CHAPTER

09
Probability
Learning Part
Session 1
● Some Basic Definitions

● Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition of Probability

● Odds in Favour and Odds Against the Event

Sesstion 2
● Some Important Symbols

● Conditional Probability

Sesstion 3
● Total Probability Theorem

● Baye’s Theorem or Inverse Probability

Sesstion 4
● Binomial Theorem on Probability

● Poisson Distribution

● Expectation

● Multinomial Theorem

● Uncountable Uniform Spaces

Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises

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Session 1
Some Basic Definitions, Mathematical or Priori or
Classical Definition of Probability, Odds in Favour
and Odds Against the Event

Some Basic Definitions Each element of a sample space is called a sample point.
For example,
1. Random Experiment (i) If we toss a coin, there are two possible results,
An experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted with namely a head ( H ) or a tail (T ).
certainty, is called a random experiment. So, the sample space in this experiment is given by
Or S = { H , T }.
If in each trial of an experiment, which when repeated (ii) When two coins are tossed, the sample space
under identical conditions, the outcome is not unique but S = { HH , HT , TH , TT }o
the outcome in a trial is one of the several possible where, HH denotes the head on the first coin and
outcomes, then such an experiment is known as a random head on the second coin. Similarly, HT denotes the
experiment. head on the first coin and tail on the second coin.
For example, (iii) When we throw a die, then any one of the numbers 1,
(i) “Throwing an unbiased die” is a random experiment 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 will come up. So, the sample space
because when a die is thrown, we cannot say with S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }.
certainty which one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
will come up. 3. Elementary Event
(ii) “Tossing of a fair coin” is a random experiment An event having only a single sample point is called an
because when a coin is tossed, we cannot say with elementary or simple event.
certainty whether either a head or a tail will come up. For example, When two coins are tossed, the sample space,
S = { HH , HT , TH , TT }, then the event, E 1 = { HH } of getting
(iii) “Drawing a card from a well-shuffled pack of cards’’
both the heads is a simple event.
is a random experiment.
Remark
4. Mixed Event or Compound Event or
1. A die is a solid cube which has six faces and numbers 1, 2, 3, Composite Event
4, 5 and 6 marked on the faces, respectively. In throwing or An event other than elementary or simple event is called
rolling a die, then any one number can be on the uppermost mixed event.
face.
2. (i) A pack of cards consists of 52 cards in 4 suits, i.e (a) For example,
Spades (♠) (b) Clubs (♣) (c) Hearts (♥) (d) Diamonds (i) When two coins are tossed, the sample space
(♦). Each suit consists of 13 cards. Out of these, spades
and clubs are black faced cards, while hearts and S = { HH , HT , TH , TT }
diamonds are red faced cards. The King, Queen, Jack (or Then, the event E = { HH , HT , TH } of getting atleast
Knave) are called face cards or honour cards. one head, is a mixed event.
(ii) Game of bridge It is played by 4 players, each player is
given 13 cards. (ii) When a die is thrown, the sample space
(iii) Game of whist It is played by two pairs of persons. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
Let A = {2, 4, 6 } = the event of occurrence of an even
2. Sample Space number
The set of all possible results of a random experiment is and B = {3, 6 } = the event of occurrence of a number
called the sample space of that experiment and it is divisible by 3.
generally denoted by S. Here, A and B are mixed events.
 Chap 09 Probability 693

5. Equally likely Events Then, E 1 È E 2 È ... È E n = S

The given events are said to be equally likely, if none of For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then sample
them is expected to occur in preference to the other. space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } in which
For example, E 1 = {1, 2, 3, 4 } = the event of occurrence of a number less
(i) When an unbiased coin is tossed, then occurrence of than 5 and E 2 = {3, 4, 5, 6 } = the event of occurrence of a
head or tail are equally likely cases and there is no number greater than 2.
reason to expect a ‘head’ or a ‘tail’ in preference to Then, E 1 È E 2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } and E 1 Ç E 2 = {3, 4 }
the other. So, E 1 È E 2 = S and E 1 Ç E 2 ¹ f
(ii) When an unbiased die is thrown, all the six faces 1, 2, Hence, E 1 and E 2 are exhaustive events.
3, 4, 5 and 6 are equally likely to come up. There is no
reason to expect 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 in 10. Mutually Exclusive
preference to the other. and Exhaustive Events
6. Independent Events A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive and
exhaustive, if above two conditions are satisfied. If a set of
Two events are said to be independent, if the occurrence
events E 1 , E 2 ,..., E n for mutually exclusive and exhaustive
of one does not depend on the occurrence of the other.
events.
For example, When an unbiased die is thrown, then the Then, E 1 È E 2 È... È E n = S and E 1 Ç E 2 Ç ... Ç E n = f
sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then sample
Let E 1 = {1, 3, 5 } = the event of occurrence of an odd space
number and E 2 = {2, 4, 6 } = the event of occurrence of an S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } in which
even number. Clearly, the occurrence of odd number does E 1 = {1, 3, 5 } = the event of occurrence of an odd number
not depend on the occurrence of even number. So, E 1 and and E 2 = {2, 4, 6} = the event of occurrence of an even number.
E 2 are independent events. Then, E 1 È E 2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } and E 1 Ç E 2 = f
So, E 1 È E 2 = S and E 1 Ç E 2 = f.
7. Complementary Event Hence, E 1 and E 2 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
Let E be an event and S be the sample space for a random events.
experiment, then complement of E is denoted by E ¢ or E c
or E. Clearly, E ¢ means E does not occur.
Thus, E ¢ occurs Û E does not occur. Mathematical or Priori
For example, When an unbiased die is thrown, then the
sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }.
or Classical Definition of Probability
The probability of an event E to occur is the ratio of the
If E = {1, 4, 6 }, then E ¢ = {2, 3, 5 } number of cases in its favour to the total number of cases
8. Mutually Exclusive Events (equally likely).
n ( E ) Number of cases favourable to event E
A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive, if \ P (E ) = =
occurrence of one of them precludes the occurrence of any n (S ) Total number of cases
of the remaining events. If a set of events E 1 , E 2 , …, E n
for mutually exclusive events. Range of Value of P( E )
Then, E 1 Ç E 2 Ç ... Ç E n = f
Probability of occurrence of an event is a number lying
For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then the
between 0 and 1.
sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } in which
E 1 = {1, 2, 3 } = the event of occurrence of a number less Proof Let S be the sample space and E be an event. Then,
than 4 and E 2 = {5, 6 } = the event of occurrence of a EÍS …(i)
number greater than 4. Clearly, E 1 Ç E 2 = f Also, fÍ S …(ii)
So, E 1 and E 2 are mutually exclusive. where f is a null set. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
f Í S Ê E Þ n ( f) £ n ( E ) £ n (S )
9. Exhaustive Events n (E )
A set of events is said to be exhaustive, if the performance Þ 0£ £1 [Q n ( f) = 0 ]
n (S )
of the experiment results in the occurrence of atleast one of
them. If a set of events E 1 , E 2 , ..., E n for exhaustive events. Þ 0 £ P(E ) £ 1
694 Textbook of Algebra

Remark y Example 2. One ticket is drawn at random from a

1. For impossible event f; P( f) = 0 bag containing 24 tickets numbered 1 to 24. Represent
2. For sure event S, P( S ) = 1 the sample space and the event of drawing a ticket
Relationship between P( E ) and P( E ¢ ) containing number which is a prime. Also, find the
If E is any event and E¢ be the complement of event E, then number of elements in them.
P( E ) + P( E ¢ ) = 1
Sol. Let S be the sample space and E be the event of
Proof Let S be the sample space, then
occurrence a prime number.
E¢ = S - E
Þ n( E ¢ ) = n( S ) - n( E )
Then, S = {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, ..., 24 }
n( E ¢ ) n( E ) and E = {2, 3, 5, 7 , 11, 13, 17 , 19 , 23}
Þ =1-
n( S ) n( S ) Also, n (S ) = 24 and n ( E ) = 9
Þ P( E ¢ ) = 1 - P( E )
i.e. P( E ) + P( E ¢ ) = 1 y Example 3. Two dice are thrown simultaneously.
What is the probability obtaining a total score less
than 11?
Odds in Favour and Sol. Let S be the sample space and E be the event of obtaining
a total less than 11.
Odds Against the Event Then,S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ´ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Þ n (S ) = 6 ´ 6 = 36
Let S be the sample space. If a is the number of cases Let E ¢ be the event of obtaining a total score greater than or
equal to 11.
favourable to the event E, b is the number of cases
favourable to the event E ¢, the odds in favour of E are Also, E ¢ = {(5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}; \ n ( E ¢ ) = 3
defined by a : b and odds against of E are b : a. Then, probability of obtaining a total score greater than or
equal to 11,
i.e. odds in favour of event E is
n(E¢ ) 3 1
n (E ) P (E¢ ) = = =
n (S ) 36 12
a n (E ) n (S ) P (E ) P (E ¢ ) b
= = = Þ = 1 11
b n (E ¢ ) n (E ¢ ) P (E ¢ ) P (E ) a \ P (E) = 1 - P (E¢ ) = 1 - =
12 12
n (S ) 11
Hence, required probability is ×
P (E ¢ ) + P (E ) b + a 12
Þ =
P (E ) a
y Example 4. If a leap-leap year is selected at
1 b +a
Þ = random, then what is the chance it will contain 53
P (E ) a
Sunday?
a b
Þ P (E ) = and P ( E ¢ ) = Sol. A leap-leap year has 367 days i.e., 52 complete week and
a +b a +b three days more. These three days will be three
consecutive days of a week. A leap-leap year will have 53
Remark Sundays, if out of the three consecutive days of a week
We use the sign ‘+’ for the operation ‘or’ and ‘´’ for the operation selected at random one is a Sunday.
‘and’ in order to solve the problems on definition of probability. Let be the sample space and E be the event that out of the
three consecutive days of a week one is Sunday, then
y Example 1. If three coins are tossed, represent the S = {(Sunday, Monday, Tuesday), (Monday, Tuesday,
sample space and the event of getting atleast two Wednesday), (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday), (Wednesday,
heads, then find the number of elements in them. Thursday, Friday), (Thursday, Friday, Saturday), (Friday,
Sol. Let S be the sample space and E be the event of Saturday, Sunday), (Saturday, Sunday, Monday)}; n (S ) = 7
occurrence of atleast two heads and let H denote the and E = {(Sunday, Monday, Tuesday), (Friday, Saturday,
occurrence of head and T denote the occurrence of tail, Sunday), (Saturday, Sunday, Monday)}
when one coin is tossed. \ n(E) = 3
Then, S = { H , T } ´ { H , T } ´ { H , T } n(E) 3
Now, required probability, P ( E ) = =
S = {( H , H , H ), ( H , H , T ), ( H , T , H ), (T , H , H ), n (S ) 7
( T , T , H ), (T , H , T ), ( H , T , T ),(T , T , T )}
y Example 5. From a pack of 52 playing cards, three
and E = {( H , H , H ), ( H , H , T ), ( H , T , H ), (T , H , H )}
cards are drawn at random. Find the probability of
Also, n (S ) = 8 and n ( E ) = 4
drawing a King, a Queen and a Knave.
 Chap 09 Probability 695

Sol. Let S be the sample space and E be the event that out of \ n (S ) = Number of ways of selecting 3 balls out of
the three cards drawn one is a King, one is a Queen and 13 × 12 × 11
13(8 + 5) = 13C 3 = = 286
one is a Knave. 1 ×2 ×3
\ n (S ) = Total number of selecting 3 cards out of 52 cards (i) n (E1 ) = Number of ways of selecting 3 white balls out of 5
= 52C 3 5× 4
= 5C 3 = 5C 2 = = 10
and n ( E ) = Number of selecting 3 cards out of one is King, 1 ×2
one is Queen and one is Knave = 4C 1 × 4 C 1 × 4C 1 = 64 n ( E1 ) 10 5
\ P (getting 3 white balls) = = =
64 n (S ) 286 143
n ( E ) 64 52.51.50 16 (ii) n (E 2 ) = Number of ways of selecting 3 red balls out of 8
\Required probability, P ( E ) = = 52 = = 8 ×7 ×6
n (S ) C3 .
123 . 5525 = 8C 3 = = 56
1 ×2 ×3
y Example 6. A bag contains 8 red and 5 white n ( E2 )
\ P (getting 3 red balls) =
balls. Three balls are drawn at random. Find the n (S )
56 28
probability that = =
286 143
(i) all the three balls are white.
(ii) all the three balls are red. (iii) n ( E 3 ) = Number of ways of selecting 1 red ball out of
8 and 2 black balls out of 5 = 8C 1 × 5C 2 = 8 × 10 = 80
(iii) one ball is red and two balls are white.
Sol. Let S be the sample space, E1 be the event of getting 3 \ P (getting 1 red and 2 black balls)
n ( E 3 ) 80 40
white balls, E 2 be the event of getting 3 red balls and E 3 = = =
be the event of getting one red ball and two white balls. n (S ) 286 143

#L Exercise for Session 1

1. A problem in mathematics is given to three students and their respective probabilities of solving the problem
1 1 1
are , and . The probability that the problem is solved, is
2 3 4
3 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 3 3
2. A dice is thrown 3 times and the sum of the 3 numbers thrown is 15. The probability that the first throw was a
four, is
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 6 5
3. Three faces of a fair dice are yellow, two faces red and one blue. The dice is tossed three times. The
probability that the colours yellow, red and blue appear in the first, second and third toss respectively, is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 12 24 36
4. A speaks truth in 75% of cases and B in 80% of cases. The percentage of cases they are likely to contradict
each other in stating the same fact, is
(a) 30% (b) 35% (c) 45% (d) 25%
5. An unbiased dice with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is rolled four times. Out of four face values obtained the
probability that the minimum face value is not less than 2 and the maximum face value is not greater than 5, is
16 1 80 65
(a) (b) (c) (d)
81 81 81 81
6. Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1, 2, 3, ..., 10}. The probability that the
minimum of the chosen number is 3 or their maximum is 7, is
11 7 11 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
20 20 40 40
7. Seven white balls and three black balls are randomly placed in a row. The probability that no two black balls are
placed adjacently, is
1 7 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 15 15 3
696 Textbook of Algebra

8. Two numbers are selected randomly from the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} without replacement. The probability that
minimum of the two numbers is less than 4, is
1 14 1 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 5 5
1+ 3p 1- p 1- 2p
9. If , and are the probabilities of the three mutually exclusive events, then p Î
3 4 2
(b) é 0, ù (c) é , 1ù (d) é , ù
1 1 1 1
(a) [ 0, 1]
êë 2 úû êë 3 úû êë 3 2 úû

10. Three identical dice are rolled once. The probability that the same number will appear on each of them, is
1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 36 18 28
11. If the letters of the word ASSASSIN are written down in a row, the probability that no two S’s occur together, is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
35 21 14 28
12. A box contains 2 black, 4 white and 3 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from the box and kept aside. From
the remaining balls in the box another ball is drawn and kept beside the first. This process is repeated till all the
balls are drawn from the box. The probability that the balls drawn from the box are in the sequence 2 black, 4
white and 3 red, is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
126 630 1260 2520
13. If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the first 100 natural numbers, then the probability that all
three of them are divisible by both 2 and 3, is
4 4 4 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
55 35 33 1155
14. There are 2 vans each having numbered seats, 3 in the front and 4 at the back. There are 3 girls and 9 boys to
be seated in the vans. The probability of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent seats, is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 39 65 91
15. A and B stand in a ring along with 10 other persons. If the arrangement is at random, then the probability that
there are exactly 3 persons between A and B, is
1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 11 11
16. The first 12 letters of English alphabet are written down at random in a row. The probability that there are
exactly 4 letters between A and B, is
7 7 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
33 66 99 33
17. Six boys and six girls sit in a row randomly. The probability that the six girls sit together or the boys and girls sit
alternately, is
3 1 2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
308 100 205 407
18. If from each of three boxes containing 3 white and 1 black, 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls, one
ball is drawn, the probability of drawing 2 white and 1 black ball, is
13 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 4 32 16
19. The probability that a year chosen at random has 53 Sundays, is
5 3 5 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 28 28
20. If the letters of the word MATHEMATICS are arranged arbitrarily, the probability that C comes before E, E
before H, H before I and I before S, is
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 20 120 720
Session 2
Some Important Symbols, Conditional Probability

Some Important Symbols Þ P (A È B ) = P (A) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B )

If A, B and C are any three events, then Remark
(i) A Ç B or AB denotes the event of simultaneous If Aand B are mutually exclusive events, then A Ç B = f.
occurrence of both the events A and B. Hence, P ( A Ç B) = 0.
(ii) A È B or A + B denotes the event of occurrence of \ P ( A È B) = P ( A) + P( B)
atleast one of the events A or B. (b) P (exactly one of A, B occurs)
(iii) A - B denotes the occurrence of event A but not B. = P (A Ç B ) + P (A Ç B )
(iv) A denotes the not occurrence of event A. = P (A) - P (A Ç B ) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B )
(v) A Ç B denotes the occurrence of event A but not B.
= P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 2P ( A Ç B )
(vi) A Ç B = ( A È B ) denotes the occurrence of neither
= P(A È B ) - P(A Ç B )
A nor B.
(c) P (neither A nor B )
(vii) A È B È C denotes the occurrence of atleast one
event A, B or C. = P (A Ç B ) = P ( A È B ) = 1 - P (A È B )
(viii) ( A Ç B ) È ( A Ç B ) denotes the occurrence of
exactly one of A and B. Remark
(ix) A Ç B Ç C denotes the occurrence of all three P( A È B ) = 1 - P( A Ç B )
A, B and C. 2. If A, B and C are three events, then
(x) ( A Ç B Ç C ) È ( A Ç B Ç C ) È ( A Ç B Ç C ) denotes (a) P ( A È B È C ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) - P ( A Ç B )
the occurrence of exactly two of A, B and C.
- P ( B Ç C ) - P (C Ç A ) + P ( A Ç B Ç C )
Remark
Remark
Remember with the help of figures
If A, B and C are mutually exclusive events, then

