constant electricity production
throughout the year.

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 CONCLUSION

1. Recap of Underwater Windmill Technology

Underwater windmills, often referred to as tidal stream generators or tidal turbines, harness
the energy from underwater currents, including ocean tides and river flows, to generate
electricity. This renewable energy source leverages consistent and predictable ocean
movements, making it a promising complement to wind and solar energy. Throughout this
report, we have explored the development, function, and potential of underwater windmills,
providing insight into their design, energy output, environmental impact, and feasibility.

2. Key Advantages of Underwater Windmills

Underwater windmills offer several advantages, particularly in comparison to other renewable

energy sources:

 Predictability of Energy Output: Unlike solar or traditional wind energy, which is

subject to weather variability, underwater currents follow predictable patterns. The
regularity of tides and currents makes it easier to forecast energy production,
enhancing reliability.

 Environmental Impact: The underwater environment allows for more efficient land
use and, when designed thoughtfully, reduces the visual impact and land disruption
that surface wind farms may cause. Furthermore, underwater windmills have minimal
interference with marine life when placed in areas with strong currents but low
biological activity.

 Sustainability and Energy Diversity: By adding underwater windmills to the global

energy mix, regions can diversify their renewable energy portfolio, decreasing
dependence on fossil fuels and increasing grid stability. Tidal energy can serve as a
consistent energy supplement during periods of low solar or wind availability.

3. Challenges in Implementing Underwater Windmills

Despite the promising advantages, underwater windmill technology faces several obstacles
that must be addressed to maximize its potential:

 Technical and Engineering Hurdles: The harsh underwater environment poses

significant challenges for engineering. Components must be resistant to corrosion,
pressure, and biofouling (the accumulation of microorganisms on submerged
surfaces). Developing materials and designs that can withstand these conditions over
the long term is critical.

 Cost and Infrastructure: Installing underwater windmills requires substantial upfront

investment, not only for the turbines themselves but also for the supporting
infrastructure like undersea cabling and maintenance access. Although costs may
decrease with technological advances, the current expense remains a barrier to
widespread deployment.

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  Environmental and Marine Ecosystem Concerns: There are potential risks to marine
ecosystems, particularly if underwater windmills are placed in sensitive habitats.
Further research is necessary to fully understand the ecological impacts, including
effects on fish migration, noise pollution, and changes in water flow patterns. Ongoing
monitoring and responsible siting will be essential to mitigate these risks.

4. Global Progress and Case Studies

Various countries have already begun to explore underwater windmill technology, with
notable case studies offering insights into both success and lessons learned:

 The United Kingdom: The UK has been a leader in developing tidal energy projects,
benefiting from strong currents along its coastlines. Projects like MeyGen in Scotland
have demonstrated the potential for large-scale underwater wind farms, producing
enough energy to power thousands of homes.

 Canada and France: Both countries have made strides in underwater wind
technology, particularly in regions with strong tidal currents like the Bay of Fundy in
Canada and the northern coast of France. These projects highlight the importance of
location selection and collaboration between governments and private developers.

 Lessons Learned: Key takeaways from these projects emphasize the importance of
comprehensive environmental assessments, community engagement, and scaling
through pilot projects. Gradually expanding these projects while addressing technical
issues and environmental concerns will be vital for the future of underwater
windmills.

5. Future Outlook

The future of underwater windmills holds great promise, but it also requires concerted efforts
from stakeholders across industries, governments, and academia to address current
limitations. Key factors that will shape the future include:

 Technological Advancements: Continued research and development in materials

science, turbine design, and marine engineering are essential for reducing costs and
improving efficiency. Innovations like floating turbines or hybrid systems that
combine tidal and wave energy may open up new possibilities for energy generation
in a broader range of locations.

 Policy and Investment Support: To ensure that underwater windmill technology can
scale up, governments must offer strong policy incentives, such as subsidies, tax
credits, and research grants. Collaboration between public and private sectors is
crucial to driving investment and development. Long-term policies that promote
renewable energy and carbon reduction will help accelerate the adoption of
underwater windmills.

 Integration with Other Renewables: Underwater windmills should not be viewed in

isolation but as part of a broader renewable energy strategy. By integrating tidal
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ENGINEERING
 energy with wind, solar, and battery storage systems, energy grids can become more
resilient, reducing the volatility of supply and better meeting demand.

6. Final Thoughts

In conclusion, underwater windmills represent an exciting frontier in renewable energy. With

the growing global demand for sustainable energy solutions and the increasing urgency of
addressing climate change, tidal energy provides a unique opportunity to harness the power
of the oceans. However, widespread adoption will require overcoming technical, financial,
and environmental challenges. By continuing to invest in research, fostering collaboration,
and addressing ecological concerns, underwater windmills could become a key component of
the world's future energy landscape. The journey ahead is one of innovation and careful
planning, but the potential rewards—in terms of energy security, environmental
sustainability, and economic opportunity—are immense.

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 REFERENCE

1. Principle of Operation: Underwater windmills consist of turbines, a gearbox, a

generator, and cables. As ocean currents or tidal flows move the blades, the rotor
spins and powers the generator, which then transmits electricity to the shore
through underwater cables

Smithsonian Magazine

ElProCus

2. Types of Underwater Windmills: There are two main types—horizontal-axis and

vertical-axis turbines. Horizontal-axis turbines align their rotor shafts parallel to the
water flow, while vertical-axis turbines are perpendicular. Both have projects
worldwide, including the UK’s Tidal Stream Energy Project and the US’s Gorlov
Helical Turbine

ElProCus

3. Advantages: These systems are highly reliable, offering predictable power

generation as ocean tides follow a regular pattern. They are also more visually
appealing as they are out of sight. Additionally, they offer reduced dependence on
fossil fuels, lower running costs, and a clean, renewable source of energy

Smithsonian Magazine

ElProCus

4. Challenges: Despite their advantages, tidal turbines face challenges such as high
upfront costs, potential environmental impacts on marine life, and mechanical wear
due to underwater conditions

Smithsonian Magazine

5. Notable Projects: Examples include the MeyGen project in Scotland, which is one of
the largest tidal energy installations globally, and the Marine Current Turbines
project in Northern Ireland

Smithsonian Magazine

ElProCus

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