ST.AUGUSTINE HSS.

KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
CHAPTER – 1
REVOLUTION THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD
Revolution
➨ Struggles tried to change the system that denied freedom and rights and to establish a new one.

Types of Revolution
➨ By armed rebellion➨By peaceful means

Main factors of a Revolutions

Renaissance

➨Changes in human thought, views and life

Features of Renaissance:

➨Renaissance stimulated Humanism, Scientific temper, Spirit of criticism, Spirit of inquiry

Enlightenment

➨It motivated the people to question irrational beliefs & traditions.

➨It propagated the ideas like freedom, democracy, equality & nationalism.

➨It encouraged the people to protest against the autocratic system.

Revolution-1

Out line

1.Causes 2.Courses 3.Consequences

Cause-1 Migration
➨From the sixteenth century onwards the Europeans began to migrate to North America
➨to exploit resources.
➨From the religious persecution

Cause-2 Colonies
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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
➨ England had established thirteen colonies in the Eastern coast of North America.

➨The British treated the American colonies as centers for collecting raw materials for their industry
and as market for selling their products

Cause-3 Mercantalism.

➨The policy adopted by the British merchants with the help of their motherland in the American
colonies is known as Mercantalism.

Mercantalist laws

➨ The goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ships.

➨ British stamps must be affixed on all legal papers.

➨ Import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass, paper,etc.

➨ Products of the colonies like sugar, wool ,cotton, tobacco, etc. could only be exported to England

➨ Meet the expense of British troops

Cause-4 Boston Tea Party

➨The high tax levied by the British government on tea fired up strong protest in America. On 16
December 1773, a group of people disguised as the Red Indians, boarded the ships at night in the
Boston Harbour and threw 342 chests of tea into the sea.

Cause-5 Intellectual Thinkers

John Locke “Everyone has some fundamental rights. No government has the right to suspend them.”
Thomas Paine “There is something absurd, in supposing a continent (North America) be perpetually
governed by a foreign power (England).”
James Ottis “No taxation without representation”

Course 1. 1st Continental Congress Philadelphia.1774

Back ground - Meeting: to protest against the policies , rules.

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
Objectives - Submitting: a petition to the King of England. (1.Revocation of the regulations enforced
on industry and commerce. 2.Not to impose tax without the approval of the people)

Results - Suppressing: King sent a military force to suppress the people. War started between colonies
and English army

Course 2. 2nd Continental Congress Philadelphia.1775

➨George Washington : Elected as the commander in chief

➨Thomas Pane :through the pamphlet titled „Common sense‟ he declared that it was wise for the
Americans to break the ties with Britain

Course 3. A Declaration of Independence 4 July 1776.

➨ The declaration was prepared by Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin.

• All are equal

• Everyone has certain rights Etc

Results:

➨End of the war in 1781

➨Treaty of Paris : Ratified the freedom by England to 13 Colonies in 1783.
➨Framing of the constitution under the leadership of James Madison
➨George Washington became the 1st president of USA

Consequence

➨Gave direction and motivation to the later freedom struggles and revolutions all over the world

➨ Put forward the concept of republican form of government

➨Prepared the first written constitution.

➨ Contributed to the concept of federal system that ensured freedom and authority of states in the
union.

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
Revolution-2

Out line

1.Causes 2.Courses 3.Consequences

Cause-1 Political Causes

➨Autocratic rule

➨ Rulers were squanders

➨Rulers believed the divinity of rule.

➨Not considered the basic needs of the people.

➨Louis XV: "After me, the deluge."

➨Louis XIV : "I am the state." God has given absolute power to the King over his subjects and only
god has the authority to question him.

➨ Mary Antoinette : "If they can't eat bread, let them eat cake."

Cause-2 Social Causes

➨ Not considered Basic Needs of the People

➨ People Led a Miserable Life

➨The French society was divided into three strata known as estates first estate

FIRST ESTATE

➨ The Clergy formed the first estate

➨ They held vast land

➨ Exempted from all taxes.

➨ Collected the tax from farmers.

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
SECOND ESTATE

➨ The nobility formed the second estate

➨ They held vast lands.

➨ Led luxurious life.

➨ Exempted from all taxes

➨ Collected the tax from farmers.