A B
U
A U A Ç B = f , B Ç C = f, C Ç A = f, A Ç B Ç C = f
Þ P ( A Ç B) = 0, P ( B Ç C) = 0, P ( C Ç A) = 0, P ( A Ç B Ç C) = 0
A ∩B A ∩B B∩ A A ∩ B ∩C \ P( A È B È C) = P( A) + P( B) + P( C)
A ∩ B∩ C A ∩ C∩ B
General form of Addition Theorem of Probability
A∩B
A ∩B∩C n
P ( A 1 È A 2 È ... È A n ) = å P ( A i ) - å P ( A i Ç A j )
B ∩ C ∩ A B∩ C ∩ A C ∩ A ∩ B
i =1 i<j

å P (Ai Ç A j Ç Ak ) -
B C
+
A ∩ B∩ C
i < j <k

... + ( -1) n -1 P ( A 1 Ç A 2 Ç ... Ç A n )

Important Results
Remark
1. If A and B are arbitrary events, then
If A1, A2, ..., An are mutually exclusive events, then
(a) P ( A È B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )
å P ( Ai Ç Aj ) = 0, å P ( Ai Ç Aj Ç Ak ) = 0
Proof Let S be the sample space. Since, we know that i< j i < j <k

n ( A È B ) = n ( A ) + n( B ) - n ( A Ç B ) and P ( A1 Ç A2 Ç ... Ç An ) = 0
n

Þ
n (A È B ) n (A) n (B ) n (A Ç B )
= + -
\ P ( A1 È A2 È ... È An ) = å P ( Ai )
i =1
n (S ) n (S ) n (S ) n (S )
698 Textbook of Algebra

(b) P (atleast two of A, B, C occur) Remark

= P ( A Ç B ) + P ( B Ç C ) + P (C Ç A ) If E1, E2, K, En are independent events,
then P ( E1 È E2 È K È En )
- 2P ( A Ç B Ç C )
= 1 - P ( E1 È E2 È K È En ) ¢ = 1 - P ( E1¢ Ç E2¢ Ç K Ç En¢ )
(c) P (exactly two of A, B, C occur)
= 1 - P ( E1¢ ) × P( E2¢ ) K P( En¢ )
= P ( A Ç B ) + P ( B Ç C ) + P (C Ç A )
- 3P ( A Ç B Ç C ) y Example 7. For a post, three persons A, B and C
(d) P (exactly one of A, B, C occur) appear in the interiew. The probability of A being
= P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) - 2P ( A Ç B ) - 2P ( B Ç C ) selected is twice that of B and the probability of B
- 2P (C Ç A ) + 3 P ( A Ç B Ç C ) being selected is thrice that of C. What are the
3. (a) If A1 , A2 ,..., An are independent events, then
individual probabilities of A, B and C being selected?
Sol. Let E1, E 2 and E 3 be the events of selection of A, B and C
P ( A 1 Ç A 2 Ç ... Ç A n ) = P ( A 1 ) P ( A 2 ) ... P ( A n )
respectively.
(b) If A 1 , A 2 ,…, A n are mutually exclusive events, then
Let P ( E3 ) = x.
P ( A 1 È A 2 È ... È An )
Then, P ( E 2 ) = 3P ( E 3 ) = 3x and P ( E1 ) = 2P ( E 2 ) = 6x
= P ( A 1 ) + P ( A 2 ) + ... + P ( A n ) Since, E1, E 2 and E 3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
(c) If A 1 , A 2 , …, A n are exhaustive events, then events.
P ( A 1 È A 2 È ... È A n ) = 1 \ P ( E1 È E 2 È E 3 ) = P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 3 ) = 1
(d) If A 1 , A 2 , …, A n are mutually exclusive and \ P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 3 ) = 1
exhaustive events, then Þ 6x + 3x + x = 1
P ( A 1 È A 2 Ç ... Ç A n ) 1
\ x=
10
= P ( A 1 ) + P ( A 2 ) + ... + P ( A n ) = 1 6 3
Hence, P ( E1 ) = 6x = =
4. If A1 , A2 ,…, An are n events, then 10 5
(a) P ( A 1 È A 2 ÈKÈ A n ) £ P ( A 1 ) + P ( A 2 ) + ... + P ( A n ) 3
P ( E 2 ) = 3x = and P ( E 3 ) = x =
1
(b) P ( A 1 Ç A 2 Ç ... Ç A n ) ³ 1 - P ( A 1 ) - P ( A 2 ) - 10 10
... - P ( A n )
y Example 8. If A and B are independent events, the
1
Important Result probability that both A and B occur is and the
8
If E 1 and E 2 are independent events, then 3
probability that none of them occurs is . Find the
(a) E 1 and E 2 are independent events. 8
(b) E 1 and E 2 are independent events. probability of the occurrence of A.
Sol. We have,
(c) E 1 and E 2 are independent events.
1 1
Proof Given, E 1 and E 2 are independent events, then P( A Ç B ) =Þ P( A ) P( B ) = ...(i)
8 8
P (E1 Ç E2 ) = P (E1 ) × P (E2 ) [Q A and B are independent]
(a) P ( E 1 Ç E 2 ) = P ( E 1 ) - P ( E 1 Ç E 2 ) 3 3
and P ( A Ç B ) = Þ P ( A ) P ( B ) =
= P (E1 ) - P (E1 ) × P (E 2 ) 8 8
= P ( E 1 ) [1 - P ( E 2 )] = P ( E 1 ) × P ( E 2 ) 3
Þ (1 - P ( A )) (1 - P ( B )) =
8
So, E 1 and E 2 are independent events. 1 3
(b) Same as in part (i). Þ 1 - P( A ) - P( B ) + = [from Eq. (i)]
8 8
(c) P ( E 1 Ç E 2 ) = P ( E 1 È E 2 ) 3
Þ P( A ) + P( B ) = ...(ii)
= 1 - P ( E 1 È E 2 ) = 1 - [ P ( E 1 ) + P ( E 2 ) - P ( E 1 Ç E 2 )] 4
= 1 - P(E1 ) - P(E 2 ) + P(E1 ) × P(E 2 ) The quadratic equation whose roots are P ( A ) and P ( B ) is
= P ( E 1 ) - P ( E 2 )[1 - P ( E 1 )] x 2 - [ P ( A ) + P ( B )] x + P ( A ) × P ( B ) = 0
= P ( E 1 ) - P ( E 2 ) × P ( E 1 ) = P ( E 1 )[1 - P ( E 2 )] Þ x2 -
3 1
x + = 0 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
4 8
= P (E 1 ) P (E 2 )
 Chap 09 Probability 699

1 1
or 8x 2 - 6x + 1 = 0 or x = , \ = 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.8 - 0.08 - x - 0.28 + 0.09 = 123
. -x
2 4
But given that, P ( A È B È C ) ³ 075
. and P ( A È B È C ) £ 1
1 1
Hence, P( A ) = or \ . £ 123
075 . - x £ 1 Þ - 075 . ³ - 123 . + x ³ -1
2 4
or . - 075
123 . ³ x ³ 123
. - 1 or 023
. £ x £ 0.48
y Example 9. A and B are two candidates seeking
admission in IIT. The probability that A is selected is
0.5 and the probability that both A and B are selected
is atmost 0 . 3. Is it possible that the probability of B
Conditional Probability
getting selected is 0.9? The probability of occurrence of an event E 1 , given that
Sol. Let E1 and E 2 are the events of A and B selected, respectively.
E 2 has already occurred is called the conditional
probability of occurrence of E 1 on the condition that E 2
Given, P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) £ 03 . and P ( E1 ) = 05 .
æE ö
Since, P ( E1 È E 2 ) = P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) - P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) has already occurred, it is denoted by P ç 1 ÷ .
è E2 ø
Q P ( E1 È E 2 ) £ 1
\ P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) - P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) £ 1 n (E1 Ç E2 )
Þ P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) £ 1 + P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) æ E ö P (E1 Ç E2 ) n (S )
Thus, P ç 1 ÷ = , E2 ¹ f =
Þ . + P ( E 2 ) £ 1 + 03
05 . Þ P ( E 2 ) £ 08
. è E2 ø P (E2 ) n (E2 )
Hence, P ( E 2 ) ¹ 09. n (S )
n (E1 Ç E2 )
Þ =
y Example 10. Let A, B and C be three events. If the n (E2 )
probability of occurring exactly one event out of A and
B is 1 - a , out of B and C is 1 - 2a , out of C and A is Remark
1 - a and that of occurring three events simultaneously æE ö
1. If E1 and E2 are independent events, then P ç 2 ÷ = P( E2 )
is a 2 , then prove that the probability that atleast one è E1 ø
1 2. If E1 and E2 are two events such that E2 ¹ f,
out of A, B and C will occur is greater than .
2 æE ö æ E1 ö
then P ç 1 ÷ + P ç ÷ = 1
Sol. Given, è E2 ø è E2 ø
P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 2P ( A Ç B ) = 1 - a …(i) 3. If E1, E2, E3, ..., E4 are independent events, then
P ( B ) + P (C ) - 2P ( B Ç C ) = 1 - 2a …(ii) P( E1 È E2 È E3 È...ÈEn ) = 1 - P( E1 ) × P( E 2 ) × P( E 3 ) K P( E n )
4. If E1, E2 and E3 are three events such that E1 ¹ f, E1E2 ¹ f, then
and P ( C ) + P ( A ) - 2P ( C Ç A ) = 1 - a …(iii) æE ö æ E ö
P( E1 Ç E2 Ç E3 ) = P( E1 ) × P ç 2 ÷ × P ç 3 ÷
\ P ( A Ç B Ç C ) = a2 …(iv) è E1 ø è E1 E2 ø
\ P ( A È B È C ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) - P ( A Ç B ) Generalised form
- P ( B Ç C ) - P (C Ç A ) + P ( A Ç B Ç C )
If E1, E2, E3,...,En are n events such that E1 ¹ f, E1 E2 ¹ f, E1 E2 E3 ¹ f,
1
= { P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 2P ( A Ç B ) + P ( B ) + P ( C ) - 2P ( B Ç C ) ..., E1 E2 E3 K En -1 ¹ f, then P( E1 Ç E2 Ç E3 ÇK Ç En )
2
æ E ö æ E ö æ E4 ö æ En ö
+ P (C ) + P ( A ) - 2P (C Ç A )} + P ( A Ç B Ç C ) = P( E1 ) × P ç 2 ÷ × P ç 3 ÷ × P ç ÷KP ç ÷.
è E1 ø è E1 E2 ø è E1 E2 E3 ø è E1 E2 E3 K En -1 ø
1
= {1 - a + 1 - 2a + 1 - a } + a 2 [from Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
2 y Example 12. Two dice are thrown. Find the
3 1 1 probability that the sum of the numbers coming up on
= - 2a + a 2 = (a - 1)2 + > [Qa ¹ 1]
2 2 2 them is 9, if it is known that the number 5 always
occurs on the first dice.
y Example 11. If A, B and C are three events, such that Sol. Let S be the sample space
P ( A ) = 0.3, P (B ) = 04,
. P (C ) = 08,
. P ( AB ) = 008,
. \ S = {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6} ´ {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6}
P ( AC ) = 028,
. P ( ABC ) = 009.. If P ( A È B È C ) ³ 075,
. then \ n (S ) = 36
show that P (BC ) lies in the interval 023 . £ x £ 048. . and let E1 º The event that the sum of the numbers coming
Sol. Let P ( BC ) = x up is 9.
Since, P ( A È B È C ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) - P ( AB ) and E 2 º The event of occurrence of 5 on the first dice.
- P ( BC ) - P (CA ) + P ( ABC ) \ E1 º {(3, 6), (6, 3), ( 4 , 5), (5, 4 )}
\ n ( E1 ) = 4
700 Textbook of Algebra

and E 2 = {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4 ), (5, 5), (5, 6)} Sol. Let S be the sample space.
\ n ( E2 ) = 6 If n (S ) = 100, then
E1 Ç E 2 = {(5, 4 )} E1 º The event that the student chosen fail in English
\ n ( E1 Ç E 2 ) = 1 \n ( E1 ) = 30
n ( E1 Ç E 2 ) 1 and E 2 º The event that the student chosen fail in Hindi
Now, P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) = =
n (S ) 36 \ n ( E 2 ) = 20 and n ( E1 Ç E 2 ) = 10
n ( E2 ) 6 1 n ( E2 )
and P ( E2 ) = = = \ P ( E2 ) =
n (S ) 36 6 n (S )
\Required probability, 20 1
1 = =
100 5
æ E1 ö P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) 36 1
Pç ÷ = = = n ( E1 Ç E 2 ) 10 1
è E2 ø P ( E2 ) 1 6 and P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) = = =
n (S ) 100 10
6 1
æ E ö n ( E1 Ç E 2 ) 1 æ E1 ö P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) 10 1
Aliter Pç 1÷ = = \ Required probability, P ç ÷ = = =
è E2 ø n ( E2 ) 6 è E2 ø P ( E2 ) 1 2
5
y Example 13. In a class, 30% students fail in English; æ E ö n ( E1 Ç E 2 )
20% students fail in Hindi and 10% students fail in Aliter Pç 1÷ =
è E2 ø n ( E2 )
English and Hindi both. A student is chosen at random,
10 1
then what is the probability that he will fail in English, = =
if he has failed in Hindi? 20 2

#L Exercise for Session 2

1 If P ( A) = 0 × 8, P (B ) = 0 × 5, then P ( A Ç B ) lies in the interval
(a) [ 0× 2, 0 × 5] (b) [ 0 × 2, 0 × 3] (c) [ 0 × 3, 0 × 5] (d) [ 0× 1, 0 × 5]
1 1 1
2 If P ( A) = , P (B ) = and P ( A Ç B ) = , then the value of P ( A Ç B ), is
4 13 52
3 5 7 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13
2 1
3 If A and B are independent events such that P ( A Ç B ) = and P ( A Ç B ) = , then P (B ) is
15 6
1 1 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 6 5 6
5 1 3
4 If A and B are two events such that P ( A È B ) = , P ( A) = , P (B ) = , then A and B are
6 3 4
(a) mutually exclusive (b) dependent (c) independent (d) None of these
5 If A, B and C are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment. If
3 1
P (B ) = P ( A) and P (C ) = P (B ), then P ( A) is equal to
2 2
2 4 6 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13
6 If A and B are two events, then P ( A) + P (B ) = 2P ( A Ç B ) if and only if
(a) P (A) + P (B) = 1 (b) P (A) = P (B) (c) P (A) + P (B) > 1 (d) None of these
1 1
7 If A and B are two events such that P ( A Ç B ) = , P ( A Ç B ) = and P ( A) = P (B ) = p, then p is equal to
4 5
17 19 21 23
(a) (b) (c) (d)
40 40 40 40
 Chap 09 Probability 701

3 1 2
8 If A and B are two events such that P ( A È B ) = , P ( A Ç B ) = , P ( A) = . Then ( A Ç B ) is equal to
4 4 3
5 3 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 8 8 4
3 1 1
9 If P (B ) = , P ( A Ç B Ç C ) = and P ( A Ç B Ç C ) = , then P (B Ç C ) is equal to
4 3 3
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 6 15 9
æ Aö
10 If A and B are two events such that P ( A) > 0 and P (B ) ¹ 1, then P ç ÷ is equal to
èB ø
1- P (A È B)
(a) 1- P æç ö÷ (b) 1- P æç ö÷
A A P (A)
(c) (d)
èB ø èB ø P (B) P (B)
3 5 3 æ Aö
11 If P ( A) = , P (B ) = and P ( A È B ) = , then P ç ÷ is equal to
8 8 4 èB ø
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 3 4
æ B ö
12 If two events A and B are such that P ( A) = 0 × 3, P (B ) = 0 × 4 and P ( A Ç B ) = 0 × 5, then P ç ÷ is equal to
è A ÈB ø
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 5 5
13 Two dice are thrown. The probability that the number appeared have a sum of 8. If it is known that the second
die always exhibits 4, is
5 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 3 3
2 1 1
14 A is targetting to B, B and C are targetting to A. The probability of hitting the target by A, B and C are , ,
3 2 3
respectively. If A is hit, the probability that B hits the target and C does not, is
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 3 4
æ Aö æB ö
15 If A and B are two events such that A Ç B Ý f, P ç ÷ = P ç ÷ . Then,
èB ø è Aø
(a) A = B (b) P (A) = P (B)
(c) A and B are independent (d) All of these
Session 3
Total Probability Theorem, Baye’s Theorem or
Inverse Probability

Total Probability Theorem y Example 15. Three groups A, B and C are contesting
Let E 1 , E 2 , ..., E n be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive for positions on the Board of Directors of a company.
n The probabilities of their winning are 0.5, 0.3 and 0.2,
events i.e.,E i Ç E j = f for i ¹ j and U E i = S . respectively. If the group A wins, then the probability
i =1 of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the
Suppose that, P ( E i ) > 0, " 1 £ i £ n corresponding probabilities for groups B and C are 0.6
Then for any event E and 0.5, respectively. Find the probability that the new
product will be introduced.
n
æEö
P (E ) = å P(Ei ) × P ç ÷ Sol. Given, P ( A ) = 05,. P ( B) = 03. and P (C ) = 02
.
i =1 è Ei ø \ P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) = 1
Proof Since, E 1 , E 2 , K, E n are disjoint Then, events A, B, C are exhaustive.
If P ( E ) = Probability of introducing a new product, then as
\ E Ç E 1 , E Ç E 2 , K, E Ç E n are also disjoint. given
æn ö n æEö æEö æEö
Now, E = E Ç S = E Ç çU E i ÷ = U (E Ç E i ) P ç ÷ = 07, . P ç ÷ = 06 . and P ç ÷ = 05 .
è i =1 ø i =1 èAø èBø èC ø
æEö æEö æEö
n n
æEö P ( E ) = P ( A ) × P ç ÷ + P ( B ) × P ç ÷ + P (C ) × P ç ÷
\ P (E ) = å P (E Ç Ei ) = å P ( E i ) × P çè E i ÷ø èAø èBø èC ø
i =1 i =1 = 05
. ´ 07
. + 03
. ´ 06
. + 02
. ´ 05
.
= 035
. + 018
. + 010
. = 063
.
y Example 14. The probability that certain electronic
component fails, when first used is 0.10. If it does not y Example 16. An urn contains 2 white and 2 black
fail immediately, then the probability that it lasts for balls. A ball is drawn at random. If it is white, it is not
one year is 0.99. What is the probability that a new replace into urn, otherwise it is replaced along with
component will last for one year? another ball of the same colour. The process is
Sol. Given probability of electronic component fails, when first repeated, find the probability that the third ball drawn
used = 010
. is black.
i.e., P ( F ) = 010
. Sol. For the first two draw, the balls taken out may be
\ P ( F ) = 1 - P ( F ) = 0.90
Let E1 = White and White; E 2 = White and Black
and let P (Y ) = Probability of new component to last for one
year E 3 = Black and White; E 4 = Black and Black
P (F ) + P (F ) = 1 æW ö 2 1 1
Q \ P ( E1 ) = P (W ) × P ç ÷ = × =
Obviously, the two events are mutually exclusive and èW ø 4 3 6
exhaustive
æBö 2 2 1
æY ö æY ö P ( E 2 ) = P (W ) × P ç ÷ = × =
\ P ç ÷ = 0 and P ç ÷ = 0.99 èW ø 4 3 3
èF ø èF ø
æY ö æY ö æW ö 2 2 1
\ P (Y ) = P ( F ) × P ç ÷ + P ( F ). P ç ÷ P ( E3 ) = P ( B) × P ç ÷ = × =
èF ø èF ø èBø 4 5 5
= 010
. ´ 0 + 090 . ´ 099 . æBö 2 3 3
and P ( E 4 ) = P ( B ) × P ç ÷ = × =
= 0 + (0.9 ) (0.99 ) = 0.891 è B ø 4 5 10
 Chap 09 Probability 703

