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Design and implementation of short circuit protection system by sensing

temperature and humidity LITERATURE REVIEW Statistics of Short-Circuit
Signals for Power System Protection P...

Article · July 2021

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 9, Issue 7, July -2021, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Design and implementation of short circuit protection

system by sensing temperature and humidity
Chanchal Kumari1, Smriti Gupta2, Aman Gupta3, Prof. S.P Gaikwad4
1,2,3
Student, Department Of Electronics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemedtobe) University College Of Engineering, Pune
4
Associate Professor, Department Of Electronics, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemedtobe) University College Of Engineering,
Pune
-----------------------------------------------------------*****************----------------------------------------------------------------

ABSTRACT

This paper contains a short circuit system using an arduino module and a few sensor systems with wireless
communication. Many times due to short circuits which occur mostly because of increase in temperature and heat or
due to increase in humidity. The industries or plants have faced situations like fire and electrocution. To avoid this,
we prepared a protection system which protects the main system from short circuit using Arduino, temperature and
humidity sensors, relay SPDT, Buzzer and a GSM system. It is extremely easy to implement and can be used in
various industries. We can change and also control the system by controlling certain parameters.a
a
INTRODUCTION

Electricapower is generated and transmitted through large linked power systems. Electric power is produced in various
types of power plants. Then the voltage level of the power will be stepped up by the transformer before the power
transmission. Since electric power is the result of voltage and current product, high voltage is used in transmission of the
power so that the currents are reduced then the power transmission losses (copper loss) are also reduced. The main purpose
of all the power systems is to avoid load diffusion. However, lightning, physical accidents, failure of equipment, and other
unpredictable events may cause a short circuit between the phase wires of the transmission line or from the phase wires to
ground, which is referred to as a fault. Then the short circuit current is produced and the value of the short circuit current is
much greater than the normal current that is operating. So if a fault exists, there is serious defilement shown in the electrical
equipment. In order to reduce accidents like these, it is necessary to disconnect the faulty part from the healthy system as
soon as possible. This is done by the circuit breaker and protective relay.aaaa

LITERATURE REVIEW

Statistics of Short-Circuit Signals for Power System Protection Purposes

By W Rebizant, J Szafran, K Feser and F Oechsle

W rebizent in his paper “ statistics of short-circuit signals for power system protection purposes” discussed the Basic ideas
of probability and statistics with application to chosen power system protection problems. As fault appearance
and parameters are of probabilistic nature, calculated distributions of selected short-circuit signals will be great
amounts of information useful for protection purposes. He also described DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION
OF FAULTS WITH STATISTICAL METHODS like Probabilistic FD&C scheme. The scheme makes use of the
statistical hypothesis testing method - sequential probability ratio test (SPRT).

In his paper he discussed that Digital protective relays generate their final decision by making a comparison
of some calculated on-line criterion values and pre-set thresholds or characteristics. In order to work
correctly, however, the measurement phase is usually preceded by some auxiliary procedures including fault
detection and classification(FD&C).

If an actual fault is not recognized by the fault detecting procedure, the relay will not be activated.
He used and varied these following parameters for each simulation run •magnitude and phase value of system
voltage,
 fault angle,
 fault resistance,

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 9, Issue 7, July -2021, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

 fault location,
 fault type.

Overcurrent protection relay using pic microcontroller

By Abu Harun Zoolnasri
In this paper the author Abu Harun Zoolansari proposed the design of an over current protection system using protective
relay and PIC microcontroller. He describes how overcurrent occurs in circuits which may also result from overload,
short circuit, or ground fault. Current flow in a conductor always generates heat. The greater the current flow, the
hotter the conductor. Excess heat is damaging to electrical components. And ahow overcurrent is bad for the system. He
also discussed the effect of current on the human body. In his work he mentioned that the high voltage above 500V can
rupture the human skin and this level of voltages can reduce the resistance level of the body which is in this case up to
500ohm. And this result shows the current of 1A, for humans the hazardous level of current is 16mA. He also describes the
types of protective relays which are basically

1) Instantaneous The relay pick up value is commonly set to a value anywhere between 125-135% of the maximum load
current and 90% of the minimum fault current. It is used for its quick reaction or response time.