➨ Engaged in military service

THIRD ESTATE

➨ The French middle class(third estate) included traders, writers, lawyers, officials, teachers, bankers,
farmers and craftsmen.

➨ No role in the administration.

➨ Paid land tax namely “TAILLE” to the government

➨ Low social status

➨ Paid taxes to clergy and nobles. So the middle class were dissatisfied with the prevailing social
order.

Cause-3 Economic Causes

➨Nine – Tenths of the population died of hunger

➨One tenth of indigestion.
➨Land tax Taille.
➨Luxurious life of Bourbon Kings, Clergy, Lords
➨ Frequent Wars
➨ Drought & Crop Failure
➨ Financial Aid to American Revolution
➨Louis XVI increased levy new taxes upon
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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
Cause-4 Intellectual Causes

VOLTAIRE
➨ Ridiculed the exploitation of clergy.
➨ Promoted rational thinking, ideals of equality and humanism.
ROUSSEAU
➨ Spelled out the importance of freedom with the statement, 'Man is born free, but everywhere he is
in chains'.
➨ Declared that the people are the sovereign.
MONTESQUIEU
➨ Encouraged democracy and the Republic
➨ Suggested division of powers of the government into legislature, executive, and judiciary

Course 1. States General

➨ 1st Estate +2ndEstate+3rd Estate
➨ Estate wise Vote – 1st & 2nd Estates
➨ Individual wise vote-3rd Estate [Arguments was going on]

Course 2. Oath of Tennis Court .

➨ The members of the third estate declared themselves as the national assembly of France.

➨ They assembled in the tennis court nearby and swore not to leave until they had framed a
constitution of France.

➨ This event is known as „THE TENNIS COURT OATH‟

Course 3. 1789 Jul 14

➨ Beginning of Revolution
➨ Slogan :Liberty Equality Fraternity
➨ Demolished : Bastille prison symbol of Bourbon Monarchy.
➨ Passed : 1789 Aug 12 Declaration of the Rights of Man by National Assembly
➨ Marched : 1789 Oct March to Versailles Palace – “Give us Bread.”
➨ Proclaimed : 1792 September :France as a Republic by National Convention

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
Consequences.

➨ Spread the ideas of Equality,Liberty and Fraternity

➨ Threatened autocracy

➨ Growth of the middle class.

➨ Emergence of nationalism.

➨ People‟s soveregnty.

➨ Paved the way for the end of feudal system In Europe.

Reforms of Napoleon

➨ Farmers became Owners of Land

➨ Control over Clergy
➨ „Sinking Fund‟ to avoid Public debt
➨ Bank of France
➨ Roads for Transportation
➨ A new Code of Law

End of Napoleon :

➨ An autocratic ruler of France for a short period.

➨ He played a crucial role in defeating European alliance which was formed under the leadership of
Britain against France after the revolution.
➨ He instituted several reforms in France because of that Nationalism strengthened.

➨ Later he invaded the other European countries.

➨ European countries feared the reforms of Napoleon.
➨ They organized under the leadership of England.
➨ Napoleon was defeated by the European Alliance in the battle of Waterloo and lost his power in
1815.

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
Policies & Reforms of Napoleon
➨ Control over Clergy
➨ „Sinking Fund‟ to avoid Public debt
➨ Bank of France
➨ Roads for Transportation
➨ A new Code of Law

Revolution-3

Out line

1.Causes 2.Courses 3.Consequences

Cause-1 Political Causes

➨ Autocracy of Tzartist emperors‟

➨ The landless farmers had to pay huge tax.

Cause-2 Social Causes

➨The low agricultural production.

➨Meagre Industrial Production.

➨ Foreigners controlled majority of the Industries.

Cause- 3 Intellectual:

➨Writers- Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekov, Ivan Turgenev[depicted plight of workers and farmers]

➨Philosophers- Karl Marx Frederick Engles [supremacy of workers]

Course.1.Social Democratic Workers Party

Course.2.Bloody Sunday

➨The workers organized a huge march at Petrograd on 9 january 1905 demanding political

rights and economic reforms.

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
➨ The march was fired at by the soldiers and hundreds of demonstrators were massacred.

This event is known as the Bloody Sunday.

Course.3.February Revolution

➨ Nicholas II decide to participate in the First World War.