1 1 1 3 Remark
\ P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 3 ) + P ( E 4 ) = + + +
The probabilities P ( E k ) and P æç k ö÷ are known as priori and
6 3 5 10 E
10 + 20 + 12 + 18 èEø
= =1
60 posteriori probabilities, respectively.
Then, events E1, E 2 , E 3 and E 4 are exhaustive. Obviously, Remarks We can visualise a tree structure here
these events are mutually exclusive, then P ( A) = p, P ( B) = q
P æç ö÷ = p1, P æç ö÷ = q1
R T
æBö 2 æBö 3 è Aø è Aø
P ç ÷ = = 1; P ç ÷ =
è E1 ø 2 è E2 ø 4
P æç ö÷ = p2, P æç ö÷ = q2
R T
è Bø è Bø
æBö 3 æBö 4 2
P ç ÷ = and P ç ÷ = =
è E3 ø 4 è E4 ø 6 3 q1 R

\ Required probability, A
p q2
æBö æBö O T
P ( B ) = P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E 2 ) × P ç ÷ q1 R
è E1 ø è E2 ø q
B
æBö æBö
+ P ( E3 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E4 ) × P ç ÷ q2
è E3 ø è E4 ø T

If we are to find P æç ö÷ , we go
A
1 1 3 1 3 3 2 è Rø
= ´1+ ´ + ´ + ´
P ( A) × P æç ö÷
R
6 3 4 5 4 10 3
è Aø
P æç ö÷ =
A
1 1 3 1 \
è Rø
P ( A) × P æç ö÷ + P ( B) × P æç ö÷
= + + + R R
6 4 20 5 è Aø è Bø
10 + 15 + 9 + 12 46 23
= = =
60 60 30 y Example 17. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls
and a bag B contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball
is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is
Baye’s Theorem or found to be red. Then, find the probability that it was
drawn from the bag B.
Inverse Probability Sol. Let E1 º The event of ball being drawn from bag A.
If an event E can occur only with one of the n mutually E 2 º The event of ball being drawn from bag B.
exclusive and exhaustive events E 1 , E 2 , E 3 ,…, E n and the and E º The event of ball being red.
probabilities P ( E / E 1 ), P ( E / E 2 ), ..., P ( E / E n ) are known, Since, both the bag are equally likely to be selected, therefore
then 1 æEö 3 æE ö 5
P ( E1 ) = P ( E 2 ) = and P ç ÷ = and P ç ÷ =
æ E ö 2 è E1 ø 5 è E2 ø 9
P (Ek ) × P ç ÷
æE ö è Ek ø \Required probability,
Pç k÷=
è E ø n
æ E ö æE ö
å P ( E k ) × P çè E ÷ø æE ö
P ( E 2 )× P ç ÷
è E2 ø
k =1 k Pç 2÷ =
èE ø æEö æE ö
Proof The event E occurs with one of the n mutually P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E 2 ) × P ç ÷
è E1 ø è E2 ø
exclusive and exhaustive events E 1 , E 2 , E 3 ,…, E n , then
1 5 5
E = EE 1 + EE 2 + EE 3 +...+EE n ´
2 9 25
= = 9 =
Þ P ( E ) = P ( EE 1 ) + P ( EE 2 ) + P ( EE 3 ) +...+ P ( EE n ) 1 3 1 5 3 5 52
´ + ´ +
n n
æ E ö 2 5 2 9 5 9
= å P ( EE k ) = å P ( E k ) × P çè E ÷
k =1 k =1 k ø y Example 18. A man is known to speak the truth 3
æ E ö out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a
P (Ek ) × P ç ÷ six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
æ E ö P (Ek E ) è Ek ø
\ Pç k÷= = Sol. Let E1 be the event that the man reports that it is a six
è E ø P (E ) n
æ E ö
å P ( E k ) × P çè E ÷ø and E be the event that a six occurs.
k =1 k
704 Textbook of Algebra

1 æE ö
Then, P ( E ) = Clearly, ç 3 ÷ is the event he knew the answer to the
6 èE ø
1 5
\ P (E) = 1 - P (E) = 1 - = question, given that he correctly answered it.
6 6
æ E1 ö 3 æE ö
\ P ç ÷ = P (man speaking the truth) = P ( E3 ) × P ç ÷
èEø 4 æ E3 ö è E3 ø
\ Pç ÷ =
æE ö 3 1 èE ø æEö æE ö æE ö
and P ç 1 ÷ = P (man not speaking the truth) = 1 - = P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E 2 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E 2 ) × P ç ÷
èEø 4 4 è E1 ø è E2 ø è E3 ø
æEö 1
Clearly, ç ÷ is the event that it is actually a six, when it is ´1
è E1 ø 2 24
= =
1 1 1 1 1
known that the man reports a six. ´ + ´ + ´ 1 29
æE ö 3 4 6 8 2
P (E)× P ç 1 ÷
æEö èEø
Pç ÷ = y Example 20. A and B are two independent witnesses
è E1 ø æ ö
E æE ö (i.e., there is no collusion between them) in a case. The
P (E)× P ç 1 ÷ + P (E)× P ç 1 ÷
èEø èEø probability that A will speak the truth is x and the
1 3 probability that B will speak the truth is y. A and B
´
6 4 3 agree in a certain statements. Show that the
= =
1 3 5 1 8 probability that the statements is true, is
´ + ´
6 4 6 4 xy
.
y Example 19. In a test, an examinee either guesses or 1 - x - y + 2xy
copies or knows the answer to a multiple choice Sol. Let E1 be the event that both A and B speak the truth, E 2
question with four choices. The probability that he be the event that both A and B tell a lie and E be the
1 event that A and B agree in a certain statements.
makes a guess is and the probability that he copies And also, let C be the event that A speak the truth and D be
3
1 the event that B speaks the truth.
the answer is . The probability that his answer is \ E1 = C Ç D
6
1 [QC and D are independent events]
correct given that he copied it is . Find the probability
8 and E2 = C Ç D
that he knew the answer to the question given that he then, P ( E1 ) = (C Ç D ) = P (C ) × P ( D ) = xy
correctly answered it. and P ( E 2 ) = P (C Ç D ) = P (C ) P ( D )
Sol. Lest E1 be the event that the answer is guessed, E 2 be the
= {1 - P (C )} {1 - P ( D )} = (1 - x ) (1 - y )
event that the answer is copied, E 3 be the event that the
examinee knows the answer and E be the event that the = 1 - x - y - xy
examinee answers correctly. æEö
1 1 Now, P ç ÷ º Probability that A and B will agree, when
Given, P ( E1 ) = , P ( E 2 ) = è E1 ø
3 6 both of them speak the truth = 1
Assume that events E1, E 2 and E 3 are exhaustive æE ö
\ P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 3 ) = 1 and P ç ÷ = Probability that A and B will agree, when both
è E2 ø
1 1 1 of them tell a lie = 1
\ P ( E 3 ) = 1 - P ( E1 ) - P ( E 2 ) = 1 - - =
3 6 2 æE ö
æEö Clearly, ç 1 ÷ be the event that the statement is true
Now, P ç ÷ èEø
è E1 ø
æEö
º Probability of getting correct answer by guessing P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷
1 æE ö è E1 ø
= [since 4 alternatives] \ P ç 1÷ =
4 èEø æEö æE ö
P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E 2 ) × P ç ÷
æE ö 1 è E1 ø è E2 ø
P ç ÷ º Probability of answering correctly by copying =
è E2 ø 8 xy × 1 xy
= =
æE ö xy × 1 + (1 - x - y + xy ) × 1 1 - x - y + 2xy
and P ç ÷ º Probability of answering correctly by
è E3 ø
knowing = 1
 Chap 09 Probability 705

#L Exercise for Session 3

1. A bag A contains 3 white and 2 black balls and another bag B contains 2 white and 4 black balls. A bag and a
ball out of it are picked at random. The probability that the ball is white, is
2 7 4 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 9 15 15
2. There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white balls, while the other contains 4 black and 3
white balls. A die is cast. If the face 1 or 3 turns up a ball is taken out from the first bag and if any other face
turns up, a ball is taken from the second bag. The probability of choosing a black ball, is
7 8 10 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 21 21
3. There are two groups of subjects, one of which consists of 5 Science subjects and 3 Engineering subjects and
the other consists of 3 Science and 5 Engineering subjects. An unbiased die is cast. If number 3 or 5 turns up,
a subject from group I is selected, otherwise a subject is selected from group II. The probability that an
Engineering subject is selected ultimately, is
7 9 13 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 17 24 20
4. Urn A contains 6 red and 4 white balls and urn B contains 4 red and 6 white balls. One ball is drawn at random
from urn A and placed in urn B. Then a ball is drawn from urn B and placed in urn A. Now, if one ball is drawn
from urn A, the probability that it is red, is
6 17 16 32
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 50 55 55
5. A box contains N coins, of which m are fair and the rest are biased. The probability of getting head when a fair
1 2
coin is tossed is , while it when a biased coin is tossed. A coin is drawn from the box at random and is
2 3
tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second time it shows tail. The probability that the coin drawn
is fair, is
5m 3m 7m 9m
(a) (b) (c) (d)
m + 8N m + 8N m + 8N m + 8N
6. A pack of playing cards was found to contain only 51 cards. If the first 13 cards which are examined are all red,
then the probability that the missing card is black, is
1 2 15 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 26 39
7. A purse contains n coins of unknown values. A coin is drawn from it at random and is found to be a rupee.
Then the chance that it is the only rupee coin in the purse, is
1 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n n+ 1 n (n + 1) n (n + 1)

8. A card is lost from a pack of 52 playing cards. From the remainder of the pack, one card is drawn and is found
to be a spade. The probability that the missing card is a spade, is
2 3 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17
9. A person is known to speak the truth 4 times out of 5. He throws a die and reports that it is an ace. The
probability that it is actually an ace, is
1 2 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 9 9 9
10. Each of the n urns contains 4 white and 6 black balls, the (n + 1) th urn contains 5 white and 5 black balls. Out of
(n + 1) urns an urn is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it without replacement. Both the balls are
1
found to be black. If the probability that the (n + 1)th urn was chosen to drawn the balls is , the value
16
of n, is
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
Session 4
Binomial Theorem on Probability, Poisson Distribution,
Expectation, Multinomial Theorem, Uncountable Uniform
Spaces (Geometrical Problems)

Binomial Theorem \
1
q=
on Probability 10
Let X be the random variable, showing the number of ships
Suppose, a binomial experiment has probability of success reaching safely.
p and that of failure q (i.e., p + q = 1). If E be an event and Then, P (atleast 4 reaching safely) = P ( X = 4 or X = 5)
let X = number of successes i.e., number of times event E
= P ( X = 4 ) + P ( X = 5)
occurs in n trials. Then, the probability of occurrence of
4 5-4 5 5-5
event E exactly r times in n trials is denoted by æ9ö æ1ö æ9ö æ1ö
= 5C 4 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 5C 5 ç ÷ ç ÷
P ( X = r ) or P (r ) and is given by P ( X = r ) è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø è 10 ø

or P (r ) = n C r p r q n -r 5 ´ 94 95 9 4 ´ 14
= + =
= (r + 1) th terms in the expansion of (q + p ) n 10 5
10 5
105
where, r = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n.
y Example 22. Numbers are selected at random one at
Remark a time, from the numbers 00, 01, 02, …, 99 with
1. The probability of getting atleast k success is replacement. An event E occurs, if and only if the
n
Cr p r qn - r .
product of the two digits of a selected number is 18. If
å
n
P( r ³ k ) =
r =k four numbers are selected, then find the probability that
2. The probability of getting atmost k success is E occurs atleast 3 times.
k Sol. Out of the numbers 00, 01, 02, …, 99, those numbers the
P( 0 £ r £ k ) = å
n
Cr p r qn - r .
product of whose digits is 18 are 29, 36, 63, 92 i.e., only 4.
r =0
4 1 1 24
3. The probability distribution of the random variable X is as p = P (E) = = , q = P (E ) = 1 - =
given below 100 25 25 25
Let X be the random variable, showing the number of times
X 0 1 2 … r … n
E occurs in 4 selections.
n n n- 1 n 2 n- 2 n r n- r
P(X) q C1 pq C2 p q … Cr p q pn
Then, P ( E occurs atleast 3 times) = P ( X = 3 or X = 4)
4. The mean, the variance and the standard deviation of = P ( X = 3) + P ( X = 4 ) = 4C 3 p 3q 1 + 4C 4 p 4q 0
binomial distribution are np, npq, npq. 3 4
æ1ö 24 æ 1 ö
5. Mode of binomial distribution Mode of Binomial = 4 p 3q + p 4 = 4 ´ ç ÷ ´ +ç ÷
distribution is the value of r when P( X = r ) is maximum. è 25 ø 25 è 25 ø
( n + 1) p - 1 £ r £ ( n + 1) p 97
=
390625
y Example 21. If on an average, out of 10 ships, one is
drowned, then what is the probability that out of 5 y Example 23. A man takes a step forward with
ships, atleast 4 reach safely? probability 0.4 and backward with probability 0.6.
Sol. Let p be the probability that a ship reaches safely. Then, find the probability that at the end of eleven
9 steps he is one step away from the starting point.
\ p=
10 Sol. Since, the man is one step away from starting point mean
9 that either
\ q = Probability that a ship is drowned = 1 - p = 1 -
10 (i) man has taken 6 steps forward and 5 steps backward.
 Chap 09 Probability 707

(ii) man has taken 5 steps forward and 6 steps backward. y Example 25. Write probability distribution, when
Taking, movement 1 step forward as success and 1 step three coins are tossed.
backward as failure. Sol. Let X be a random variable denoting the number of heads
\ p = Probability of success = 0.4 occurred, then P ( X = 0) = Probability of occurrence of
and q = Probability of failure = 06
. zero head
1 1 1 1
\ Required probability = P ( X = 6 or X = 5) = P (TTT ) = × × =
2 2 2 8
= P ( X = 6) + P ( X = 5) = 11C 6 p 6q 5 + 11C 5 p 5q 6 P ( X = 1) = Probability of occurrence of one head
= 11C 5 ( p 6q 5 + p 5q 6 ) = P ( HTT ) + P (THT ) + P (TTH )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
11 × 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 = × × + × × + × × =
= {(0 × 4 )6 (0 × 6)5 + (0 × 4 )5 (0 × 6)6 } 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8
1 ×2 ×3 × 4 ×5
P ( X = 2) = Probability of occurrence of two heads
11 × 10 × 9 × 8 × 7
= (0 × 24 )5 = 0 × 37 = P ( HHT ) + P ( HTH ) + P (THH )
1 ×2 ×3 × 4 ×5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
Hence, the required probability is 0 ×37 . = × × + × × + × × =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8
y Example 24. Find the minimum number of tosses of P ( X = 3) = Probability of occurrence of three heads
a pair of dice, so that the probability of getting the 1 1 1 1
= P ( HHH ) = × × =
sum of the digits on the dice equal to 7 on atleast one 2 2 2 8
toss, is greater than 0.95. (Given, log 10 2 = 0 × 3010, Thus, the probability distribution when three coins are
log 10 3 = 0 × 4771) tossed is as given below
Sol. The sample space, X 0 1 2 3
S = {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6} ´ {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6} P (X ) 1 3 3 1
\ n (S ) = 36 and let E be the event getting the sum of 8 8 8 8
digits on the dice equal to 7, then æ ö
E = {(1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4 ), ( 4 , 3)} X : ç0 1 2 3 ÷
ç ÷
\ n(E) = 6 another form, ç ÷
p = Probability of getting the sum 7 P( X ) : ç 1 3 3 1 ÷
ç ÷
6 1 1 5 è3 8 8 8ø
p= = \ q =1- p =1- =
36 6 6 6
Q Probability of not throwing the sum 7 in first m trials = q m y Example 26. The mean and variance of a binomial
æ5ö
m variable X are 2 and 1, respectively. Find the
\ P (atleast one 7 in m throws) = 1 - q m = 1 - ç ÷ probability that X takes values greater than 1.
è6ø
m Sol. Given, mean, np = 2 …(i)
æ5ö and variance, npq = 1
According to the question, 1 - ç ÷ > 0 × 95 …(ii)
è6ø 1
m m On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get q =
æ5ö æ5ö 2
Þ ç ÷ < 1 - 0 × 95 Þ ç ÷ < 005
. 1
è6ø è6ø \ p = 1 -q =
m
2
æ5ö 1 1
Þ ç ÷ < From Eq. (i), n ´ =2 \ n = 4
è6ø 20 2 4
æ1 1ö
Taking logarithm, The binomial distribution is ç + ÷
è2 2ø
Þ m {log10 5 - log10 6} < log10 1 - log10 20
Þ m {1 - log10 2 - log10 2 - log10 3} < 0 - log10 2 - log10 10 Now, P ( X > 1) = P ( X = 2) + P ( X = 3) + P ( X = 4 )
2 2 1 3 4
Þ m {1 - 2 log10 2 - log10 3} < - log10 2 - 1 æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
= 4C 2 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 4C 4 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 4C 4 ç ÷
Þ m {1 - 06020
. - 0.4771} < - 03010
. -1 è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø
Þ - 0.079m < - 13010
. 6 + 4 + 1 11
= =
1.3010 16 16
Þ m> = 16.44
0.079 Aliter P ( X > 1) = 1 - { P ( X = 0) + P ( X = 1)}
\ m > 16.44 ìï 0
æ1ö æ1ö
4
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö üï
3
æ 1 + 4 ö 11
= 1 - í 4 C 0 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 4C 3 ç ÷ ç ÷ ý = 1 - ç ÷=
Hence, the least number of trials is 17. ïî è2ø è2ø è2øè2ø ï è 16 ø 16
þ
708 Textbook of Algebra

1
Poisson Distribution P ( A wins at the first trial) =
6
5 5 1
It is the limiting case of binomial distribution under the P ( A wins at the 3rd trials) = × ×
6 6 6
following conditions : 5 5 5 5 1
P ( A wins at the 5th trials) = × × × × and so on.
(i) Number of trails are very large i.e. n ® ¥ 6 6 6 6 6
2 4
(ii) p ® 0 1 æ5ö 1 æ5ö 1
Therefore, P ( A wins) = + ç ÷ + ç ÷ × + K ¥
(iii) nq ® l, a finite quantity (l is called parameter) 6 è6ø 6 è6ø 6
(a) Probability of r success for poisson distribution is 1
6
e -l lr = 6 =
given by P( X = r ) = , r = 0, 1, 2, ... 2
11
r! æ5ö
1- ç ÷
(b) Recurrence formula for poisson distribution is è6ø
l 5 1 æ5ö
3 5
1 æ5ö 1
given by P(r + 1) = P (r ) Similarly, P ( B wins) = × + ç ÷ + ç ÷ + K¥
(r + 1) 6 6 è6ø 6 è6ø 6
5 1
Remark ×
5
= 6 6 2 =
1. For poisson distribution, mean = variance = l = np 11
æ5ö
2. If X and Y are independent poisson variates with parameters 1- ç ÷
l1 and l 2 , then X + Y has poisson distribution with parameter è6ø
l1 + l 2. 6 5
Hence, expectations of A and B are ` ´ 11 and ` ´ 11,
11 11
respectively. i.e. Expectations of A and B are ` 6 and ` 5,
Expectation respectively.

