Earth and

Life Science
2nd Quarter

Ms. Karen V. Gavelenio

Teacher
 Introduction
to Life
Science
Ms. Karen V. Gavelenio
Teacher
 Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging piece of
evidence;
2. Describe the classic experiments that model conditions which may
have enabled the first forms to evolve;
3. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life;
4. Describe how unifying themes in the study of life show the
connections among living things and how they interact with each
other and with their environment.
How life are created?

What makes life amazing?

Concept of
Life
What is Biology?
• The term Biology was derived from bios (referring to life)
and logos (meaning study). Literally therefore, it means
the study of life.
• All living things are made of cells. Some organisms are
unicellular and consist of only a single cell that carries
out all life processes.
• Other organisms are multicellular and are composed of
many cells which perform specialized and specific
functions.
Characteristics of
Life
 7 Characteristics of Life
1. Response to Stimuli – is the
ability of living things to
react to the factors of the
environment such as life,
temperature, pressure,
chemicals and gravity.
 7 Characteristics of Life
2. Metabolism – refers to the sum
total of the chemical reactions
taking place in an organisms.
2 types of Metabolism
7 Characteristics of Life
3. Reproduction – is the ability of living things to produce new
individuals closely resembling them.
 7 Characteristics of Life
4. Growth and Development - means have a capacity to grow and
to develop. They either grow new parts or increase in size.
 7 Characteristics of Life
5. Homeostasis - is maintaining a specific internal environment.
Organisms maintain the right pH, temperature and electrolyte
concentration among others to survive. Not being able to regulate the
internal environment would lead to death.
 7 Characteristics of Life
6. Adaptation – is one of the organisms’ means to survive. Living
organisms over the course of time have adapted to various
changing environmental conditions.
 7 Characteristics of Life
7. Organization – Living organism
is composed of cells which are also
composed of organelles and their
organelles such as the cell
membrane is again composed of
macromolecules and these
macromolecules such as fats is
composed of atoms such as carbon,
hydrogen and other.
Origin of Life
 Special Creation Theory
• Many people believe that everything in this world was
created by a Supreme being and with Him nothing is
impossible. It was narrated in Genesis 1:1-28, 2:1-4 of
Bible.
Spontaneous Generation/Abiogenesis
They believed that life originated as a spontaneous event. It is
hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from non living
matter the archaic theory that utilized this process to explain the origin
of life.
 Scientist in Spontaneous Generation
1. Francesco Redi (1668) – put a piece of snake meat, a fish,
and a slice of veal in flasks, covered these with Muslim
cloth, and waited to see if maggots would develop into
meat. That maggots grew only if the flies laid on their
eggs on it.
 Spontaneous Generation
2. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1777)– observed that meat juices
were boiled for three-quarters of an hour and then sealed,
no life developed.
 Spontaneous Generation
3. Louis Pasteur (1860) – devised a culture flask which
admitted through a curved tube any bacteria contained in
the air and settled on their own weight in the curve of tube.
No life appeared in the flask.
 Biogenetic Theory
• The invention of the microscope
and advances in science made it
clear that living things created
other living things.
• When the egg and the sperm
cell unite, they form a zygote.
This zygote would then develop
into an organism.
• Microorganisms like bacteria
can give rise to many more
bacteria.
 Beneath the Ice
• Billion years ago, Earth’s oceans were covered with ice. This
ice may have been hundreds of meters thick, mainly due to
the sun being much less fierce than it is nowadays. This
theory contends that ice may have protected the
compounds, allowing them to interact and, thereby,
creating life.
 Electric Spark
• It has been proven that electricity can produce simple
sugars and amino acids from simple elements in the
atmosphere. This leads to the theory that lightning may
have been responsible for the origins of life, primarily by
striking through rich volcanic clouds.
 Panspermia (Cosmozoic theory)
Panspermia (seeds everywhere.) is the proposal that life on
Earth began from rocks, and other debris from impacts, in