2) Numerical relay is a special type of digital relay that actually uses the capability of the modern microprocessor
to actually calculate the fault value and perform analysis on the fault data before even making decision to trip the
system or not.

3) Time delay relay-Time relays overcurrent are designed to produce high operation at high current slow operation at low
current; hence, an inverse time characteristic.

Rakesh Maisuriya in simulation of short circuit condition and fault analysis in power system [2] From the discussion of
IEEE 14 bus power system Mat-Lab model we can conclude that in an interconnected electrical power system if an error
occurs in any of the subsystem , all the system voltages and system currents will be affected and should be improvised
otherwise it will create fault of circuit parameters to other lines. This paper presents the Research literature work and the
Review about the Short Circuit Analysis of a large Power System Network. Survey and a lot of research papers have been
shown for the improvement and new methods to examine the Short Circuit Calculation in a Power System. The Aim of this
Review Paper is to propose a calculation method in effortless technique for Short Circuit Analysis. The analysis of the most
serious short-circuit fault provides a very high inrush current which is very dangerous for the system so to chop out this
heavy current, an appropriate step should be taken so that the dangerous effects of symmetrical errors can be diminished
and making the system more reliable. If we do not improve or disconnect faulty lines or areas from healthy lines or areas
then a huge crisis of power will occur, even blackouts. So instability, transient stability, fault aanalysis are very important
in power networks.

KV Baoze Wei in his paper demonstrated that, in order to prevent accidents while working by electrocution in high voltage
systems, the main safety measure consists in connecting the earthing devices, on both sides of the working area. In aaany of
these three cases, if the earthing devices are chosen and placed correctly, in the working area, the drop voltage is limited to
a safety value. The worker on the console can touch one phase at a maximum distance of 2 m, and the voltage does not
exceed 1 V, for 10% of the earth dispersion resistance.
aa
Circuit Design

Block Diagram of System

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 9, Issue 7, July -2021, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

The signals traced by the sensors are passed through a signal conditioning circuit for additional processing and to convert
the analoga signals into digital values. The Analog-to Digital convertor is defined by its bandwidth and signal-to noise
ratio. The microcontroller that is used here is ATmega328 interfaced using an Arduino Uno kit. The system that is being
connected with the Arduino via Gsm using RS232 serial communication amodem. RS232 protocol is frequently used in
embedded systems. In this, data is merged into a packet and sent bit by bit on a single wire between two communicating
devices. This requires less maintenance and costly execution. However, synchronization between communicating devices is
mandatory. Sometimes separate wires are required for two-way communication. This approach is generally used for long
distance, high speed and reliable communication. This kind of communication can be used at home as well as in the
hospitals for central monitoring systems. Arduino Uno is interfaced with all the above sensors and gsm module and all the
data is then stored in an ERP database(enterprise resource planning). All the three sensors identify the heat, temperature and
moisture level in the plant and as soon as the level exceeds the optimum level, a warning message is sent to the respective
department of the industry and to the system provider using gsm module and the cause of rise in the content of moisture
heat andaatemperature is controlled and rectified in time to prevent any accident.

Fig: 1 Circuit Diagram With Pin Configuration Circuit Diagram

Fig: 2 Arduino Uno Layout

NO. NAME PIN DESCRIPTIONa

1. Serial output(TX)

2. Serial input(RX)

3. Digital input/output The input/output voltage to thea

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 9, Issue 7, July -2021, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Pins(2-13) Arduino Uno board when it is

using an external power source

4. GNDaa Ground pin for digital

5. AREF pina Reference voltage for the

analog inputs, Used with
analog reference

6. Reset button Move this line low to reset thea

microcontroller, and use to add
a reset button to shields whicha
block the one on the board.