If p be the probability of success of a person in any

venture and m be the sum of money which he will receive
in case of success, the sum of money denoted by pm is
Multinomial Theorem
called his expectation. If a dice has m faces marked 1, 2, 3,…, m and if such n dice
are thrown, then the probability that the sum of the
y Example 27. A random variable X has Poisson’s numbers of the upper faces is equal to r is given by the
distribution with mean 3. Then find the value of (x + x 2 + K + x m )n
coefficient of x r in .
P ( X > 2.5) mn
Sol. P ( X > 2.5) = 1 - P ( X = 0) - P ( X = 1) - P ( X = 2)
lk y Example 29. A person throws two dice, one the
Q P ( X = k ) = e -l × common cube and the other a regular tetrahedron, the
k!
e -l e -l × l1 e -l × l 2
number on the lowest face being taken in the case of
\ P ( X > 2.5) = 1 - - - the tetrahedron, then find the probability that the sum
0! 1! 2!
of the numbers appearing on the dice is 6.
æ l 2ö
= 1 - e -l ç1 + l + ÷ Sol. Let S be the sample space, then
è 2 ø
S = {1, 2, 3, 4 } ´ {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6}
æ 9ö
= 1 - e -3 ç1 + 3 + ÷ (Q l = np = 3) \ n (S ) = 24
è 2ø
17 If E be the event that the sum of the numbers on dice is 6.
=1- 3
2e Then, n ( E ) = Coefficient of x 6 in

y Example 28. A and B throw with one die for a (x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 ) ´ (x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 )
stake of ` 11 which is to be won by the player who = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1= 4
first throw 6. If A has the first throw, then what n(E) 4 1
\Required probability, P ( E ) = = =
n (S ) 24 6
are their respective expectations?
Sol. Since, A can win the game at the 1st, 3rd, 5th,…, trials.
y Example 30. Five ordinary dice are rolled at random
If p be the probability of success and q be the probability of
fail, then and the sum of the numbers shown on them is 16.
1 5 What is the probability that the numbers shown on
p= and q =
6 6 each is any one from 2, 3, 4 or 5?
 Chap 09 Probability 709

Sol. If the integers x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 and x 5 are shown on the Sol. Let A and B arrive at the place of their meeting x minutes
dice, then x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 16 and y minutes after 11 noon.
where, 1 £ x i £ 6 (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Y
The number of total solutions of this equation. R B
C
= Coefficient of x 16 in ( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 )5 (0, 60)
Q
= Coefficient of x 16 in x 5 (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 )5
= Coefficient of x 11 in (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 )5
ìï æ 1 - x 6 ö 5 üï S
= Coefficient of x 11 in í ç (0, 20)
÷ ý
ïî è 1 - x ø ïþ
X′ X
O P A
(0, 60) (60, 0)
= Coefficient of x 11 in (1 - x 6 )5 (1 - x )-5 Y′
The given condition Þ their meeting is possible only if
= Coefficient of x 11 in
| x - y | £ 20 …(i)
(1 - 5x 6 + K ) (1 + 5C 1x + 6C 2 x 2
+K
OABC is a square, where A º (60, 0) and C º (0, 60)
+ 9C C 5 x 5 + K + 15C 11x 11 + K )
= 15C 11 - 5 ×9 C 5 Considering the equality part of Eq. (i)
15 × 14 × 13 × 12 9 ×8 ×7 ×6 i.e., | x - y | = 20
= 15C 4 - 5 ×9 C 4 = - 5× = 735
1 ×2 ×3 × 4 1 ×2 ×3 × 4 \The area representing the favourable cases
If S be the sample space = Area OPQBRSO
\ n (S ) = 735 = Area of square OABC - Area of
Let E be the occurrence event, then DPAQ - Area of DSRC
n ( E ) = The number of integral solutions of 1 1
= (60)(60) - ( 40)( 40) - ( 40)( 40)
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 16, 2 2
where 2 £ x i £ 5 (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) = 3600 - 1600 = 2000 sq units
= Coefficient of x 16 in ( x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 )5 Total way = Area of square OABC = (60)(60) = 3600 sq units
= Coefficient of x 16 in x 10 (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 )5 2000 5
Required probability = =
= Coefficient of x 6 in (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 )5 3600 9
ìï æ 1 - x 4 ö 5 üï
= Coefficient of x 6 in í ç ÷ ý y Example 32. Consider the cartesian plane R 2 and let
ïî è 1 - x ø ïþ X denote the subset of points for which both
1
= Coefficient of x 6 in (1 - x 4 )5 (1 - x )-5 coordinates are integers. A coin of diameter is tossed
2
= Coefficient of x 6 in randomly onto the plane. Find the probability p that
(1 - 5x 4 + K ) (1 + 5C 1 x + 6C 2 x 2 + K + 10C 6 x 6 + K ) the coin covers a point of X.
= 10C 6 - 5 ×6 C 2 = 10C 4 - 5 ×6 C 2 Sol. Let S denote the set of points inside a square with corners
10 × 9 × 8 × 7 6 ×5 (a, b ), (a, b + 1), (a + 1, b ), (a + 1, b + 1) ÎX
= - 5× = 210 - 75 = 135
1 ×2 ×3 × 4 1 ×2 (a, b+1) (a+1, b+1)
n ( E ) 135 9 D C
\ The required probability, P ( E ) = = = 1/4 1/4
n (S ) 735 49

Uncountable Uniform Spaces S

(Geometrical Problems)
1/4 1/4
A B
y Example 31. Two persons A and B agree to meet at a (a , b ) (a+1, b)
place between 11 to 12 noon. The first one to arrive 1
Let P denotes the set of points in S with distance less than
waits for 20 min and then leave. If the time of their 4
arrival be independent and at random, then what is from any corner point. (observe that the area of P is equal
the probability that A and B meet? to the area inside a circle of
710 Textbook of Algebra

1 and l - (x + y ) > 0
radius ). Thus a coin, whose centre falls in S, will cover a
4 i.e., x + y < l or y < l - x
point of X if and only if its centre falls in a point of P.
2
Since, in a triangle, the sum of any two sides is greater than
æ1ö third side, so
pç ÷ l
area of P è4ø p x + y > l - (x + y ) Þ y > - x
Hence,p = = = » 0.2 2
area of S 1 15
l
and x + l - (x + y ) > y Þ y <
y Example 33. Three points P, Q and R are selected at 2
random from the circumference of a circle. Find the and y + l - (x + y ) > x Þ x <
l
probability p that the points lie on a semi-circle. 2
Sol. Let the length of the circumference is 2s. Let x denote the l l l
Þ - x < y < and 0 < x <
clockwise arc length of PQ and let y denote the clockwise 2 2 2
arc length of PR. l /2 l /2

So, required probability =

ò0 òl / 2 - x dy dx
l l -x

P
ò0 ò0 dy dx
l /2ì l æl öü
x ò0 í - ç - x ÷ý dx
î 2 è 2 øþ
l /2
ò0 x dx l2 /8 1
R
= l
= l
= 2
=
4
Q
ò (l - x )dx
0 ò0 (l - x ) dx l /2
y
Aliter
Thus, 0 < x < 2s and 0 < y < 2s The elementary event w is characterised by two parameters
Let A denotes the subset of S for which any of the following x and y [since z = l - ( x + y )]. We depict the event by a
conditions holds: point on x, y plane. The conditions x > 0, y > 0, x + y < l
(i) x, y < s (ii) x < s and y - x > s are imposed on the quantities x and y, the sample space is
(iii) x, y > s (iv) y < s and x - y > s the interior of a right angled triangle with unit legs
Then, A consists of those points for which P, Q and R lie on 1
i.e. S W = .
a semi-circle. Thus, 2
Y Y

2s 1 1

IV
III
1/2
Ω A
s
X X
I1 O 1 O 1/2 1
II
The condition A requiring that a triangle could be formed
O s 2s
from the segments x, y, l - ( x + y ) reduces to the following
area of A 3s 2 3 two conditions: (1) The sum of any two sides is larger than
p= = 2 =
area of S 4s 4 the third side, (2) The difference between any two sides is
smaller than the third side. This condition is associated
y Example 34. A wire of length l is cut into three with the triangular domain A with area.
pieces. Find the probability that the three pieces form æ1ö
a triangle. ç ÷
æ1ö æ 1 ö 1 SA è 8 ø 1
SA = ç ÷ ç ÷ = \ P( A ) = = =
Sol. Let the lengths of three parts of the wire be x, y and è2ø è 4 ø 8 SW æ 1 ö 4
ç ÷
l - ( x + y ). Then, x > 0, y > 0 è2ø
 Chap 09 Probability 711

#L Exercise for Session 4

1 A coin is tossed three times. The probability of getting exactly 2 heads is
1 1 3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 8 8 8
2 A coin is tossed 4 times. The probability that atleast one head turns up is
1 1 7 15
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 8 8 16
3 The following is the probability distribution of a random variable X.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P (X ) 0.1 0.2 k 0.3 2k
The value of k is
4 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 5 15
4 A random variable X has the distribution
X 2 3 4
P (X = x ) 0.3 0.4 0.3

Then, variance of the distribution, is

(a) 0× 6 (b) 0× 7 (c) 0× 77 (d) 1× 55
5. In a box containing 100 bulbs, 10 bulbs are defective. Probability that out of a sample of 5 bulbs, none is defective, is
(a) 10-5 (b) 2-5 (c) (0 × 9)5 (d) 0 × 9

6. A pair of dice is rolled together till a sum of either 5 or 7 is obtained. The probability that 5 comes before 7, is
2 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
5 7 7
7. If X follows the binomial distribution with parameters n = 6 and p and 9P ( X = 4) = P ( X = 2), then p is
1 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 3
8. If probability of a defective bolt is 0.1, then mean and standard deviation of distribution of bolts in a total of 400, are
(a) 30, 3 (b) 40, 5 (c) 30, 4 (d) 40, 6
5 15
9. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are and respectively, then value of p, is
4 16
1 15 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 16 4 4
10. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 6 and 4, then n is
(a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 18 (d) 10
11. A die is thrown 100 times. Getting an even number is considered a success. Variance of number of successes, is
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 50
12. 10% of tools produced by a certain manufacturing process turn out to be defective. Assuming binomial
distribution, the probability of 2 defective in sample of 10 tools chosen at random, is
(a) 0.368 (b) 0.194 (c) 0.271 (d) None of these
1
13. If X follows a binomial distribution with parameters n = 100 and p = , then P ( X = r ) is maximum, when r equals
3
(a) 16 (b) 32 (c) 33 (d) None of these
14. The expected value of the number of points, obtained in a single throw of die, is
3 5 7 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
15. Two points P and Q are taken at random on a line segment OA of length a. The probability that PQ > b , where
0 < b < a, is
2 2
b2 a -b ö a - 2b ö
(c) æç (d) æç
b
(a) (b) ÷ ÷
a a2 è a ø èa - b ø
 Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 If n letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in the (b) Dice If ‘one’ die is thrown ‘n ’ times or ‘n ’ dice are
envelopes at random, then thrown once, then number of simple events (or simple
1 points) in the space of the experiment is 6n (here dice
(i) probability that all letters are in right envelopes = .
n! is cubical). All events are equally likely.
(ii) probability that all letters are not in right envelopes (c) Playing Cards A pack of playing cards has 52 cards.
1 There are four suits Spade (♠ black face), Heart (ª
= 1- .
n! red face), Diamond (© red face) and Club (¨ black
(iii) probability that no letter is in right envelopes face) each having 13 cards. In 13 cards of each suit,
1 1 1 1 there are 3 face (or court) cards namely King, Queen
= - + - ... + (-1)n .
2 ! 3! 4! n! and Jack (or knave), so there are in all 12 face cards 4
(iv) probability that exactly r letters are in right envelopes King, 4 Queen and 4 Jacks (or knaves). 4 of each suit
1 é1 1 1 1 ù namely Ace (or Ekka), King, Queen and Jack (or
= ê - + - K + (-1)n - r .
r ! ë 2 ! 3! 4! (n - r )!úû knave).
(i) Game of bridge It is played by 4 players, each
2 When two dice are thrown, the probability of getting a player is given 13 cards.
total r (sum of numbers on upper faces), is
(ii) Game of whist It is played by two pairs of persons.
(r - 1) (13 - r )
(i) , if 2 £ r £ 7 (ii) , if 8 £ r £ 12 (iii) If two cards (one after the other) can be drawn out
36 36 of a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, then number of
3 When three dice are thrown, the probability of getting a ways; (´) With replacement is
total r (sum of numbers on upper faces), is 52 ´ 52 = (52 )2 = 2704( b ) Without replacement is
r -1
C2 25 52 ´ 51 = 2652.
(i) , if 3 £ r £ 8 (ii) , if r = 9
216 216 (iv) Two cards (simultaneously) can be drawn out of a
27 25 well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, then number of
(iii) , if r = 10, 11 (iv) , if r = 12
216 216 52 ´ 51
ways is 52 C2 = = 1326.
2
( 20 - r )
C2 8 Out of (2 n + 1) tickets consecutively numbered, three are
(v) , if 13 £ r £ 18
216 drawn at random, then the probability that the numbers
3n
4 If A and B are two finite sets (Let n ( A) = n and n (B) = m) and on them are in AP, is 2 .
4n - 1
if a mapping is selected at random from the set of all
mappings from A to B, the probability that the mapping is 9 Out of 3n consecutive integers, three are selected at
m
P random, then the probability that their sum is divided by 3,
(i) a one-one function is nn . (3 n 2 - 3 n + 2 )
m is .
n! (3 n - 1)(3 n - 2 )
(ii) a one-one onto function is n .
m 10 Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set
m
P {1, 2, 3, K , 5n}, the probability that a4 - b4 is divisible by 5,
(iii) a many one function is 1 - nn . 17 n - 5
m is .
5(5 n - 1)
5 If r squares are selected from a chess board of size 8 ´ 8,
then the probability that they lie on a diagonal line, is 11 Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set
{1, 2, 3, K , 3 n} the probability that a2 - b2 is divisible by 3,
4 (7Cr + 6Cr + 5Cr + K + r Cr ) + 2 (8 Cr )
for 1 £ r £ 7. (5 n - 3)
64
Cr is .
3(3 n - 1)
6 If n objects are distributed among n persons, then the 12 Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set
probability that atleast one of them will not get anything, is
{1, 2, 3, K , 3 n }, the probability that a3 + b3 is divisible by
nn - n !
. 1
nn 3, is .
3
7 Points about coin, dice and playing cards:
13 There are n stations between two cities A and B. A train is
(a) Coin If ‘one’ coin is tossed n times ‘n ’ coins are to stop at three of these n stations. The probability that
tossed once, then number of simple events (or simple no two of these three stations are consecutive, is
points) in the space of the experiment is 2 n . All these (n - 3) (n - 4)
.
events are equally likely. n(n - 1)
JEE Type Solved Examples :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
n This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. Sol. (d) n (S ) = Total number of ways of selecting 3 integers
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of from 20 natural numbers = 20C 3 = 1140.
which ONLY ONE is correct. Their product is multiple of 3 means atleast one number is
divisible by 3. The number which are divisible by 3 are 3, 6,
l Ex. 1 The probability that in a year of 22nd century 9, 12, 15 and 16.
chosen at random, there will be 53 Sundays, is \ n ( E ) = The number of ways of selecting atleast one of
3 2 7 5 them multiple of 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
28 28 28 28 = 6C 1 ´ 14C 2 + 6C 2 ´ 14C 1 ´ 6C 3 = 776
Sol. (d) In the 22nd century, there are 25 leap years viz. 2100,
n(E)
2104, 2108,..., 2196 and 75 non-leap years. \ Required probability =
Consider the following events: n (S )
E1 = Selecting a leap year from 22nd century 776 194
= =
E 2 = Selecting a non-leap year from 22nd century 1140 285
E = There are 53 Sundays in a year of 22nd century
We have,
l Ex. 4 If three numbers are selected from the set of the
25 75 æ E ö 2 æE ö 1
first 20 natural numbers, the probability that they are in
P ( E1 ) = , P ( E2 ) = , P ç ÷ = and P ç ÷ = GP, is
100 100 è E1 ø 7 è E2 ø 7
1 4
Required probability = P ( E ) = P (( E Ç E1 ) È ( E Ç E 2 )) (a) (b)
285 285
= P ( E Ç E1 ) + P ( E Ç E 2 ) 11 1
(c) (d)
æEö æE ö 1140 71
= P ( E1 ). P ç ÷ + P ( E 2 ). P ç ÷
è E1 ø è E2 ø Sol. (c) n (S ) = Total number of ways of selecting 3 numbers
25 2 75 1 5 from first 20 natural numbers = 20C 3 = 1140
= ´ + ´ =
100 7 100 7 28 Three numbers are in GP, the favourable cases are 1, 2, 4; 1,
3, 9; 1, 4, 16; 2, 4, 8; 2, 6, 18; 3, 6, 12; 4, 8, 16; 5, 10, 20; 4, 6, 9;
l Ex. 2 In a convex hexagon two diagonals are drawn at 8, 12, 18; 9, 12, 16
random. The probability that the diagonals intersect at an \ n ( E ) = The number of favourable cases = 11
interior point of the hexagon, is n(E) 11
\ Required probability = =
5 7 2 3 n (S ) 1140
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 12 5 5
Sol. (a) We have, l Ex. 5 Two numbers b and c are chosen at random with
Number of diagonals of a hexagon = 6C 2 - 6 = 9 replacement from the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The
\ n (s ) = Total number of selections of two diagonals probability that x 2 + bx + c > 0 for all x Î R, is
= 9C 2 = 36 (a)
17
(b)
32
and n ( E ) = The number of selections of two diagonals 123 81
which intersect at an interior point 82 45
(c) (d)
= The number of selections of four vertices = 6C 4 = 15 125 143
n ( E ) 15 5 Sol. (b) Here, x 2 + bx + c > 0, " x Î R
Hence, required probability = = =
n (S ) 36 12 \ D <0
Þ b 2 < 4c
l Ex. 3 If three integers are chosen at random from the set
of first 20 natural numbers, the chance that their product is
a multiple of 3, is
1 13
(a) (b)
57 19
2 194
(c) (d) X
19 285
714 Textbook of Algebra