the form of highly resistant spores (cosmozoa) such as
meteorite.
 Submarine Hydrothermal Vents
• Submarine hydrothermal
vents contain vast and
diverse ecosystems. The
nutrient-rich environment
filled with reactive gases
and catalysts, creates a
habitat teeming with life.
 Hylomorphism
• Everything in the universe is composed of matter with
soul means life. There are three kinds of soul –
vegetative, animal and rational soul.
 Endosymbiotic theory
• Some of the prokaryotes
entered the ancestral
eukaryotes and dwell inside
and became a part of the
eukaryotic cell.
Unifying
Themes in
the Study of
Life
 1. Biological Systems
• A system has properties that are
based on the arrangement and
interactions of its parts. An
ecosystem such as forest is a
biological system.
• The biological systems theme
applies to all levels of life, from
the biosphere all the way down
to the interactions of molecules
in cells.
 2.The Cellular Basis of Life
• In most multicellular organisms, cells are organized into higher levels
of organization. Beginning with the cellular level, the next is a tissue,
which is a group of similar cells that together perform a specific
function.
• Several types of tissue together may make up a structure called an
organ. The brain is an organ that consists of nerve tissue and other
types of tissues.
• Finally, several organs that together carry out a major body function
make up an organ system. In this example, the brain, spinal cord,
and nerves make up the organ system called the nervous system.
 3. Structure and Function
• The relationship between structure and function is
apparent in the entire organism and the physiological
systems that serve them. The structure determines
function, function reflects structure . Technically, they are
inseparable.
 4. Reproduction and Inheritance
• “Like begets like” the offspring inherits units of
information called gene from their parents. Genes are
responsible for family resemblance.
• In humans, an egg cell from the mother fuses with a
sperm cell from the father. The result is a fertilized cell
containing a combination of DNA from both parents.
 5. Environmental interactions
• No organism is completely isolated from its surroundings. As part
of an ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its
environment.
• For the example, the plants’ three inputs for photosynthesis
process.
6. Energy and Life
• Work depends on a source of energy. Energy is
obtained from chemical reactions.
• For example, enters energy an ecosystem as sunlight
and exits as heat.
7. Regulation
• Living organisms have the ability to regulate their
internal conditions.
• The ability of mammals and birds to regulate body
temperature is just one example of homeostasis.
Mechanisms that enable organisms to regulate their
internal environment, despite changes in external
environment.
8. Evolution and Diversity of life
• It explains changes in organisms over long periods of time.
This includes adaptation, which allows life forms to acquire
new characteristics in response to their environment through
the process of natural selection.
• Evolution explains the diversity of life, both past and present.
The transmission of traits to the next generation with
modification through Natural selection explains the diversity
of life as well as the fossil record.
9. Scientific Inquiry
• Scientific inquiry involves asking questions about
nature and then using observations or
experiments to find possible answers to those
questions.
 Under the timeline, please answer the
question in Step 4.
❑ Step 1: Find the time each event occurs and
label each event.
❑ Step 2: Put the events in order with 1 being
the oldest.
❑ Step 3: Make a timeline including labels and
pictures for the above events.
❑ Step 4: If you could go back to witness one
event, which would it be why?
DEADLINE: October 11, 2024 (Friday)
Performance Task :
Origin of life (long Bond Paper)
Direction: In this part you will be making a time line of
the major events below happened, put them in order,
and create a timeline indicating when each event occurs.
Link: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17453-
timeline-the-evolution-of-life/
Be sure to also include a title and visuals (Drawing) of the
events around the timeline. Make it neat and orderly,
using proper spacing, a ruler and colored markers.
References
• Acledan, M.Y. et al (2017). Earth and Life Science for Senior
High. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. pp.86-88
• Bayo-Ang R.B. et al (2016). Earth and Life Science for
Senior High. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. pp. 181-187
• All images from Google chrome