Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

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Polymer Testing
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/polytest

Material Properties

An experimental study on intraply fiber hybridization of filament wound T

composite pipes subjected to quasi-static compression loading
Özkan Özbek∗, Ömer Yavuz Bozkurt, Ahmet Erkliğ
Gaziantep University, Mechanical Engineering Department, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This paper aimed to explore the failure modes and crashworthiness characteristics of intraply hybridized fiber
Intraply fiber hybridization reinforced pipes (FRP) made of basalt and glass fiber reinforcements subjected to quasi-static compression
Crashworthiness loading. Experimental investigations were performed on various fiber orientation angles ( ± 40°, ± 55°,
Basalt fiber and ± 70°) of the basalt FRP, glass FRP and hybridized basalt/glass FRP, fabricated by filament winding tech-
Glass fiber
nique. Fracture mechanisms of pipe samples were discussed to understand failure modes. Three distinct failure
Composite pipes
modes as transverse shearing, lamina bending, and local buckling were observed in crushing tests. Hybridized
samples proved to fix instability deficiency of pipes by exhibiting the progressive failure as combination of
transverse shear and lamina bending crushing modes. Also, experimental results belong them within the range of
pipes made of glass and basalt fiber data's as expected. In the view of fiber orientation aspect, decrease in
winding angle resulted with the significant increase of energy absorption capability of all pipes. The pipes made
of glass fiber showed the best specific energy absorption characteristics with the lowest crushing load efficiency.

1. Introduction At present, a considerable amount of study has been published on

the crashworthiness of composite pipes influenced by many parameters,
Safety is the primary necessity to prevent accidents that may happen such as manufacturing techniques [9,10], cross-sectional geometry and
in the modern world. Reliability of a material is an essential parameter wall thickness [11,12], fiber orientation [13,14], failure-trigger me-
in an engineering structure to fulfill safety requirements and to save chanisms [9,15], fiber and resin types [16,17], strain rate [18] and
lives by reducing casualties due to unexpected events during service filler material [19]. Through these studies, the fiber reinforcement has
operations. Crashworthiness, which takes into account for occupant received a great interest by scientists because of its direct relationship
protection by absorbing energy, is one of the most crucial properties of with the failure mechanism and the crushing mode which controls the
a structural material. Therefore, the energy absorption capability of a parameters being used for crashworthiness assessment [20]. Wang et al.
material have become a key subject that should be investigated in the [21] investigated the effects of fiber orientation and wall thickness on
event of a crash. The thin-walled tubular structures have been a popular the energy absorption characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced com-
component of a system by increasing crashworthiness, which means posite pipes subjected to axial quasi-static loading. The winding angle
higher ability to absorb energy, in industrial area such as automotive, and thickness proved to have a great influence on the crashworthiness
aviation, marine, aerospace applications etc. [1–3]. Also, the use of characteristics of the progressive collapse crushed pipes. Failure modes
combination of a metallic- and polymer-based materials to enhance the as brittle fracturing, lamina bending have been interpreted depending
energy absorption of a component in an application are encountered on fiber orientation. Roslan et al. [22] studied onthe energy absorption
experimentally and numerically in the literature [4–6]. Nowadays, capacity of basalt sandwich composite cylinders having foam in core.
composite pipes, which includes only polymeric materials, have at- The fiber cracking, pipe's wall folding and crumping have been ob-
tracted the attention of scientific world because of its higher specific served as failure modes in progressive manner. Mahdi et al. [13] ex-
energy absorption and lightweight features compared to metallic amined the influence of fiber orientation angle on the energy absorp-
structures. Composite pipes have progressive collapse in a brittle tion capability of E-glass/epoxy reinforced composite pipes (GFRP)
manner [7] with higher specific energy absorption, while plastic de- having six different winding angles (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) and
formation is forming for metal-based crash absorbers [8]. eight layers. 15°/-75° and 75°/-15° were being recommended for better

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ozkanozbek@gantep.edu.tr (Ö. Özbek).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106082
Received 14 March 2019; Received in revised form 31 May 2019; Accepted 25 August 2019
Available online 26 August 2019
0142-9418/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ö. Özbek, et al. Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

Table 1
Mechanical and physical properties of fiber reinforcements.
Fiber Reinforcement Linear Density Tensile Strength Tensile Modulus Elongation at Break Filament Diameter Specific Density (g/ Size Content (%)
(tex) (MPa) (GPa) (%) (μm) cm3)