Value of b Possible values of c l Ex. 7 A quadratic equation is chosen from the set of all

1 1 < 4c 1
Þc > Þ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, quadratic equations which are unchanged by squaring their
4 9} roots. The chance that the chosen equation has equal roots, is
2 4 < 4c Þc > 1 Þ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 1 1
(a) (b)
3 9 < 4c 9
Þc > Þ {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 2 3
4 1
(c) (d) None of these
4 16 < 4 c Þc > 4 Þ {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} 4
5 25 < 4 c Þc > 6 . 25 Þ {7, 8, 9} Sol. (a) Let a and b be the roots of the quadratic equation.
6 36 < 4 c Þc > 9 Þ Impossible According to question,
7 Impossible a + b = a 2 + b 2 and ab = a 2 b 2 Þ ab (ab - 1) = 0
8 Impossible Þ ab = 1 or ab = 0
9 Impossible Þ a = 1, b = 1; a = w, b = w2 [cube roots and unity]

n ( E )= Number of favourable cases = 9 + 8 + 7 + 5 + 3 = 32 a = 1, b = 0; a = 0, b = 0

n (S ) = Total ways = 9 ´ 9 = 81 \n (S ) = Number of quadratic equations which are
unchanged by squaring their roots = 4
n ( E ) 32
\ Required probability = = and n ( E ) = Number of quadratic equations have equal roots
n (S ) 81
=2
n(E) 2 1
l Ex. 6 Three dice are thrown. The probability of getting \ Required probability = = =
a sum which is a perfect square, is n (S ) 4 2
2 9
(a) (b) l Ex. 8 Three-digit numbers are formed using the digits 0,
5 20
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without repetition of digits. If a number is chosen
1
(c) (d) None of these at random, then the probability that the digits either increase
4
or decrease, is
Sol. (d) n (S ) = Total number of ways = 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 216
1 2 3 4
The sum of the numbers on three dice varies from 3 to 18 (a) (b) (c) (d)
10 11 10 11
and among these 4, 9 and 16 are perfect squares.
Sol. (c) n (S ) = Total number of three digit numbers
\ n ( E ) = Number of favourable ways
= 6 P3 - 5 P2 = 120 - 20 = 100
= Coefficient of x 4 in
n ( E ) = Number of numbers with digits either increase or
( x + x 2 + K + x 6 )3 + Coefficient of x 9 in
decrease
( x + x 2 + K + x 6 )3 + Coefficient of x 16 in = Number of numbers with increasing digits + Number of
( x + x 2 + ... + x 6 )3 numbers with decreasing digits
= Coefficient of x in (1 + x + K + x 5 )3 + Coefficient of x 6 = 5C 3 + 6C 3 = 10 + 20 = 30
in (1 + x + x 2 + K + x 5 )3 + Coefficient of x 13 \ Required probability =
n ( E ) 30
= =
3
in (1 + x + x 2 + K + x 5 )3 n (S ) 100 10

= Coefficient of x in(1 - x 6 )3 (1 - x )- 3 + Coefficient of x 6 in l Ex. 9 If X follows a binomial distribution with

(1 - x 6 )3 (1 - x )-3 + Coefficient of x 13 in(1 - x 6 )3 (1 - x )-3 1
parameters n = 8 and p = , then p (| x - 4 | £ 2 ) is equal to
= Coefficient of x in (1) (1 + 3C 1x + ...) + Coefficient of x 6 2
in (1 - 3x 6 )(1 + 3C 1x + ...) + Coefficient of x 13 in 121 119 117 115
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1 - 3x 6 + 3x 12 + ...); (1 + 3C 1x + K ) 128 128 128 128
1
= 3C 1 + ( 8 C 6 - 3) + ( 15C 13 - 3 ´ 9C 7 + 9 ) Sol. (b) Here, p = , n = 8
2
= 3C 1 + ( 8 C 2 - 3) + (15 C 2 - 3 ´ 9C 2 + 9 ) 1 1
\ q =1- p =1- =
= 3 + 25 + 6 2 2 8
= 34 æ1 1ö
\The binomial distribution is ç + ÷
n ( E ) 34 17 è2 2ø
\ Required probability = = = Also, | x - 4| £ 2
n (S ) 216 108
Þ - 2 £ x - 4 £ 2 Þ2 £ x £ 6
 Chap 09 Probability 715

\ p (| x - 4 | £ 2) = p ( x = 2) + p ( x = 3) + p ( x = 4 ) The probability of having a rash for a child sick with the

+ p ( x = 5) + p ( x = 6) measles is 0.95. However, occasionally children with the flue
æ1ö æ1ö
2 6
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
3 5 4 4 also develop a rash with conditional probability 0.08. Upon
= 8C 2 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 8C 3 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 8C 4 ç ÷ ç ÷ examination the child, the doctor finds a rash, then the
è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø
5 3 6 2 probability that the child has the measles, is
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö 89 91 93 95
+ 8C 5 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 8C 6 ç ÷ ç ÷ (a) (b) (c) (d)
è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø 167 167 167 167
8
C 2 + 8C 3 + 8C 4 + 8C 5 + 8C 6 Sol. (d) Q P ( F ) = 0 × 90, P ( M ) = 0 × 10,
=
28 æRö æRö
P ç ÷ = 0 × 08, P ç ÷ = 0 × 95
238 119 èF ø èM ø
= =
256 128 æRö
P (M )× P ç ÷
æM ö èM ø
l Ex. 10 A doctor is called to see a sick child. The doctor \ Pç ÷ =
èRø æRö æRö
knows (prior to the visit) that 90% of the sick children in that P (M )× P ç ÷ + P (F )× P ç ÷
èM ø èF ø
neighbourhood are sick with the flue, denoted by F, while
10% are sick with the measles, denoted by M. A well-known 0 × 10 ´ 0 × 95 0 × 095 95
= = =
symptom of measles is a rash, denoted by R. 0 × 10 ´ 0 × 95 + 0 × 90 ´ 0 ×08 0 × 167 167

JEE Type Solved Examples :

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
n
This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each l Ex. 12 A random variable X follows binomial distribution
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which with mean a and variance b. Then,
more than one may be correct. a
(a) a > b > 0 (b) >1
b
l Ex. 11 Let pn denote the probability of getting n heads,
when a fair coin is tossed m times. If p 4 , p 5 , p 6 are in AP, a2 a2
(c) is an integer (d) is an integer
then values of m can be a-b a+b
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 10 (d) 14 Sol. (a, b, c) Suppose, X ~ B(n , p ) i.e. (q + p )n
4 m-4 m
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö Here, np = a and npq = b
Sol. (b, d) Q p 4 = mC 4 ç ÷ ç ÷ = mC 4 ç ÷
è2ø è2ø è2ø b b
5 m-5 m
\ q = , then p = 1 - q = 1 -
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö a a
p 5 = mC 5 ç ÷ ç ÷ = mC 5 ç ÷
è2ø è2ø è2ø b
Now, 0 < q < 1 Þ 0 < < 1 Þ a > b > 0 [alternate (a)]
6 m-6 m a
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö a
and p 6 = mC 6 ç ÷ ç ÷ = mC 6 ç ÷ and >1 [alternate (b)]
è2ø è2ø è2ø b
2 2
a (np ) np np
According to the question, p 4 , p 5 , p 6 are in AP Also, = = = = n = Integer
a - b np - npq 1 - q p
\ 2p 5 = p 4 + p 6 [alternate (c)]
m m m
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
Þ 2 ´ mC 5 ç ÷ = mC 4 ç ÷ + mC 6 ç ÷ l Ex. 13 If A1 , A 2 ,..., A n are n independent events, such
è2ø è2ø è2ø
1
or 2 ´ mC 5 = mC 4 + mC 6 that P ( Ai ) = , i =1, 2,K, n, then the probability that
m m
i +1
C4 C6 5 m -6+1
or 2= + Þ 2= + none of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 ,..., A n occur, is
m
C5 m
C5 m -5+1 6
n 1
5 m -5 (a) (b)
Þ 2= + Þ (m 2 - 2) m + 98 = 0 n +1 n +1
m-4 6
1 1
Þ (m - 14 )(m - 7 ) = 0 (c) less than (d) greater than
n n+2
Þ m = 7 or 14
716 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (b, c, d) Q A1, A 2 , A 3 ,..., A n are n independent, then 3

As the maximum value of P ( A Ç B ) = , we get
Required probability = P ( A1¢ Ç A 2¢ Ç A 3¢ Ç K Ç An¢ ) 8
= P ( A1¢). P ( A 2¢ ). P ( A 3¢ ) K P ( An¢ ) 3 11
P (A ) + P (B) - £ 1 Þ P (A ) + P (B) £ [alternate (a)]
= (1 - P ( A1 ))(1 - P ( A 2 ))(1 - P ( A 3 )) K (1 - P ( An )) 8 8
æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1 ö
= ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ K ç1 - ÷
l Ex. 15 A, B, C and D cut a pack of 52 cards successively in
è 2ø è 3ø è 4ø è n + 1ø the order given. If the person who cuts a spade first receives
1 2 3 n 1 ` 350, then the expectations of
= ´ ´ ´K´ =
2 3 4 n +1 n +1 (a) B is ` 96 (b) D is ` 54
Q n + 2 > n + 1 > n; \
1
<
1
<
1 (c) ( A + C ) is ` 200 (d) ( B - D ) is ` 56
n +2 n +1 n Sol. (a, b, c) Let E be the event of any one cutting a spade in
one cut and let S be the sample space, then
3 n ( E ) = 13C 1 = 13 and n (S ) = 52 C 1 = 52
l Ex. 14 A and B are two events, such that P ( A È B ) ³
4 n(E) 1 3
\ p = P (E) = = and q = p ( E ) = 1 - p =
1 3 n (S ) 4 4
and £ P ( A Ç B ) £ , then
8 8 The probability of A winning (when A starts the game)
1
11 3 p 64
(a) P ( A ) + P ( B ) £ (b) P ( A ) × P ( B ) £ 4 8
= p + q p + q p + K¥ = = 4 =
8 8 1 - q4 4
175
æ3ö
7 1- ç ÷
(c) P ( A ) + P ( B ) ³ (d) None of these 64 è4ø
8 \ E( A ) = ` 350 ´ = ` 128
3 175
Sol. (a, c) Q £ P (A È B) £ 1 3
4 E( B ) = `128 ´ q = `128 ´ = ` 96
4
3 3
Þ £ P (A ) + P (B) - P (A Ç B) £ 1 E(C ) = `96 ´ q = `96 ´ = ` 72
4 4
1
As the minimum value of P ( A Ç B ) = , we get 3
8 and E( D ) = `72 ´ q = `72 ´ = ` 54
1 3 7 4
P (A ) + P (B) - ³ Þ P (A ) + P (B) ³ [alternate (c)] \ E( A + C ) = ` 200 and E( B - D ) = ` 42.
8 4 8

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Passage Based Questions
n
This section contains 3 solved passages based upon each
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be Value of b Possible values of a and c
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), 3 (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
4 (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1)
Passage I 5 (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 4),
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) (4, 1), (1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 6), (6, 1)
6 (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 4),
Each coefficient in the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is (4, 1), (1, 5), (5, 1),
determined by throwing an ordinary die. (2, 3), (3, 2), (1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2)
16. The probability that roots of quadratic are real and If E be the event of favourable cases, then n ( E ) = 38
distinct, is Total ways, n (S ) = 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 216
5 19 173 17 n ( E ) 38 19
(a) (b) (c) (d) Hence, the required probability, p 1 = = =
216 108 216 108 n (S ) 216 108
Sol. (b) For roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 to be real and distinct, 17. The probability that roots of quadratic are equal, is
b 2 - 4ac > 0 5 7 11 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Value of b Possible values of a and c
216 216 216 216
Sol.(a) For roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 to be equal b 2 = 4ac
1, 2 No values of a and c
i.e. b 2 must be even.
 Chap 09 Probability 717

n
å × P ( Ei ) P æç E ö÷
Value of b Possible values of a and c
Sol. (b) Q P = P ( E ) = ...(ii)
2 (1, 1) i =1 è Ei ø
n
4 (2, 2), (1, 4), (4, 1)
= å k i ( i + 1) . i
6 (3, 3) i =1 n
n
k k
If E be the event of favourable cases, then n ( E ) = 5 = å (i 3 + i2) = [ån 3 + ån 2 ]
Total ways, n (S ) = 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 216 n i =1 n
n(E) 5 ké æ n (n + 1)2 ö n (n + 1) (2n + 1) ù
Hence, the required probability, p 2 = = = êç ÷+ ú
n (S ) 216 nêë è 2 ø 6 úû
18. The probability that roots of quadratic are imaginary, is k (n + 1) (n + 2) (3n + 1)
103 133 157 173 =
(a) (b) (c) (d) 12
216 216 216 216 3 (n + 1) (n + 2) (3n + 1)
2 = . [from Eq. (i)]
Sol. (d) Let p 3 = Probability that roots of ax + bx + c = 0 are n (n + 1)(n + 2) 12
imaginary
3n + 1 3 1
= 1 - (Probability that roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are real) = = +
4n 4 4n
= 1 - ( p1 + p 2 ) [from above]
é3 1ù 3 3
43 173 \ lim P = lim ê + ú = + 0 =
=1- = n ®¥ n ®¥ ë4 3n û 4 4
216 216
21. If a coin is selected at random is found to be biased, the
Passage II probability that it is the only biased coin the box, is
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) 1 12
(a) (b)
A box contains n coins. Let P ( E i ) be the probability that (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4 ) n(n + 1)(n + 2)(3n + 1)
exactly i out of n coins are biased. If P ( E i ) is directly 24 24
proportional to i( i +1); 1 £ i £ n. (c) (d)
n(n + 1)(n + 2)( 2n + 1) n(n + 1)(n + 2)(3n + 1)
19. Proportionality constant k is equal to
æEö 1
3 1 P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ 2k ´
(a) (b) æE ö è E1 ø n
2
n (n + 1) 2
(n + 1)(n + 2) Sol. (d) P ç 1 ÷ = = [from Eq. (ii)]
èEø n
æEö P (E)
(c)
3
(d)
1 å P ( Ei ) × P ç ÷
i =1 è Ei ø
n (n + 1)(n + 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3 )
Sol. (c) Q P ( Ei ) µ i (i + 1)
2k
n 8k
Þ P ( Ei ) = k i (i + 1), where k is proportionality constant. = =
æ 3n + 1 ö (3n + 1)
We have, P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 3 ) + K + P ( En ) = 1 ç ÷
è 4n ø
(Q E1, E 2 , K, En are mutually exclusive
24
and exhaustive events) = [from Eq. (i)]
n n (n + 1) (n + 2) (3n + 1)
Þ å P ( Ei ) = 1
i =1
Passage III
n
(Ex. Nos. 22 to 24)
Þ k å (i 2 + i) = 1
i =1 Let S be the set of the first 21 natural numbers, then the
Þ k [ån 2 + ån ] = 1 probability of
é n (n + 1) (2n + 1) n (n + 1) ù
Þkê +
22. Choosing { x , y } Í S, such that x 3 + y 3 is divisible by
ë 6 2 úû = 1
3, is
3 1 1 1 1
\ k= ...(i) (a) (b) (c) (d)
n ( n + 1) ( n + 2) 6 5 4 3
Sol. (d) QS = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,..., 21}
20. If P be the probability that a coin selected at random
is biased, then lim P is Total number of ways choosing x and y is
x ®¥ 21 × 20
1 3 3 7 21
C2 = = 210
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 5 8 1 ×2
718 Textbook of Algebra

Now, arrange the given numbers as below: \Number of favourable cases

11 × 10 10 × 9
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 = 21C 2 + 10C 2 = + = 100
1 ×2 1 ×2
2 5 8 11 14 17 20
and total number of ways choosing x , y and z is
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 21 × 20 × 19
21
C3 = = 1330
We see that, x 3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) ( x 2 - xy + y 2 ) will be 1 ×2 ×3
divisible by 3 in the following cases: 100 10
\Required probability = =
One of two numbers belongs to the first row and one of the 1330 133
two numbers belongs to the second row or both numbers 24. Choosing { x , y , z } Í S, such that x , y , z are not consecu-
occurs in third row. tive, is
\ Number of favourable cases = ( 7C 1 ) ( 7C 1 ) + 7C 2 = 70 17 34 51 34
(a) (b) (c) (d)
70 1 70 70 70 35
\ Required probability = =
210 3 Sol. (c) Given, x , y and z are not consecutive.
21 - 3 + 1
23. Choosing { x , y , z } Í S, such that x , y , z are in AP, is \ Number of favourable ways = C3
5 10 3 2 19 × 18 × 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) = 19C 3 = = 969
133 133 133 133 1 ×2 ×3
Sol. (b) Given, x , y , z are in AP 21 × 20 × 19
\ 2y = x + z and total number of ways = 21C 3 = = 1330
1 ×2 ×3
It is clear that sum of x and z is even. 969 51
\ x and z both are even or odd out of set S. \ Required probability = =
1330 70
i.e., 11 numbers (1, 3, 5,..., 21) are odd and 10 numbers (2, 4,
6,..., 20) are even.