7. ICSP for AT megaa

16U2

8. USP plug The input/output voltage to the

Arduino Uno board when it is
using an external power source

9. AT mega 16U2 Memory

microcontroller

10. Voltage Regulator Regulate the voltage to 5V

11. External power supply plug Can supply voltage through it

by the power jack

12. IOREF pin Provides the voltage reference

with which the microcontroller
operates

13. Reset pin Bring this line to reset the

microcontroller

14. 3.3V pin 3.3V supply generated by the

board regulator.
Maximum current on the board 50 mA

15. 5V pin The outputs 5V on the board

16. GND Ground pins for analog

17. Voltage in pin The Vin pin of board(7-12V)

supply voltage via 5V or 3.3V

18. Analog inputs apins(0-5) Voltage in pin

19. AT mega 328 Memory has 32 KB

Microcontroller

20. ICSP for AT mega 328

21. TX, RX Led

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 9, Issue 7, July -2021, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

22. Power LED indicator

23. On-board LED

RESULT AND EVALUATION

Practical Circuit Implementation

A practical circuit implementation of the proposed Short Circuit Protection System by sensing temperature and humidity is
shown in FIG.2. For Arduino power is given using the USB slot. The TMP36 Temperature sensor which senses the
temperature of the neighboringa environment of the wire and circuit placed in the industrial setting is interfaced to the
Arduino board using a D4 pin which establishes data communication and subsequently the observed value is fed to the
relay and GSM module. A DHT11 Humidity sensor which senses the humidity content in the surrounding is interfaced to
the Arduino board using a D2 pin to start data communication between the sensor and Arduino board and the observed
value is fed to the relay and GSM module. SIM800A GSM module which gets the data from DHT11 and TMP36 sensor
forwards the data to the user and gets the command back from them and executes it. It is interfaced to Arduino using D7 pin
for transmission function and its receiving and implementation function is attained using alarm and aArduino command. 1
Channel, 5V relay is used to shut the power off the plant when the temperature and humidity level in the surrounding
exceeds the safe and previously fed value. It is connected through a GSM module and alarm or buzzer to cut the power
supply to stop short circuits. Alarm is connected to the D6 PWM pin of the Arduino which when the temperature and
humidity exceeds the pre fed values is put up and sends the data to relay as well as GSM to prevent fire due to short circuit.
aa
Experimental Observation
 Normal Values (Room Condition):- 1.Tmp36 - 0-45 Degree Celsius 2.Dht11- 0-45 %
 Warning Level (Room Condition):- 1.Tmp36 - 46-50 Degree Celsius 2.Dht11- 46-55 %
 Hazardous Level (Room Condition):- 1.Tmp36 - >50 Degree Celsius 2.Dht11 - >55%

NO. TMP 36 DHT11 MEASURES

1. 38 deg 30% Normal value observed for temperature and moisture, No

action needed, Value stored in database

2. 42 deg 38% Normal value observed for both sensor, Value stored in
database

3. 47 deg 42% Warning level for temperature and normal for moisture,
Warning message sent to user through GSM Module.

4. 48 deg 48% Warning level for both temperature and moisture content,
Warning message given to user through GSM Module,
Relay Passing current

5. 52 deg 50% Hazardous level for temperature ,Alarm raised, and SOS
message sent to user and Relay cut-off the power supply

6. 56 deg 60% Hazardous level for both temperature and moisture, Alarm
raised and SOS message given to user and Relay cut off
power supply

CONCLUSIONS

The DHT11 a temperature and humidity sensor interfacing works in embedded platforms of microcontroller and PLC, and
carries on analysis and representation of surrounding temperature and humidity. The system consists of micro-controller

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 9, Issue 7, July -2021, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

technology and embedded system to process the monitoring system by modularity, realizes the modularization of
temperature and humidity data acquisition and user machine interface module. Simple connections and low power
consumption hardware systems are easy to assemble and maintain. The data acquisition of temperature and humidity by
this system gives much more accurate results than ordinary meters. The programmable controller has strong anti-
interference ability and cheap price, reliability, programming is simple, easy to learn and use by the project operator, like in
the industrial field. This article is about a temperature monitoring system based on Mitsubishi PLC. PID controller allows
the temperature to reach the set value, and the system compares the current temperature and set temperature, temperature
control; beyond the set value, the system will alarm. The system has good stability, a high reliability, and broad application
prospects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have been given support continuously throughout our project by several individuals. We truly appreciate their support.
We would like to thank Prof. S.P. GAIKWAD for her guidance and supervision in completing the project. We are grateful
for the motivation received by our family and friends towards the completion of our project. In the end we are thankful to
our Principal Sir and our college for supporting our project.

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[16] Overcurrent protection relay using pic microcontroller By Abu Harun Zoolnasri
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/20/1/CD3187.pdf

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