Basalt Fiber 2.4 K 3200 90 3.1 13 2.78 1.80 ± 0.40

Glass Fiber 2.4 K 1970 79 3.5 17 2.56 0.55 ± 0.15

hybridizations, with 88°, 17.6° and 88° stacking sequences from inner to
outer layers. The effects of crushing speed, temperature treatment,
hybrid ratio, and wall thickness have been also investigated on the
energy absorption capabilities of pipes. Carbon/aramid FRP pipe after
temperature treatment have exhibited the highest specific energy ab-
sorption as 98 kJ/kg in quasi-static compression tests. Basalt fiber
fabric/polyester, glass fiber fabric/polyester and their interply hy-
bridization/polyester have been subjected to quasi-static compression
loading by Esnaola et al. [26]. The composites with bidirectional and
unidirectional fibers having semi-hexagonal shape have been fabricated
by infusion method. While bidirectional basalt/polyester sample has
unstable collapse resulting from higher mean load issue, the maximum
collapse efficiency is acquiring by bidirectional glass/polyester sample
as 82%. Ma et al. [27] have examined the effects of temperature
Fig. 1. Intraply fiber hybridization. treatment on the energy absorption behaviors of carbon/aramid in-
terply hybrid fiber reinforced composite pipes subjected to quasi-static
Table 2 compression test. The samples have been handled at 100 °C for 100 h,
Thickness and naming of FRP. 200 h and 400 h, resulted with higher energy absorption compared to
without treatment ones. Bending, splaying and buckling failure modes
Fiber/Epoxy Composite Pipes Thickness (mm) Naming
have been observed from the highest to the lowest in the aspect of
Basalt/Epoxy FRP 3.90 ± 0.20 BFRP energy absorption, respectively.
Glass-Basalt/Epoxy FRP 4.00 ± 0.05 BGFRP So far, most of the scientific work devoted to crashworthiness sub-
Glass/Epoxy FRP 2.95 ± 0.15 GFRP ject has focused on the crushing of single fiber reinforced composite
pipes or effect of interply fiber hybridization, to our knowledge no
systematic work has been reported on the influence of intraply fiber
hybridization of composite pipes. The current paper describes an ex-
perimental study on the effects of intraply fiber hybridization and
winding angles of basalt and glass fiber reinforced filament wound
composite pipes subjected to the quasi-static axial compression. Pipes
with winding angles of ± 40°, ± 55°, and ± 70° were hybridized for six
layers of basalt and glass roving fibers.

2. Materials and method

2.1. Materials

The fiber reinforcements used in this study are the continuous fibers
of Glass roving (Plasto A. Ş., Turkey) and Basalt roving (TilaKompozit
Ltd. Şti., Turkey). The mechanical and physical properties of the re-
inforcement materials are given in Table 1. The epoxy (EPIKOTE MGS
LR160 resin) and hardener (EPIKURE Curing Agent MGS LH260S),
Fig. 2. Quasi-static axial compression test. which were procured from Dost Kimya A.Ş., Turkey, were mixed with a
stoichiometric weight ratio of 100/35 to form the matrix system.
load carrying and energy absorption capability. A combination of four
failure modes as fiber debonding, fiber fracture, matrix cracking and 2.2. Sample preparation
delamination have been observed from samples under progressive
crushing. A wet filament winding technique was used to fabricate the FRPs
However, fiber hybridization in filament winding process has re- with three different winding angles, α ( ± 40°, ± 55°, and ± 70°). The
cently begun to attract attention owing to its great potential in tailoring entire manufacturing process of FRPs can be divided into three main
the mechanical and physical properties. Intraply and interply fiber stages as preliminary preparations, process conducting and post pro-
hybridization techniques [23,24] in polymer based composites have cessing. Firstly, preliminarily preparations such as release wax appli-
been developed for providing more economical material with adequate cation, agent film for demolding, preparation of resin mixture were
mechanical properties for desired structures. In literature, interply fiber performed to be ready of the machine. Afterwards, continuous roving
hybridization, different fiber reinforcement on different layer of pipe, is fiber via passing through bath of epoxy resin mixed with hardener were
commonly presented on the crushing behavior of composite pipes. Xu wrapped on mandrel of 46.3 mm inner diameter with desired orienta-
et al. [25] have performed an experimental study on the crashworthi- tion in process conducting. As post processing, after the resin had dried,
ness behaviors of glass FRP, aramid FRP, carbon FRP and their interply the pipes were cured for 2 h at a temperature of 40 °C in an oven.

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Ö. Özbek, et al. Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

Fig. 3. Typical load-displacement curve of crushing process.