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
n
This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each Þ m = 3 and n = 5
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 \ m +n =8
(both inclusive).
l Ex. 26 The digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are written in
l Ex. 25 The altitude through A of DABC meets BC at D random order to form a nine digit number. Let p be the
and the circumscribed circle at E. If D º ( 2, 3 ), E º (5, 5 ), the probability that this number is divisible by 36, the value
ordinate of the orthocentre being a natural number. If the of 9p is
probability that the orthocentre lies on the lines
Sol. (2) Q 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 45, a number
m
y =1; y = 2; y = 3…… y =10 is , where m and n are consisting all these digits will be divisible by 9. Thus, the
n number will be divisible by 36, if and only if it is
relative primes, the value of m + n is divisible by 4. The number formed by its last two digits
Sol. (8) Let the orthocentre be O ( x , y ). must be divisible by 4. The possible values of the last pair
It is clear from the OE is perpendicular bisector of line BC. to the following:
\ OD = DE 12, 16, 24, 28, 32, 36, 48, 52, 56, 64, 68, 72, 76, 84, 92, 96.
i.e., There are 16 ways of choosing last two digits.
Þ ( x - 2) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = ( 5 - 2) 2 + ( 5 - 3) 2
2 2 2 2
The remaining digits can be arranged in 7 P 7 = 7 ! ways.
Þ ( x - 2) + ( y - 3) = ( 5 - 2) + ( 5 - 3)
Therefore, number of favourable ways = 16 ´ 7!
Þ x 2 + y 2 - 4 x - 6y = 0 Þ x = 2 ± 13 - (y - 3)2 and number of total ways = 9!
Þ y can take the values as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 16 ´ 7 ! 16 2
\ Required probability, p = = =
6 3 m 9! 9 ´8 9
\ Required probability = = = [given]
10 5 n Þ 9p = 2
 Chap 09 Probability 719

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Matching Type Questions
n This section contains 2 examples. Examples 27 and 28 have four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more
statement(s) given in Column II.
l Ex. 27 If n positive integers taken at random are l Ex. 28 If A and B are two independent events, such that
multiplied together. 1 1
P ( A ) = and P (B ) = .
3 4
Column I Column II
Column I Column II
(A) The probability that the last digit is 1, 3, 7 (p) 3
or 9 is P (n ), then 100 P(2 ) is divisible by æAö (p) a prime number
(A) If P ç ÷ = l1, then 12 l1 is
èBø
(B) The probability that the last digit is 2, 4, 6 (q) 4
or 8 is Q(n ), then 100 Q(2 ) is divisible by æ A ö (q) a composite
(B) If P ç ÷ = l 2, then 9 l 2 is number
èA ÈBø
(C) The probability that the last digit is 5 is (r) 6
R(n ), then 100 R(2 ) is divisible by (C) If P [( A Ç B ) È ( A Ç B )] = l 3, (r) a natural number
then 12 l 3 is
(D) The probability that the last digit is zero (s) 9
is S (n ), then 100 S(2 ) is divisible by (D) If P ( A È B ) = l 4 , then 12 l 4 is (s) a perfect number

Sol. A ® (q); B ® (p, q, r); C ® (p, s); D ® (p, s) Sol. A ® (q, r); B (q, r, s); C ® (p, r); D ® (q, r)
Let n positive integers be x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,..., x n Q A and B are independent events.
Let a = x 1. x 2 . x 3 ... x n 1
\ P (A Ç B) = P (A )× P (B) = ,
Since, the last digit in each of the numbers x 1, x 2 , K, x n can 12
be any one of the digits 1 æ 1ö 1
P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) × P ( B ) = ´ ç1 - ÷ = ,
0, 1, 2,..., 9 (total 10) 3 è 4ø 4
æ 1ö 1 1
\ n (S ) = 10n P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) × P ( B ) = ç1 - ÷ × =
è 3ø 4 6
Let E1, E 2 , E 3 and E 4 are the events given in A, B, C and D, 1
æ A ö P ( A Ç B ) 12 1
respectively. (A) P ç ÷ = = = = l1 [given]
n
èBø P (B) 1 3
æ4ö 4
(A) n ( E1 ) = 4n Þ P ( E1 ) = ç ÷ = P (n ) [given] \ 12l1 = 4 [natural number and composite number]
è 10 ø
\ 100 P(2) = 16 æ A ö P ( A Ç ( A È B ))
(B) P ç ÷=
èA È Bø P (A È B)
(B) n ( E 2 ) = n (last digit is 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 6 or 7 or 8
P (A) P (A)
or 9) - n ( E1 ) = 8n - 4n = = - P (A Ç B)
P (A È B) P (A ) + P (B)
8n - 4n 1
Þ P ( E2 ) = = Q (n ) [given]
10n 3 2
= = = l2 [given]
\ 100 Q (2) = 64 - 16 = 48 1 1 1 3
+ -
3 4 12
(C) n ( E 3 ) = n (last digit is 1 or 3 or 5 or 7 or 9) - n ( E1 )
\ 9l2 = 6
= 5n - 4n [natural number, composite number and perfect number]
5n - 4n (C) P ( A Ç B ) È ( A Ç B )) = P ( A Ç B ) + P ( A Ç B )
Þ P ( E3 ) = = R (n ) [given]
10n 1 1 5
\ 100 R(2) = 25 - 16 = 9 = + = = l3 [given]
4 6 12
(D) n ( E 4 ) = n (S ) - n (last digit is 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 6 or 7 or \ 12l 3 = 5 [prime number and natural number]
8 or 9)- n ( E 3 ) = 10n - 8n - (5n - 4n )
(D) P( A È B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) - P( A Ç B )
10n - 8n - 5n + 4n æ 1ö 1 1 3
\ P( E4 ) = = S(n ) [given] = ç1 - ÷ + - = = l 4 [given]
10n è 3ø 4 6 4
\ 100 S(2) = 27 \ 12l 4 = 9 [natural number and composite number]
720 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples :

Statement I and II Type Questions
n Directions Example numbers 29 and 30 are Assertion- Statement-2 Let quadratic equation
Reason type examples. Each of these examples contains ax 2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c Î R
two statements:
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) If b 2 - 4ac < 0
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, then, roots are imaginary.
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select \ Statement-2 is false.
the correct choice as given below.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 l Ex. 30 A fair die thrown twice. Let (a , b ) denote the
is a correct explanation for Statement-1
outcome in which the first throw shows a and the second
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 shows b. Let A and B be the following two events:
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false A = {(a, b )| a is even }, B = {(a, b )| b is even}
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true Statement-1 If C = {(a, b )| a + b is odd}, then
1
l Ex. 29. A man P speaks truth with probability p and P (A Ç B Ç C ) = .
8
another man Q speaks truth with probability 2p. Statement-2 If D = {(a, b )| a + b is even}, then
Statement-1 If P and Q contradict each other with 1
P [( A Ç B Ç D )|( A È B )] =
1 3
probability , then there are two values of p.
2 Sol. (c) If a and b are both even, then a + b is even, therefore
Statement-2 A quadratic equation with real coefficients P (A Ç B Ç C ) = 0
has two real roots. \Statement-1 is false.
1 1 1 1 1
Sol. (c) Let E1 be the event that P speaks the truth, Also, P ( A ) = , P ( B ) = , P ( A Ç B ) = ´ =
then P ( E1 ) = p and let E 2 be the event that Q speaks the 2 2 2 2 4
truth, then P ( E 2 ) = 2p . \ P (A È B) = P (A ) + P (B) - P (A Ç B)
1 1 1 3
Statement-1 If P and Q contradict each other with = + - =
1 1 2 2 4 4
probability , then P ( E1 ) × P ( E 2¢ ) + P ( E1¢ ) × P ( E 2 ) = P (( A Ç B Ç D ) Ç ( A È B ))
2 2 \ P [( A Ç B Ç D )|( A È B )] =
1 P (A È B)
2
Þ p × ( 1 - 2p ) + ( 1 - p ) × 2p = Þ 8p - 6p + 1 = 0 1
2 P (A Ç B) 4 1
1 1 = = = [Q A Ç B Í D ]
Þ (2p - 1)( 4 p - 1) = 0 Þ p = and p = P (A È B) 3 3
2 4
4
\ Statement-1 is true. \ Statement-2 is true.

Subjective Type Examples

n
In this section, there are 24 subjective solved examples. 3 3
and P( E3 ) = =
l Ex. 31 Three critics review a book. Odds in favour of the
3+ 4 7
book are 5 : 2, 4 : 3 and 3 : 4 respectively for the three critics. Clearly, the event of majority being in favour = the event of
Find the probability that majority are in favour of the book. atleast two critics being in favour
Sol. Let the critics be E1, E 2 and E 3 . Let P ( E1 ), P ( E 2 ) and P ( E 3 ) \ The required probability
denotes the probabilities of the critics E1, E 2 and E 3 to be = P ( E1E 2 E 3 ) + P ( E1E 2 E 3 ) + P ( E1E 2 E 3 ) + P ( E1E 2 E 3 )
in favour of the book. Since, the odds in favour of the
book for the critics E1, E 2 and E 3 are 5 : 2, 4 : 3 and 3 : 4, = P ( E1 ) × P ( E 2 ) × P ( E 3 ) + P ( E1 ) ×P ( E 2 ) ×P ( E 3 )
respectively.
+ P ( E1 ) × P ( E 2 ) × P ( E 3 ) + P ( E1 ) × P ( E 2 ) × P ( E 3 )
5 5 4 4
\ P ( E1 ) = = , P( E2 ) = = [Q E1, E 2 and E 3 are independent]
5+2 7 4 +3 7
 Chap 09 Probability 721

5 4 æ 3ö æ 5ö 4 3 5 æ 4ö 3 5 4 3 P ( E1 )
= × × ç1 - ÷ + ç1 - ÷ × × + × ç1 - ÷ × + × × = [sum of infinite GP]
7 7 è 7ø è 7ø 7 7 7 è 7ø 7 7 7 7 1 - { P ( E 2 )} 2
1 209 a
= [80 + 24 + 45 + 60] =
73 343 a+b a(a + b ) a+b
= = \ P( E ) =
æ b ö
2 2
a + 2ab a + 2b
l Ex. 32 A has 3 shares is a lottery containing 3 prizes and 1- ç ÷
èa + b ø
9 blanks; B has 2 shares in a lottery containing 2 prizes and 6
blanks. Compare their chances of success. Then, P ( E ¢ ) is the probability for B winning the game
Sol. Let E1 and E 2 be the events of success of A and B, a+b b
\ P( E ¢ ) = 1 - P( E ) = 1 - =
respectively. Therefore, E ¢1 and E ¢2 are the events of a + 2b a + 2b
unsuccess of A and B, respectively.
According to the problem, P ( E ) = 3P ( E ¢ )
Since, A has 3 shares in a lottery containing 3 prizes and 9
a+b 3b
blanks, therefore A will draw 3 tickets out of 12 tickets (3 ⇒ = ⇒ α + β = 3β ⇒ α = 2β
prizes + 9 blanks). Then, A will get success if he draws a + 2b a + 2b
atleast one prize out of 3 draws. Similarly, B will get success a 2
if he draws atleast one prize out of 2 draws. \ = ⇒ α : β = 2 :1
b 1
9 ×8 ×7
9
C3 21
\ P ( E ¢1 ) = 12 = 1 ×2 ×3 = l Ex. 34 Five persons entered the lift cabin on the ground
C3 12 × 11 × 10 55 floor of an 8 floors house. Suppose that each of them,
1 ×2 ×3 independently and with equal probability can leave the cabin
21 34
\ P ( E1 ) = 1 - P ( E ¢1 ) = 1 - = at any floor beginning with the first. Find out the probability
55 55 of all five persons leaving at different floors.
6 ×5
6 Sol. Let S be the sample space and E be the event that the five
C 2 1 × 2 15
Again, P ( E ¢2 ) = 8 = = persons get down at different floors.
C 2 8 × 7 28
Total number of floors excluding the ground floor = 7
1 ×2
15 13 Since, each of the 5 persons can get down at any one of the
\ P( E2 ) = 1 - P( E ¢2 ) = 1 - = 7 floors in 7 ways.
28 28
34 \ n (S ) = Total number of ways in which the 5 persons can
P ( E1 ) 55 952 get down = 7 5
Hence, = =
P ( E 2 ) 13 715 and n ( E ) = number of ways in which the 5 persons can get
28 down at 5 different floors out of 7 floors = 7 P5
\ P ( E1 ) : P ( E 2 ) = 952 : 715
n ( E ) 7 P5
\ Required probability, P ( E ) = =
l Ex. 33 A bag contains a white and b black balls. Two n (S ) 7 5
players A and B alternately draw a ball from the bag,
replacing the ball each time after the draw till one of them
l Ex. 35 Let X be a set containing n elements. Two subsets
draws a white ball and wins the game. If A begins the game A and B of X are chosen at random. Find the probability that
and the probability of A winning the game is three times that A È B = X.
of B, show that a : b = 2 : 1. Sol. Let X = { x 1, x 2 , K, x n }
Sol. Let E1 denote the event of drawing a white ball at any For each x i Î X (1 £ i £ n ), we have the following four
draw and E 2 that for a black ball and let E be the event choices
for A winning the game (i) x i Î A and x i Î B (ii) x i Î A and x i Ï B
a b (iii) x i Ï A and x i Î B (iv) x i Ï A and x i Ï B
\P ( E1 ) = and P ( E 2 ) =
a+b a+b Let S be the sample space and E be the event favourable for
\ P ( E ) = P ( E1 or E 2 E 2 E1 or E 2 E 2 E 2 E 2 E1 or K) the occurrence of A È B = X .
\ n ( S ) = 4n
= P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 E 2 E1 ) + P ( E 2 E 2 E 2 E 2 E1 ) + K
= P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) P ( E 2 ) P ( E1 ) and n ( E ) = 3n [Q case (iv) Ï X ]
Hence, the required probability,
+ P ( E 2 ) P ( E 2 ) P ( E 2 ) P ( E 2 ) P ( E1 ) + K n
[Q E1 and E 2 are independent] n( E ) 3n æ 3 ö
P( E ) = Þ = n =ç ÷
n (S ) 4 è4ø
722 Textbook of Algebra

l Ex. 36 Two persons each makes a single throw with a l Ex. 38 If a Î[ -20, 0 ], find the probability that the graph
pair of dice. Find the probability that the throws are of the function y = 16 x 2 + 8 (a + 5 ) x - 7a - 5 is strictly
unequal. above the X-axis.
Sol. Let E be the event that the throws of the two persons are Sol. Since, the graph y = 16x 2 + 8(a + 5) x - 7a - 5 is strictly
unequal. Then, E ¢ be the event that the throws of the two above the X-axis, therefore y > 0 for all x
persons are equal.
⇒ 16x 2 + 8(a + 5) x - 7a - 5 > 0 , Ú x
\ The total number of cases for E ¢ is (36)2
\ Discriminant < 0
i.e., n (S ) = (36)2 [Q S be the sample space]
+ +
We now proceed to find out the number of favourable cases
–15 – –2
for E ¢. Suppose
( x + x 2 + x 3 + K + x 6 )2 = a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + K + a12 x 12 ⇒ 64(a + 5)2 - 4 × 16( -7a - 5) < 0
The number of favourable ways of E ¢ = a 22 + a 32 +K+ a12
2
⇒ a 2 + 17a + 30 < 0 ⇒ (a + 15) (a + 2) < 0
\ n ( E ¢ ) = coefficient of constant term in ⇒ -15 < a < - 2
æa a a ö -2
(a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + K + a12 x 12 ) ´ ç 22 + 33 + K + 12
èx x
÷
x 12 ø \ Required probability =
ò-15 dx =
13
0
20
æ 1 ö
2
ò-20 dx
ç1 - 6 ÷
(1 - x 6 )2 è x ø
= coefficient of constant term in ´
(1 - x )2 2 l Ex. 39 3 distinct integers are selected at random from
æ 1ö
ç 1 - ÷ 1, 2, 3,..., 20. Find out the probability that the sum is divisible
è xø
= coefficient of x 10 in (1 - x 6 )4 (1 - x )-4 by 5.
= coefficient of x 10 in (1 - 4 x 6 + ...) Sol. The number of wayds choosing 3 distinct integers from 1,
2, 3, ..., 20 is
(1 + 4C 1x + 5C 2 x 2 + K + 13C 10 x 10 + K ) 20 × 19 × 18
20
= 13C 10 - 4 ×7 C 4 C3 = = 20 ´ 57 = 1140
1 ×2 ×3
13 × 12 × 11 7 ×6 ×5
= 13C 3 - 4 ×7 C 3 = - 4× = 146 Now, arrange the given numbers as below:
1 ×2 ×3 1 ×2 ×3
n ( E ¢ ) 146 73 1 6 11 16
\ P( E ¢ ) = = =
n (S ) (36)2 648 2 7 12 17
Hence, required probability, 3 8 13 18
73 575 4 9 14 19
P( E ) = 1 - P( E ¢ ) = 1 - =
648 648 5 10 15 20

l Ex. 37 If X and Y are independent binomial variates We see that the sum of three digits divisible by 5 in the
following cases :
B (5, 1 / 2 ) and B (7, 1 / 2 ), find the value of P ( X + Y = 3 ).
Two number from 1st row and one number from 3rd row or
Sol. We have,
one number from 2nd row and two numbers from 4th row
P ( X + Y = 3) = P ( X = 0, Y = 3) + P ( X = 1, Y = 2) or three numbers from 5th row or one number from each
+ P ( X = 2, Y = 1) + P ( X = 3, Y = 0) (1st row, 4th row, 5th row) or one number from each (2nd
= P ( X = 0) P (Y = 3) + P ( X = 1) P (Y = 2) row, 3rd row, 5th row).
+ P ( X = 2) P (Y = 1) + P ( X = 3) P (Y = 0) Then, the number of favourable ways
[Q X and Y are independent] = 4C 2 ´ 4C 1 + 4C 1 ´ 4C 2 + 4C 3
5 7 5 7
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö + 4C 1 ´ 4C 1 ´ 4C 1 + 4C 1 ´ 4C 1 ´ 4C 1
= 5C 0 ç ÷ × 7 C 3 ç ÷ + 5C 1 ç ÷ 7
C2 ç ÷
è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø = 24 + 24 + 4 + 64 + 64 = 180
5 7 5 7
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö 180 3
5 7
C 1 ç ÷ + 5C 3 ç ÷
+ C2 ç ÷ 7
C0 ç ÷ Hence, the required probability = =
12 è2ø è 2 ø è2ø è2ø 1140 19
æ1ö
= ç ÷ [(1) (35) + (5) (21) + (10) (7 ) + (10) (1)] Note
è2ø If divisible by 4, then take four rows and if divisible by 3, then take
220 55 three rows, etc.
= =
212 1024
 Chap 09 Probability 723

l Ex. 40 5 girls and 10 boys sit at random in a row having (iii) If nine squares are chosen at random on a chess board,
15 chairs numbered as 1 to 15. Find the probability that end what is the probability that they form a square of size
seats are occupied by the girls and between any two girls odd 3 ´ 3?
Sol. (i) Total number of ways = 64
number of boys sit. C4
Sol. There are four gaps in between the girls where the boys The chess board can be divided into two parts by a
can sit. Let the number of boys in these gaps be 2a + 1, diagonal line BD. Now, if we begin to select four
2b + 1, 2c + 1, 2d + 1, then
squares from the diagonal P1Q1 , P2 Q 2 , K, BD , then we
2a + 1 + 2b + 1 + 2c + 1 + 2d + 1 = 10 can find number of squares selected
or a+b+c +d =3 = 2( 4 C 4 + 5C 4 + 6C 4 + 7C 4 ) = 112
The number of solutions of above equation
A P1 P2 P3 P4 B
= coefficient of x 3 in (1 - x )-4 = 6C 3 = 20
Thus, boys and girls can sit in 20 ´ 10! ´ 5! ways. Total
ways = 15!
20 ´ 10! ´ 5!
Hence, the required probability =
15!