➨ Many soldiers were killed in this war

➨ Food shortage became severe.

➨ Thousands of womens and workers were organized march in Petrogard.

➨ Soldiers joined with workers.

➨ The workers captured Petrograd.

➨ Nicholas II was thrown out of power.

➨ A provisional government was formed under Alexander Kerensky

Course.4.October Revoluion

➨ Lenin opposed the provisional government.

➨ He argued that power should be transferred to Soviets.

➨ Bolsheviks and Soviets supported Lenin

➨ In October 1917 the Bolsheviks an armed rebellion against the provisional government.

➨ Kerensky flood from Russia.

➨ Bolsheviks attained power.

➨ Lenin as the head of the cabinet.

➨ This event is known as October Revolution.

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
Consequences.

➨ Russia withdrew from the first World War.

➨ Seized out the land and distributed among the peasants.

➨ Gave Importance to public sector.

➨ Introduced centralized planning.

➨ New constitution came to force in 1924.

➨ USSR was formed.

➨ Spread the socialist ideas all over the world

➨ Develops in the field of Science technology and Economy

Revolution-4

Out line

1.Causes 2.Courses 3.Consequences

Cause 1 Exploitation

➨Looted:Wealth and resources

➨Propagated:Language[Spanish,Portuguese], religion, customs.

➨Built:Houses and churches in spanish style.

➨Established:Spanish system of education.

➨Spread:New diseases.

Cause.2.Discrimination

➨ Took away Gold & Silver

➨ Trade only with Spain

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
➨ Control in Production

➨ Insecurity in Mines

➨ Enslaved the Natives in Plantation

Course

➨ Inspired:American war of Independence& French Revolution

➨ Leaders:Francisco Miranda,Simon Bolivar,Jose De San Martin

Consequences.
➨ 1825 all the Latin American Colonies became free

Revolution-5

Out line

1.Causes 2.Courses 3.Consequences

Cause:1 OPIUM TRADE

➨China Gained Profit By Export

➨No Import from Europe

➨British Imported Opium

➨Chinese Mentally Imbalanced

➨Weakened China Morally & Economically

Cause:2 OPEN DOOR POLICY

➨Trade in China by Europeans

➨ Not America
John Hey – American State Secretary – Introduced it “Equal Rights & Opportunities for all Countries
in China.”

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
➨ China was divided into different Regions

Cause:3 Boxer Rebellion

➨Manchu Dynasty in favour of Foreigners

➨Secret Organization in China Revolted against it in 1900

➨Their Emblem was Boxer‟s Fist

➨It Stimulated the Later Revolution

Course.1 Koumingtang Party

➨Revolution Under Sun Yat Sen

➨Nationalism

➨Democracy

➨Socialism

➨Expel Manchu Dynasty & Imperial Powers

➨Establish Democratic Rule

➨Control Capital & Equal Land Distribution

Reforms by Sun Yat Sen

➨End of Monarchy & Manchu Dynasty

➨ Republican Govt. by Kuomintang Party

➨Leader was Sun Yat Sen

➨Nationalism, Democracy, Socialism were the Ideologies

➨Nullified the Unjust Treaties with Foreigners

➨Importance for Agriculture & Industry

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 ST.AUGUSTINE HSS. KUTTANELLUR
STANDARD X - SOCIAL SCIENCE I (E.M)
LIJOICE BABU :9544002958
➨Received Assistance from Russia

➨Chinese Communist Party was Formed

➨Kuomintang & Communists Co-operated

Course.2 Koumingtang Party

➨Chiang Kei Shek ➨He became the Head after Sun Yat Sen ➨Military Autocracy in China

➨No Co-operation with Communists ➨Foreign Powers Came back

➨Communists were brutally Suppressed ➨Leadership of Mao Zedong

Course.3 Chinese Communist Party

➨Revolution Under Mao Zedong ➨Unjust Treaties with Foreigners

➨Non Co-operation with Communists ➨Military Autocracy

➨1934->Long March ➨Kiangsi to Yanan

➨Seized Agricultural Land from Lords and given to Farmers ➨Covered 12000 Km

Consequences

➨Mao & Communist Party became the Symbol of Struggle against Foreigners

➨1949-> People‟s Republic of China under Mao

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