Finally, the pipes were cooled at ambient room temperature and re- Sf

moved from the mandrel. Also, an illustration of intraply fiber hy- E= P (s ) ds

bridization in a winding process is depicted in Fig. 1. Si (1)
The samples were cut by using diamond sawaccording to get same where Si and Sf represents the initial and final stroke values in com-
length to diameter ratio (1:1). After cutting, the specimens were vi- pression after the first initial peak load. Also, mean load is found from
sually inspected for any geometrical irregularities or material im- the integration of each load value depending on stroke or pipe length, P
perforations and were weighed by a precise digital scale. The thickness (s), in crushing propagation stage as in Eqn. (2);
of the FRPs are presented in Table 2.
Sf
Si
P (s ) ds
Pm =
Sf (2)
2.3. Quasi-static axial compression test
Crushing load efficiency, ηf, which is the percentage ratio of mean
The quasi-static axial compression tests, as shown Fig. 2, were load and initial peak load, is the useful index to evaluate stability of the
performed between two flat steel platens, which on a 300 kN capacity crushing process and performance of the absorber. It is obtained from
Shimadzu AG-X Series universal testing machine, to obtain crash- Eqn. (3);
worthiness parameters of the composite pipes. All samples were axially
Pm
compressed up to 32.5 mm (about 70.2% stroke efficiency) at a con- = x100
f
Pi (3)
stant cross-head speed of 1.3 mm/min in accordance with ASTM D 695
standard [28]. The load in crushing process versus displacement of where the peak load (Pi), which is commonly maximum load, is the
moving platen were recorded by automatic data acquisition system. At initial peak load in the load-displacement curve. Specific energy ab-
least five replicated tests were achieved to ensure experimental relia- sorption, Es, is the most important parameter to evaluate crushing
bility. By the way, photographs were taken by a camera to monitor the characteristics of the material. It is the absorbed energy per unit mass of
crushing process history. crushing sample and calculated with Eq. (4);
Crushing process, as shown in Fig. 3, can be generally divided into
Sf
three stages as pre-crushing, post-crushing and material densification E Si
P (s ) ds
Es = =
[21]. In elastic region or pre-crushing, the material behaves elastically mcrush mcrush (4)
that can be returned to its original length if loading is removed, and
initial peak load is noted. Small inter- or intralaminar cracks as mi-
crofracture, which determinative of failure mode, are nucleated with 3. Results and discussion
local stress concentration on the initial peak load point. After that, post-
crushing goes on with propagation of crushing in progressive or cata- 3.1. Load-displacement response and failure observation
strophic manner. This stage is the crucial to measure crashworthiness
parameters except initial peak load and to understand failure me- Load-displacement curve is the one of the main factors that gives the
chanisms. Lastly, when material densification has started which means information about crash. The load-displacement curves with different
load increases sharply, crushing process has done. fiber orientation and photographs during crushing history were pre-
The crashworthiness characteristics of FRPs was calculated as fol- sented in Figs. 4–6. As seen from figures, all samples had progressive
lows: crushing with high energy absorption and good reproducibility except
Total energy absorption, E, is the area under load-displacement GFRP. BFRP had the earliest drastic load increase when load goes into
curve between crush distances, which is shown in Fig. 3, and calculated densification phase while the hybridized BGFRP is the latest. This can
by integration of load, P, as seen Eqn. (1); be explained by basalt fiber structure that causing the compaction of

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Ö. Özbek, et al. Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

Fig. 4. ± (40)° fiber orientation; a) load-displacement response, b) crushing history.

debris and the folded tube wall [16] before others. However, hy- cracks formation. Furthermore, stable cyclic crushing history was
bridization process with better repeatability enabled the more stable achieved for hybridized BGFRP sample since interlaminar crack growth
crushing process compared to GFRP and BFRP for all fiber orientation. and parallel-to-fiber crack propagation, resulted with combination of
As seen from Fig. 4a, showed the load-displacement response of transverse shearing and lamina bending crushing modes (brittle frac-
pipes having ± (40)° fiber orientation, GFRP had the highest initial turing) [29,34,35], respectively.
peak and the lowest mean load as 45.51 kN and as 23.33 kN, respec- Fig. 5a and b presented the load-displacement curve and photo-
tively, because of its catastrophic crushing mode. Due to interlaminar graphs of crushing history for ± (55)° fiber orientation, respectively.
cracks growth on the tension side of the buckled fibers [29,35] unstable BFRP showed the unstable response of loading behavior because of
local buckling was seen from Fig. 4b, which demonstrates the crush local buckling crushing mode like ± (40)° GFRP. The highest mean load
history of the pipes. However, BFRP had the progressive folding with as 25.22 kN was achieved from hybridized BGFRP sample since its
lamina bending crushing mode resulting from short inter-/intralaminar consistent with load response during crushing. BGFRP showed the