l Ex. 41 A four digit number (numbered from 0000 to Q1

9999) is said to be lucky if sum of its first two digits is equal Q2
to the sum of its last two digits. If a four-digit number is
picked up at random, find the probability that it is lucky Q3

number. Q4
Sol. The total number of ways of choosing a four digit number
is 104 = 10000. Let ak denote the number of distinct D C
non-negative integral solutions of the equation x + y = k
(0 £ k £ 18) Similarly, number of squares for the diagonals chosen
\ The number of favourable cases = a 02 + a12 +K+ 2
a18 parallel to AC = 112
2 9 2
\ Total favourable ways = 364
Suppose, (1 + x + x + K + x )
364
= a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 + K + a18 x 18 \ Required probability = 64 .
C4
Thus, a 02 + a12 + K + a18
2
= coefficient of constant term in
(ii) Total ways = 64 ´ 63
æ a a ö Now, if first square is in one of the four corners, then the
(a 0 + a1x + K + a18 x 18 ) ´ ça 0 + 1 + K + 18 ÷
è x x 18 ø second square can be chosen in just one way = (4 ) (1) = 4
= coefficient of constant term in If the first square is one of the 24 non-corner squares
2
æ 1 1 1 ö along the sides of the chess board, the second square
( 1 + x + x 2 + K + x 9 ) 2 ´ ç1 + + 2 + K + 9 ÷ can be chosen in two ways = ( 24 ) ( 2) = 48.
è x x x ø
= coefficient of x 18 in (1 + x + x 2 + K + x 9 )4 Now, if the first square is any of the 36 remaining
squares, the second square can be chosen in four ways
= coefficient of x 18 in (1 - x 10 )4 (1 - x )-4 = (36) (4 ) = 144
= coefficient of x 18 in (1 - 4 x 10 ) (1 + 4C 1x + 5C 2 x 2 + K ) \ Favourable ways = 4 + 48 + 144 = 196
= 21C 18 - 4 ×11 C 8 = 1330 - 660 = 670 \ Required probability =
196
=
7
.
670 64 ´ 63 144
Hence, the required probability = = 0.067 (iii) Total ways = C 964
10000
A chess board has 9 horizontal and 9 vertical lines. We
l Ex. 42 see that a square of size 3 ´ 3 can be formed by
(i) If four squares are chosen at random on a chess board, choosing four consecutive horizontal and vertical
find the probability that they lie on a diagonal line. lines.
(ii) If two squares are chosen at random on a chess board, Hence, favourable ways = ( 6 C 1 ) ( 6 C 1 ) = 36
what is the probability that they have exactly one 36
corner in common? \Required probability = 64
.
C9
724 Textbook of Algebra

l Ex. 43 Out of ( 2n + 1) tickets consecutively numbered, It is clear from Eq. (i), a and c are both odd or both even.
three are drawn at random. Find the chance that the Out of (2n + 1) tickets consecutively numbers either (n + 1)
numbers on them are in AP. of them will be odd and n of them will be even (if the
Sol. Let us consider first (2n + 1) natural numbers as (2n + 1)
numbers begin with an odd number) or (n + 1) of them will
consecutive numbers. be even and n of them will be odd (if the number begin with
an even number).
Let S be the sample space and E be the event of favourable n +1
cases. \ n( E ) = C 2 + nC 2
\ n (S ) = 2n + 1
C3 ( n + 1) n n ( n - 1)
= + = n2
2 2
(2n + 1) 2n (2n - 1) n ( 4n 2 - 1)
= = \ Required probability,
1 ×2 ×3 3
n( E ) n2 3n
Let the three numbers drawn be a, b, c where a < b < c . P( E ) = = =
n ( S ) n ( 4n - 1) 4n 2 - 1
2

Common Triplets (a, b , c ) Number of 3

difference d Triplets
l Ex. 44 Out of 3n consecutive integers, three are selected
1 (1, 2, 3 ), (2, 3, 4 ), K, 2n - 1 at random. Find the chance that their sum is divisible by 3.
(2n - 1, 2n, 2n + 1 )
Sol. Let 3n consecutive integers (start with the integer m) are
2 (1, 3, 5 ), (2, 4, 6 ), K, 2n - 3 m, m + 1, m + 2, K, m + 3n - 1
(2n - 3, 2n - 1, 2n + 1 )
Now, we write these 3n numbers in 3 rows as follows :
3 (1, 4, 7 ), (2, 5, 8 ), ..., 2n - 5 m, m + 3, m + 6, K, m + 3n - 3
(2n - 5, 2n - 2, 2n + 1 )
m + 1, m + 4, m + 7, K, m + 3n - 2
… …………………… … m + 2, m + 5, m + 8, ..., m + 3n - 1
… …………………… … The total number of ways of choosing 3 integers out of 3n is
3n 3n (3n - 1) (3n - 2)
… …………………… … C3 =
1 ×2 ×3
n -1 (1, n, 2n - 1 ), (2, n + 1, 2n ), 3 n (3n - 1) (3n - 2)
(3, n + 2, 2n + 1 ) =
2
n (1, n + 1, 2n + 1 ) 1
The sum of the three numbers shall be divisible by 3 if and
only if either all the three numbers are from the same row
\ n ( E ) = 1 + 3 + K + (2n - 5) + (2n - 3) + (2n - 1) or all the three numbers are from different rows.
n
= {1 + 2n - 1} = n 2 Therefore, the number of favourable ways are
2
3(n C 3 ) + (n C 1 ) (n C 1 ) (n C 1 )
n( E )
\ Required probability, P ( E ) = 3n (n - 1) (n - 2) 3n 3 - 3n 2 + 2n
n (S ) = + n3 =
n2 3n 1 ×2 ×3 2
= =
n ( 4n 2 - 1) 4n 2 - 1 \ The required probability
3 Favourable ways
=
Aliter Let S be the sample space and E be the event of Total ways
favourable cases.
3n 3 - 3n 2 + 2n
2
(2n + 1) 2n (2n - 1) n ( 4n - 1)
2n + 1 2
\ n (S ) = C3 = = =
1 ×2 ×3 3 n (3n - 1) (3n - 2)
Let the three numbers a, b, c are drawn where a < b < c 2
and given a, b, c are in AP. 3n 2 - 3n + 2
=
a+c (3n - 1) (3n - 2)
\ b= or 2b = a + c ...(i)
2
 Chap 09 Probability 725

l Ex. 45 If 6n tickets numbered 0, 1, 2, ..., 6n - 1 are placed Lowest number Numbers Ways
in a bag and three are drawn out, show that the chance that 5
the sum of the numbers on them is equal to 6n :
3n
is . (2n - 2 ) (2n - 2, 2n - 1, 2n + 3 ), 2
(6n - 1) (6n - 2 ) (2n - 2, 2n, 2n + 2 )
Sol. Total number of ways to selecting 3 tickets from 6n (2n - 1 ) (2n - 1, 2n, 2n + 1 ) 1
tickets
6n
= C 3 = n (6n - 1) (6n - 2) ...(i) Lowest number cannot be greater than (2n - 1) as their sum
will become > 6n.
For the sum of these tickets of be 6n, we have the
following pattern : \ Favourable ways = 1 + 2 + K + (3n - 5)
+ (3n - 4 ) + (3n - 2) + (3n - 1)
Lowest number Numbers Ways Adding Ist with last, 2nd with last one, respectively
0 ( 0, 1, 6n - 1 ), ( 0, 2, 6n - 2 ) K (3n - 1 ) = [1 + 3n - 1] + [2 + 3n - 2]
( 0, 3n - 1, 3n + 1 )
+ K upto n terms
1 (1, 2, 6n - 3 ), (1, 3, 6n - 4 ) K (3n - 2 ) = 3n + 3n + K n terms
(1, 3n - 1, 3n )
= 3n (n ) = 3n 2
2 (2, 3, 6n - 5 ), (2, 4, 6n - 6 ) K (3n - 4 )
(2, 3n - 2, 3n ) 3n 2
Hence, probability =
n (6n - 1) (6n - 2)
3 (3, 4, 6n - 7 ), (3, 5, 6n - 8 ) K (3n - 5 )
(3, 3n - 2, 3n - 1 ) 3n
=
(6n - 1) (6n - 2)
4
 #L Probability Exercise 1 :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
n This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 13 17 23 25
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 42 42 42 42
which ONLY ONE is correct
10. Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen
1. There are two vans each having numbered seats, 3 in the at random. The probability that the triangle formed by
front and 4 at the back. There are 3 girls and 9 boys to be these vertices is equilateral, is
seated in the vans. The probability of 3 girls sitting 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
together in a back row on adjacent seats, is 2 3 10 20
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 11. Two small squares on a chess board are chosen at
13 39 65 91
random. Then, the probability that they have a common
2. The probability that a year chosen at random has side, is
53 Sundays, is 1 1 1 5
1 2 3 5 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3 9 18 18
7 7 28 28
12. A letter is known to have come from CHENNAI,
3. The probability that a leap year selected at random JAIPUR, NAINITAL, DUBAI and MUMBAI. On the post
contains either 53 Sundays or 53 Mondays, is mark only two consecutive letters AI are legible. Then
1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) the probability that it come from MUMBAI, is
7 7 7 7 42 84 39 42
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4. A positive integer N is selected so as to be 319 403 331 331
100 < N < 200. Then, the probability that it is divisible
by 4 or 7, is
13. Let a die is loaded in such a way that prime number
7 17 32 34 faces are twice as likely to occur as a non-prime number
(a) (b) (c) (d) faces. Then, the probability that an odd number will be
33 33 99 99
show up when the die is tossed, is
5. Two numbers a and b are selected at random from 1 2 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1, 2, 3, ..., 100 and are multiplied. Then, the probability 3 3 9 9
that the product ab is divisible by 3, is
67 83 67 8 14. One ticket is selected at random from 100 tickets
(a) (b) (c) (d) numbered 00, 01, 02, K, 99.
150 150 75 75
Suppose, X andY are the sum and product of the digit
6. Three different numbers are selected at random from the found on the ticket P( X = 7 / Y = 0) is given by
set A = {1, 2, 3, K, 10}. The probability that the product of 2 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
two of the numbers is equal to third, is 3 19 50
3 1 1 39
(a) (b) (c) (d) 15. All the spades are taken out from a pack of cards. From
4 40 8 40
these cards, cards are drawn one by one without
7. The numbers 1, 2, 3, K, n are arranged in a random order. replacement till the ace of spades comes. The probability
Then, the probability that the digits 1, 2, 3, ..., k (k < n ) that the ace comes in the 4th draw, is
appears as neighbours in that order, is 1 12
(a) (b)
1 k! (n - k )! (n - k + 1 )! 13 13
(a) (b) (c) (d) 4
n! n! n! n! (c) (d) None of these
13
8. The numbers 1, 2, 3, K, n are arranged in a random order.
16. A number is selected at random from the first twenty-five
Then, the probability that the digits 1, 2, 3,..., k (k < n ) natural numbers. If it is a composite number, then it is
appears as neighbours, is divided by 5. But if it is not a composite number, then it is
(n - k )! (n - k + 1 )
(a) (b) n
divided by 2. The probability that there will be no
n! Ck
remainder in the division, is
(n - k ) k! 11
(c) n (d) (a) (b) 0 . 4
Ck n! 30
9. Four identical dice are rolled once. The probability that (c) 0 . 2 (d) None of these
atleast three different numbers appear on them, is
 Chap 09 Probability 727

3
17. If a bag contains 50 tickets, numbered 1, 2, 3, K, 50 of 7 æ7ö
(a) (b) 1 - ç ÷
which five are drawn at random and arranged in 20 è 20 ø
ascending order of magnitude ( x 1 < x 2 < x 3 < x 4 < x 5 ). (c)
2
(d) None of these
The probability that x 3 = 30, is 19
20
C 2 ´ 29C 2 20
C2 25. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is
(a) 50
(b) 50
C5 C5 rolled four times. Out of four face values obtained, then
29
C2 the probability that the minimum face value is not less than
(c) 50
(d) None of these 2 and the maximum face value is not greater than 5, is
C5
16 1 80 65
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18. India play two matches each with West Indies and 81 81 81 81
Australia. In any match the probabilities of India getting 26. A bag contains four tickets marked with numbers 112,
points 0, 1 and 2 are 0.45, 005
. and 0. 50, respectively. 121, 211 and 222. One ticket is drawn at random from
Assuming that the outcomes are independent, then the the bag. Let E i (i = 1, 2, 3) denote the event that ith digit on
probability of India getting atleast 7 points, is the ticket is 2. Then, which of the following is not true?
(a) 0.8750 (b) 0.0875 (c) 0.0625 (d) 0.0250 (a) E1 and E 2 are independent
19. Three six faced dice are tossed together, then the (b) E 2 and E 3 are independent
(c) E 3 and E1 are independent
probability that exactly two of the three numbers are (d) E1, E 2 and E 3 are not independent
equal, is
165 177 51 90 27. Two non-negative integers are chosen at random. The
(a) (b) (c) (d) probability that the sum of the square is divisible by 10, is
216 216 216 216
17 9 7 9
. 20. Three six-faced fair dice are thrown together. The (a) (b) (c) (d)
100 50 50 16
probability that the sum of the numbers appearing on
28. Two positive real numbers x and y satisfying x £ 1 and
the dice is k (3 £ k £ 8), is
(k - 1 ) (k - 2 ) k(k - 1 ) y £ 1 are chosen at random. The probability that
(a) (b) x + y £ 1, given that x 2 + y 2 £ 1 / 4, is
432 432
k2 8-p 4-p
(c) (d) None of these (a) (b)
432 16 - p 16 - p
4-p
21. A book contains 1000 pages. A page is chosen at (c) (d) None of these
8-p
random. The probability that the sum of the digits of the
marked number on the page is equal to 9, is 29. If the sides of a triangle are decided by the throw of a
23 11 single dice thrice, the probability that triangle is of
(a) (b)
500 200 maximum area given that it is an isosceles triangle, is
7 1 1
(c) (d) None of these (a) (b)
100 7 27
1
(c) (d) None of these
22. A bag contains four tickets numbered 00, 01, 10 and 11. 14
Four tickets are chosen at random with replacement,
30. A and B are persons standing in corner square as shown in
then the probability that sum of the numbers on the
the figure. They start to move on same time with equal
tickets is 23, is speed, if A can move only in East or South direction and B
3 1 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) can move only in North or West direction. If in each step
32 64 256 256
they reach in next square and their choice of direction are
23. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1 to 15. Seven coupons equality. If it is given that A and B meet in shaded region,
are selected at random, one at a time with replacement. then the probability that they have met in the top most
Then, the probability that the largest number appearing shaded square, is
on a selected coupon be 9, is A N
7 7
æ1ö æ8ö W E
(a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷
è 15 ø è 15 ø S
7
æ3ö
(c) ç ÷ (d) None of these
è5ø
B
24. A box contains tickets numbered 1 to 20. 3 tickets are 5
1 C2 1 1
drawn from the box with replacement. The probability (a) (b) 10
(c) 10
(d)
6 C3 C5 25 ´ 6
that the largest number on the tickets is 7, is
728 Textbook of Algebra

