Machining
Machining
Introduction
• Commonly used >33kV
• Determine whether impedance measured is within set
characteristic.
• Non-unit protection (boundaries not defined)
• During normal operation impedance is combination of line,
transformers and load ( >> line impedance)
o Determine fault location by impedance measured
o Measured impedance < line impedance fault
o Example
A B
Z = 30 ohms LOAD
100MVA
132kV
Source
Source
A B C D
relay A Reach relay C reach
relay B reach
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 2
General comment:
• Impedance generally refers to PPS impedance (covers
different fault combinations and earth return via
measurement quantities – see last week).
Zone 1 Settings:
• So can be set instantaneous (no intentional delay), set as far
as possible whilst ensuring doesn’t see remote end
o Zone 1 = 0.8xZ line .......................(1)
Zone 2 Settings
• Set to ensure whole line length covered and time delayed to
grade with next line protection.
• Time delay > Remote Zone 1 (say 50msec) + remote CB
(say 80msec) + remote trip relay (say 10msec) + local Zone
2 timing errors (say 50msec) + safety margin (say 50 to
100msec).
o 300msec is common.
• So can use 300msec, require no Z2 overlap
A B C
Zone 2
Zone 1
F
Zone 1
Zone 2
• Z2 AB ≤ Z AB + Z1 BC ignoring errors
o 1.1xZ2 AB ≤ 0.9(Z AB + Z1 BC ) including errors
o Z2 AB ≤ 0.8(Z AB + Z1 BC )
o Z2 AB ≤ 0.8(Z AB + 0.8xZ BC ) as Z1 BC = 0.8xZ BC
o Z2 AB ≤ 0.8(Z AB + 0.8xZ BC )
• Also require whole line to be covered: Z2 AB ≥ 1.2xZAB
o 1.2xZ AB ≤0.8(Z AB + 0.8xZ BC )
o Z BC ≥ 0.625xZAB
o if remote line < 62.5% of protected line impedance no
Z2 that satisfies both equations 2 and 3
o generally set Zone 2 as long as possible
Zone 3 settings
• Time delay > Remote Zone 2 (say 50msec pickup +
300msec time delay) + remote CB (say 80msec) + remote
trip relay (say 10msec) + local Zone 3 timing errors (say
50msec) + safety margin (say 50 to 100msec).
o 600msec is common.
• Assuming wanting to coordinate Z3, and set 600msec,
require no Z3 overlap:
o Z3 AB ≤ Z AB + Z2 BC ignoring errors
1.1xZ3 AB ≤ 0.9(Z AB + Z2 BC ) with errors
Z3 AB ≤ 0.8(Z AB + Z2 BC )
Z3 AB ≤ 0.8(Z AB + 0.8(Z BC + 0.8xZ CD )) as
Z2 AB ≤ 0.8(Z AB + 0.8xZ BC )
Z3 AB ≤ 0.8xZ AB + 0.64xZ BC + 0.512xZCD
• Assuming wanting to backup line B-C: Z3 AB ≥ 1.2(Z AB +
Z BC )
o 1.2(Z AB + Z BC ) ≤ 0.8xZ AB + 0.64xZ BC + 0.512xZ CD
o 0.4xZ AB + 0.56xZ BC ≤ 0.512xZ CD
o Z AB + 1.4xZ BC ≤ 1.28xZ CD
o Only satisfy if CD much longer than AB or BC.
Not generally the case difficult to achieve
backup and coordination. If backup preferred
Z3TD >> 600msec.
Zone 2
Zone 1
1.1xZ2 AB ≤ 0.9(Z AB + Z BC + Z1 CD )
⇒ Z2 AB ≤ 0.8(Z AB + Z BC + Z1 CD )
⇒ Z AB ≤ 2xZ BC + 1.6xZ CD )
........................(8)
⇒ Z2 ≤ 0.8(Z Line + Z TX )
o What TX impedance to use due to tap position
effecting impedance (nominal, worse case)
o Also consider TXs run in parallel.
o If no TX high speed protection or have to set Z2/3 so
can see through, grade Z2 and Z3 with these slower
protections.
Considerations of Load
• Load appears as an impedance to a distance relay.
• Line angle 70-80 deg, load impedance +/- 40 deg (ie pf of
0.8).
• On heavily loaded, long lines load impedance will
approach line impedance load encroachment.
• Worse case is minimum voltage conditions and maximum
load on line (Z = V/I).
X
Load
R
Throttling
• Change in relay measured impedance due to multiple
remote infeeds to fault
I2 B
→
A
I1
→ Fault
ZL1 ZL2
⇒ VA Z L1 + Z L2 + I 2 Z L2
= _____
I1 I1
• Potentially large increase in measured impedance;
o need to allow for this if setting Z3 to give remote
backup, ie extend Z3 but then need to be careful with
grading if remote infeeds removed/reduced
o Can assist with grading between lines (eg short lines
‘look’ longer).
o Need to be careful of parallel paths and effects of
ends opening before others.
o Can show we can set Z2 AB so doesn’t see past Z1 BC
Z AB ≤ (1+ I 2 /I 1 )1.6xZ BC (compared with Z BC ≥
0.625xZAB or Z AB ≤ 1.6xZ BC previously)
A C
F H I
D E
Impedances, loads
a) Generator 0.1pu, 1200A, 11kV
b) Line A-G 0.3pu, 1000A
c) Line B-C 0.4pu, 800A
d) Line D-E 0.35pu, 800A
e) Line F-H 0.2pu, 400A
f) I has impedance of 0.5pu