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Ö. Özbek, et al. Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

Fig. 5. ± (55)° fiber orientation; a) load-displacement response, b) crushing history.

progressive end crushing with splaying fibers to outward. Additionally, fronds along the axial direction [30]. Differently, GFRP showed the
GFRP failure mode began with matrix fragmentation and results in catastrophic crushing mode by shear in fiber orientation direction.
transverse shearing and lamina bending caused by parallel-to-fiber The photographs of samples after the crushing experiments ac-
cracks [29,34] as depicted in Fig. 5b. cording to fiber orientation and fiber material, provided in Fig. 7,
The load-displacement response and crushing history of pipes showed that the increase in orientation angle resulted with inner and
having ± (70)°fiber orientation angle were given in Fig. 6a and b, re- outer irregular splaying behaviors of the fibers and intensifying of
spectively. BFRP developed transverse shearing crushing mode by fronds. Pipe wall thickness, which had significant effect [11,21] for
progressive folding at various regions and early dramatically increase in failure mechanisms on crushing, led to more debris production for
load caused the densification beginning. BGFRP sample fixing unstable BFRP and more outward frond formation for GFRP. Lastly, the combi-
load response of glass and basalt fibers had the cyclic end crushing nation of fiber debonding, matrix fragmentation, delamination and
mode progressively by interlaminar crack growth. This is consistent fiber breakage of failures were observed in most specimens.
with a frond fracture, where the pipe wall splits into inner and outer

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Ö. Özbek, et al. Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

Fig. 6. ± (70)° fiber orientation; a) load-displacement response, b) crushing history.

3.2. Crashworthiness for ± 40°, ± 55°, and ± 70°fiber orientation angles, respectively.
Mean load, Pm represents the average value of each load application
3.2.1. Crush load efficiency in post-crushing stage, is a good indicator of overall energy absorption
Initial peak load, Pi is a crucial parameter to understand crushing capability of pipes [31]. BFRP with ± (40)° fiber orientation had the
failure process beginning and also is related directly to the structure maximum mean crushing load as 27.09 kN due to progressive folding
and human safety [21,31,32]. GFRP with ± (40)° fiber orientation of crushing mode. By the way, hybridized BGFRP sample, in terms of both
45.51 kN value was achieved as maximum initial peak load, while initial peak and mean load, giving the expected results as average va-
minimum one was 26.47 kN for BFRP with ± (70)° fiber orientation as lues of GFRP and BFRP results, proved that two fibers can be united
seen in Fig. 8a. Initial peak load value of basalt fibers by inclusion of functionally in applications.
glass fibers were remarkably improved as %12.5, %27.8 and %23.0 Crushing load efficiency, ηf, which is the ratio of mean load and

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Ö. Özbek, et al. Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

Fig. 7. The samples after crushing.

initial peak load, is the useful index to evaluate stability of the crushing 3.3. The influence of fiber orientation
process [25,31,36] and performance of the absorber [16]. The higher
crushing load efficiency, which means increase in energy absorption, is The characteristic parameters and mass information belong to cru-
desired to get minimum casualties in the crash event. Fig. 9 revealed the shed samples, which include initial peak load, mean load, crushing load
crushing load efficiency of pipes at different fiber orientations. Basalt efficiency, absorbed energy, specific energy absorption, crushing modes
fibers showed the maximum load efficiency values as 73.42%, 73.66% in accordance with Farley's classification [29], were given in Table 3.
and 81.38%. However, the efficiency of hybridized BGFRP samples Fiber orientation angle had certainly significant influence on crushing
were found as 60.76%, 61.16% and 68.26% within the range of BFRP behaviors of composite pipes [12,13,21]. The following implications
and GFRP thanks to basalt fiber addition to glass fibers. can be given for this study:
As seen from Fig. 7, less debris were gradually produced when in-
creasing fiber orientation. This can be related to increasing circumfer-
3.2.2. Energy absorption capability ential stiffness which could give a positive contribution to enhance the
Total absorbed energy, which is the area under load-displacement resistance to interlaminar crack growth [21,34]. For smaller angles,
curve, is presented in Fig. 10a. BFRP showed the highest values as interlaminar cracks propagated easily along longitudinal direction and
831.19 J, 651.74 J and 673.86 J for each fiber orientation, respectively form long crack length. Nevertheless, the samples showed the short
due to its high density. However, specific energy absorption instead of interlaminar crack length longitudinally since parallel-to-fiber cracking
total energy should be noted because of mass consideration. Fig. 10b fact when pipe had bigger fiber orientation. Thus, transverse shearing
representing specific energy absorption results provides the reliable or brittle fracturing (combination of transverse shearing and lamina
information to be understandable about energy absorption. The specific bending) crushing modes were observed in ± (70)° orientations. And
energy absorption values of GFRP (29.32 J/g, 28.70 J/g and 26.32 J/g) this resulted with the higher crushing load efficiency while initial peak
for the fiber orientations of ± 40°, ± 55°, and ± 70° were 1.2, 1.34 and load and mean load has decreasing trend. BFRP, BGFRP and GFRP
1.27 times of BFRP ones, respectively. Hybridized BGFRP sample results samples, having ± (70)°, were improved by 1.11, 1.12 and 1.30 times of
remained within the range of GFRP and BFRP values not only in total efficiency value compared with fiber oriented in ± (40)o. The best en-
energy absorption but also in specific energy absorption. Furthermore, ergy absorption in specific manner as 29.32 J/g is obtained from GFRP
all samples had higher specific energy absorption than traditional alu- with fiber oriented in ± (40)°. Specific energy absorption tends to
minum pipe of 12 J/g [30,33]. This proves that the composite pipes are gradually decrease trend results which are consistent with several study
promising candidates to improve crashworthiness of structures [30]. in the literature [13,21,35]. This situation can be explained by

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Ö. Özbek, et al. Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

Fig. 10. Energy absorption; a) total absorbed energy, b) specific energy ab-
sorption.

epoxy, glass/epoxy and intraply basalt-glass/epoxy FRP fabricated by

filament winding technique with three fiber orientations as ± (40)
°
Fig. 8. Loading characteristics; a) initial peak load, b) mean crushing load. , ± (55) ° and ± (70) ° were considered. The following results can be
summarized as:

o Hybridized BGFRP showed the more stable behavior on load-dis-

placement response by brittle fracturing crushing mode (transverse
shear and lamina bending). Catastrophic crushing was observed for
GFRP samples due to their thinner structure while all others crushed
progressively. The combination of matrix fragmentation, fiber de-
bonding, delamination, fiber breakage were obviously formed
during the all crushing process.
o For ± 40°, ± 55°, and ± 70° fiber orientation angles, respectively,
the initial peak load values of BFRP increased by 12.5%, 27.8% and
23% with the addition of glass fibers and also crushing load effi-
ciency of BGFRP was achieved in 18.6%, 7.5% and 2.6% more than
GFRP.
o Although the BFRP showed the highest energy absorption as
831.19 J, the specific energy absorption of GFRP provided better
performance with 29.32 J/g at ± 40° fiber orientation angle owing
Fig. 9. Crushing load efficiency. to its lightweight characteristics. BGFRP results were between the
GFRP and BFRP values not only in total energy absorption but also
approaching the fiber orientation to loading direction which shows in specific energy absorption.
maximum strength. o From the fiber orientation influence; higher fiber orientation lead to
decrease in energy absorption and increase in crushing load effi-
4. Conclusion ciency. This is related to interlaminar crack propagation that happen
parallel-to-fiber direction.
In this study, the effect of intraply hybridization on crashworthiness
characteristics of fiber reinforced composite pipes subjected to quasi- As from above implications, hybridized BGFRP sample, in terms of
static compression loading were investigated. The pipes made of basalt/ crashworthiness, giving the expected results as average values of GFRP

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Ö. Özbek, et al. Polymer Testing 79 (2019) 106082

Table 3
Crashworthiness parameters under quasi-static compression loading.
Sample α ( o) m (g) Pi (kN) Pm (kN) ηf (%) E (J) Es (J/g) Crushing Mode

°
BFRP ± (40) 33.88 36.90 27.09 73.42 831.19 24.54 Lamina bending
°
± (55) 30.53 28.64 21.10 73.66 651.74 21.34 Local buckling
°
± (70) 32.57 26.47 21.54 81.38 673.86 20.69 Transverse shearing
°
BGFRP ± (40) 30.89 41.50 25.22 60.76 764.92 24.77 Brittle fracturing
°
± (55) 31.59 36.61 22.39 61.16 692.68 21.93 Brittle fracturing
°
± (70) 32.79 32.56 22.22 68.26 682.63 20.82 Brittle fracturing
°
GFRP ± (40) 24.22 45.51 23.33 51.25 710.05 29.32 Local buckling
°
± (55) 24.60 41.52 23.61 56.86 705.86 28.70 Transverse shearing
°
± (70) 27.53 35.21 23.42 66.50 724.65 26.32 Transverse shearing

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