#L Probability Exercise 2 :
More than One Correct Option Type Questions
n This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. 39. A student appears for tests I, II and III. The student is
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of successful if he passes either in tests I and II or tests I
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct. and III. The probabilities of the student passing in tests I,
31. For two given events A and B, P( A Ç B ) is II and III are p, q and 1 / 2, respectively. If the probability
that the student is successful is 1 / 2, then
(a) not less than P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 1
(b) not greater than P ( A ) + P ( B ) (a) p = 1, q = 0 (b) p = 2 / 3, q = 1 / 2
(c) equal to P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A È B ) (c) p = 3 / 5, q = 2 / 3 (d) infinitely values of p and q
(d) equal to P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P ( A È B ) 40. Let X be a set containing n elements. If two subsets A
32. If E and F are independent events such that and B of X are picked at random, then the probability
that A and B have same number of elements, is
0 < P( E ) < 1 and 0 < P( F ) < 1, then 2n
Cn 1 1 × 3 × 5 K (2n - 1 ) 3n
(a) E and F are mutually exclusive (a) 2n
(b) 2n
(c) (d)
2 Cn 2n × (n !) 4n
(b) E and F (complement of the event F ) are independent
(c) E and F are independent 41. Suppose m boys and m girls take their seats randomly
(d) P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = 1 around a circle. The probability of their sitting is
( 2 m - 1 C m ) -1 , when
33. For any two events A and B in a sample space:
æ A ö P (A ) + P (B ) - 1 (a) no two boys sit together (b) no two girls sit together
(a) P ç ÷ ³ , P ( B ) ¹ 0, is always true (c) boys and girls sit alternatively
èBø P (B )
(d) all the boys sit together
(b) P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) - P ( A Ç B ), does not hold
(c) P ( A È B ) = 1 - P ( A ) P ( B ), if A and B are independent 42. The probabilities that a student passes in Mathematics,
(d) P ( A È B ) = 1 - P ( A ) P ( B ), if A and B are disjoint Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c, respectively. In
these subjects, the student has a 75% chance of passing
34. Let E and F be two independent events. Then, the in atleast one, a 50% chance of passing in atleast two and
1 a 40% chance of passing in exactly two. Which of the
probability that both E and F happens is and the
12 following relations are true?
1 (a) p + m + c = 19 / 20 (b) p + m + c = 27 / 20
probability that neither E nor F happens is . Then, (c) pmc = 1 / 10 (d) pmc = 1 / 4
2
(a) P ( E ) = 1 / 3, P ( F ) = 1 / 4 (b) P ( E ) = 1 / 2, P ( F ) = 1 / 6 43. (n ³ 5) persons are sitting in a row. Three of these are
(c) P ( E ) = 1 / 6, P ( F ) = 1 / 2 (d) P ( E ) = 1 / 4, P ( F ) = 1 / 3 selected at random, the probability that no two of the
35. If E and F are the complementary events of events E and selected persons are sit together, is
n-3 n-3 n-3
F, respectively and if 0 < P( F ) < 1, then P2 C2 (n - 3 ) (n - 4 ) C2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = 1 (b) P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = 1 n
P2 n
C2 n (n - 1 ) n
P2
(c) P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = 1 (d) P ( E / F ) + P ( E / F ) = 1 44. Given that x Î[ 0, 1] and y Î[ 0, 1]. Let A be the event of
36. Let 0 < P( A ) < 1, 0 < P( B ) < 1 and ( x , y ) satisfying y 2 £ x and B be the event of ( x , y )
P( A È B ) = P( A ) + P( B ) - P( A ) P( B ). Then, satisfying x 2 £ y, then not true, is
(a) P ( B - A ) = P ( B ) - P ( A ) (b) P ( A ¢ È B ¢) = P ( A ¢ ) + P ( B ¢) 1
(a) P ( A Ç B ) =
(c) P (( A È B ) ¢ ) = P ( A¢ ) P ( B ¢) (d) P ( A / B ) = P ( A) 3
37. If A and B are two events, then the probability that (b) A and B are exhaustive
exactly one of them occurs is given by (c) A and B are mutually exclusive
(d) A and B are independent
(a) P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 2 P ( A Ç B )
(b) P ( A Ç B ¢) + P ( A ¢ Ç B ) 45. If the probability of chosing an integer ‘k’ out of 2n
(c) P ( A È B ) - P ( A Ç B ) integers 1, 2, 3, K , 2n is inversely proportional to
(d) P ( A ¢ ) + P ( B ¢) - 2 P ( A ¢ Ç B ¢) k 4 (1 £ k £ n ). If a is the probability that chosen number
is odd and b is the probability that chosen number is
38. If A and B are two independent events such that
even, then
P( A ) = 1 / 2 and P( B ) = 1 / 5. Then, 1 2 1 2
(a) P ( A È B ) = 3 / 5 (b) P ( A / B ) = 1 / 2 (a) a > (b) a > (c) b < (d) b <
2 3 2 3
(c) P ( A / A È B ) = 5 / 6 (d) P ( A Ç B ) / ( A ¢ È B ¢) = 0
 Chap 09 Probability 729

#L Probability Exercise 3 :
Passage Based Questions
n This section contains 9 passages. Based upon each of 53. If P( A ) be the probability that a student selected at
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be random has passed the examination, then lim P( A ), is
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), x ®¥
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. (a) 0.25 (b) 0.50
(c) 0.75 (d) 0.35
Passage I 54. If a selected student has been found to pass the
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48) examination, then the probability that he is the only
If p and q are chosen randomly from the set student to have passed the examination, is
1 1
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 } with replacement. (a) (b)
Sn Sn 2
46. The probability that roots of x 2 + px + q = 0 are real and 1 1
(c) (d)
distinct, is Sn 3 Sn 4
(a) 0.38 (b) 0.03 (c) 0.59 (d) 0.89
2
47. The probability that roots of x + px + q = 0 are equal, is Passage IV
(a) 0.58 (b) 0.55 (c) 0.38 (d) 0.03 (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
2
48. The probability that roots of x + px + q = 0 are A cube having all of its sides painted is cut to be two
imaginary, is
horizontal, two vertical and other two planes, so as to form
(a) 0.62 (b) 0.38 (c) 0.59 (d) 0.89 27 cubes all having the same dimensions of these cubes, a
cube is selected at random.
Passage II 55. If P1 be the probability that the cube selected having
(Q. Nos. 49 to 51) atleast one of its sides painted, then the value of 27P1 , is
A chess game between two grandmasters X and Y is won by (a) 14 (b) 18 (c) 22 (d) 26
whoever first wins a total of two games. X ’s chances of
56. If P2 be the probability that the cube selected has two
winning, drawing or loosing any particular game are a, b and
c , respectively. The games are independent and a + b + c = 1. sides painted, then the value of 27P2 , is
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 17
49. The probability that X wins the match after (n + 1) th
57. If P3 be the probability that the cube selected has none
game (n ³ 1), is
of its sides painted, then the value of 27P3 , is
(a) na 2 bn - 1 (b) na 2 bn - 2(b + (n - 1 ) c )
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) na 2 bcn - 1 (d) na bn - 1 (b + nc ) (c) 3 (d) 5
50. The probability that Y wins the match after the 4th game, is
(a) abc (2a + 3b ) (b) bc 2(a + 3b )
Passage V
(Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
(c) 2ac 2(b + c ) (d) 3bc 2(2a + b )
A JEE aspirant estimates that she will be successful with an 80%
51. The probability that X wins the match, is chance, if she studies 10 h per day with a 60% chance, if she
a 2(a + 2c ) a3 a 2(a + 3c ) c3
(a) (b) (c) (d) studies 7 h per day and with a 40% chance if she studies 4 h per
(a + c ) 3 (a + c ) 3 (a + c ) 3 (a + c ) 3 day. She further believes that she will study 10 h, 7 h and 4 h per
day with probabilities 0 .1, 0 .2, and 0.7, respectively.
Passage III
(Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
58. The probability that she will be successful, is
(a) 0.28 (b) 0.38 (c) 0.48 (d) 0.58
There are n students in a class. Let P ( E l ) be the
59. Given that she is successful, the chances that she studied
probability that exactly l out of n pass the examination. If
for 4 h, is
P ( E l ) is directly proportional to l2 (0 £ l £ n) . 1 5
(a) (b)
52. Proportionality constant k is equal to 12 12
1 1 1 1 7 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (d)
Sn Sn 2 Sn 3 Sn 4 12 12
730 Textbook of Algebra

60. Given that she does not achieve success, the chance that 66. The probability of onto functions from B to B, such that
she studied for 4 h, is f (i ) ¹ i, i = - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, is
15 17 19 21 53 35 29 25
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
26 26 26 26 144 144 72 72

Passage VI Passage VIII

(Q. Nos. 61 to 63) (Q. Nos. 67 to 69)
Suppose E1 , E 2 and E 3 be three mutually exclusive events A random variable X takes values 0, 1, 2, 3, ... with
such that P ( E i ) = p i for i =1, 2, 3. æ 1ö
x
probability proportional to ( x + 1) ç ÷ .
61. If p 1, p 2 and p 3 are the roots of è 5ø
27 x 3 - 27 x 2 + ax - 1 = 0, the value of a is 67. P( X = 0) equals
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12 2 4 9 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25
62. P (none of E 1 , E 2 , E 3 ) equals
(a) 0 68. P( X ³ 2) equals
(b) p1 + p 2 + p 3 11 13 11 13
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) (1 - p1 ) (1 - p 2 ) (1 - p 3 ) 25 25 125 125
(d) None of the above 69. The expectation of X i.e., E( X ) is equal to
63. P( E 1 Ç E 2 ) + P( E 2 Ç E 3 ) + P( E 3 Ç E 1 ) equals (a)
1
(b) 2 (c)
1
(d) 4
(a) p1(1 - p 2 ) + p 2(1 - p 3 ) + p 3(1 - p1 ) 4 2
(b) p1p 2 + p 2 p 3 + p 3p1
(c) p1 + p 2 + p 3 Passage IX
(d) None of the above (Q. Nos. 70 to 72)
Let n = 10l + r, where l, r Î N , 0 £ r £ 9. A number a is
Passage VII
chosen at random from the set {1, 2, 3, K , n} and let pn
(Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
denote the probability that ( a 2 - 1) is divisible by 10.
Let A ={1, 2, 3} and B = {-2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}.
70. If r = 0, then np n equals
64. The probability of increasing functions from A to B, is
1 1 5 7 (a) 2l (b) ( l + 1 )
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) ( 2 l + 1 ) (d) l
27 18 54 54
71. If r = 9, then np n equals
65. The probability of non-decreasing functions from A to B,
is (a) 2l (b) 2 ( l + 1 )
5 7 (c) ( 2 l + 1 ) (d) l
(a) (b)
27 27 72. If 1 £ r £ 8, then np n equals
1 11
(c) (d) (a) ( 2 l - 1 ) (b) 2l
3 27 (c) ( 2 l + 1 ) (d) l

#L Probability Exercise 4 :
Single Integer Answer Type Questions
n
This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each question is a single digit integer, ranging from
0 to 9 (both inclusive).
73. A bag contains (n + 1) coins. It is known that one of these 74. A determinant of the second order is made with the
coins shows heads on both sides, whereas the other coins m
elements 0 and 1. If be the probability that the
are fair. One coin is selected at random and tossed. If the n
7 determinant made is non-negative, where m and n are
probability that the toss result in heads is , then the
12 relative primes, then the value of n - m is
value of n is
 Chap 09 Probability 731

75. Three students appear in an examination of 79. A sum of money is rounded off to the nearest rupee, if
1 1 2
Mathematics. The probabilities of their success are , æm ö
3 4 ç ÷ be the probability that the round off error is atleast
1
and , respectively. If the probability of success of atleast èn ø
5 ten paise, where m and n are positive relative primes,
l
two is , then the value of l is then the value of (n - m ) is
12
80. A special die is so constructed that the probabilities of
76. A die is rolled three times, if p be the probability of throwing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are (1 - k ) / 6, (1 + 2k ) / 6,
getting a large number than the previous number, then (1 - k ) / 6, (1 + k ) / 6, (1 - 2k ) / 6 and (1 + k ) / 6, respectively.
the value of 54p is If two such dice are thrown and the probability of
77. In a multiple choice question, there are five alternative 1 2
getting a sum equal to lies between and , then the
answers of which one or more than one are correct. A 9 9
candidate will get marks on the question, if he ticks all integral value of k is
the correct answers. If he decides to tick answers at 81. Seven digits from the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are
random, then the least number of choices should he be written in random order. If the probability that this seven-digit
allowed, so that the probability of his getting marks on number divisible by 9 is p , then the value of 18p is
1
the question exceeds is 82. 8 players P1 , P2 , P3 , K, P8 play a knock out tournament.
8
It is known that all the players are of equal strength. The
78. There are n different objects 1, 2, 3, K , n distributed at
tournament is held in three rounds where the players
random in n places marked 1, 2, 3,..., n. If p be the are paired at random in each round. If it is given that P1
probability that atleast three of the objects occupy places wins in the third round. If p be the probability that P2
corresponding to their number, then the value of 6p is loses in the second round, then the value of 7p is

#L Probability Exercise 5 :
Matching Type Questions
n
This section contains 6 questions. Questions 83 to 88 have four statements (A, B C and D) given in Column I and
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one
or more statement(s) given in Column II.

83. Column I Column II

(A) If P ( A ) = 0.3, P ( B ) = 0. 4 and P ( AB ) = 0. 5 and P [ B /( A È B )] = l , then 1 is (p) A prime number

1
l1
(B) The coefficient of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 10 (a ¹ b ¹ c ) are chosen (q) A composite number
from first three prime numbers, then the probability that roots of the equation are
1
real is l 2 , then is
l2
(C) A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. If tail appears on first four tosses, then the (r) A natural number
1
probability of head appearing on the fifth toss is l 3 , then is
l3
(D) Three persons A, B and C are to speak at a function along with 6 other persons. (s) A perfect number
If the persons speak in random order, then the probability that A speaks before
1
B and B speaks before C is l 4 , then is
l4
732 Textbook of Algebra

3 2 Column I Column II
84. A and B are two events, such that P( A ) = and P( B ) =
5 3 (B) Imaginary roots is p 2 , then the value of (q) 3
[9 p 2 ] , where [×] denotes the greatest
Column I Column II
integer function, is
(A) P (A Ç B ) Î (p) é2 ù (C) Equal roots is p 3 , then the value of (r) 4
êë 3 , 1úû [81 p 3 ] , where [×] denotes the greatest
integer function, is
(B) P (A È B ) Î (q) é4 ù
êë 9 , 1úû (D) Real roots is p 4 , then the value of [9 p 4 ] , (s) 5
where [×] denotes the greatest integer
(C) P (A / B ) Î (r) é2 9 ù function, is
êë 5 , 10 úû
87. Three numbers are chosen at random without
(D) P (B / A ) Î (s) é 4 3ù
êë15 , 5 úû replacement from the set {| x | 1 £ x £ 10, x Î N }
Column I Column II
85. Three players A, B and C alternatively throw a die in (A) Let p1 be the probability that the (p) 10
that order, the first player to throw a 6 being deemed the minimum of the chosen numbers is 3 and
winner. A¢s die is fair whereas B and C throw dice with 2
maximum is 7, then the value of , is
probabilities p 1 and p 2 respectively, of throwing a 6. 5 p1

Column I Column II (B) Let p 2 be the probability that the (q) 14

minimum of the chosen numbers is 4 or
(A) 1 1 (p) 6 their maximum is 8, then the value of
If p1 = , p 2 = and probability that A
5 4 80 p 2 , is
1
wins the game is , then l1 is divisor (C) Let p 3 be the probability that their (r) 16
l1 minimum is 3, given that their maximum
of 2
is 7, then the value of , is
(B) 1 1 (q) 8 p3
If p1 = , p 2 = and probability that C
5 4 (D) Let p 4 be the probability that their (s) 22
1 minimum is 4, given that their maximum
wins the game is , then l 2 is divisor
l2 2
is 8, then the value of , is
of p4
(C) 1 (r) 12
If P(A wins) = P(B wins) and = l3 , 88. Column I Column II
p1
then l 3 is divisor of (A) If the integers m and n are chosen at (p) 1
random between 1 and 100, then the 7
(D) If game is equiprobable to all the three (s) 15 probability that a number of the form
1
players and = l 4 , then l 4 is divisor 7 m + 7 n is divisible by 5, is
p1
of (B) A second order determinant is written (q) 1
down at random using the numbers 1, -1 5
86. Two numbers a and b are chosen at random from the set as elements. The probability that the
{1, 2, 3, 4, K, 9 } with replacement. The probability that the value of the determinant is non-zero, is
equation x 2 + 2 (a - b )x + b = 0 has (C) The probability of a number n showing (r) 2
in a throw of a die marked 1 to 6 is 5
Column I Column II proportional to n. Then, the probability
of the number 3 showing in a throw, is
(A) Real and distinct roots is p1 , then the (p) 2
value of [9 p1] , where [×] denotes the (D) A pair of dice is rolled together till a (s) 1
greatest integer function, is sum of either 5 or 7 is obtained. Then, 2
the probability that 5 comes before 7, is
 Chap 09 Probability 733

#L Probability Exercise 6 :
Statement I and II Type Questions
n Directions (Q. Nos. 89 to 100) are Assertion- 94. From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, a card is drawn
Reason type questions. Each of these questions at random. Two events A and B are defined as
contains two statements: A : Red card is drawn
Statement-1 (Assertion) and B : Card drawn is either a Diamond or Heart
Statement-2 (Reason) Each of these questions
also has four alternative choices, only one of which
Statement-1 P( A + B ) = P( AB )
is the correct answer. You have to select the Statement-2 A Í B and B Í A
correct choice as given below. 95. Statement-1 The probability that A and B can solve a
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; 1 1
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
problem is and respectively, then the probability that
2 3
Statement-1 5
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; problem will be solved is .
6
Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1 Statement-2 Above mentioned events are independent
(c) Statement1 is true, Statement-2 is false events.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 96. Statement-1 Out of 21 tickets with numbers 1 to 21, 3 tickets
89. Statement-1 If 10 coins are thrown are drawn at random, the chance that the numbers on them
simultaneously, then the probability of appearing 10
are in AP is .
exactly four heads is equal to probability of 133
appearing exactly six heads. Statement-2 Out of (2n + 1) tickets consecutively numbered
Statement-2 n C r = n C s Þ either r = s or three are drawn at random, the chance that the numbers on
r + s = n and P( H ) = P(T ) in a single trial. them are in AP is ( 4n - 10) / ( 4n 2 - 1).
90. Statement-1 If A is any event and P( B ) = 1, then 97. Statement-1 If A and B are two events, such that 0 < P( A ),
A and B are independent. æAö æA ö 3
P( B ) < 1, then P ç ÷ + P ç ÷ =
Statement-2 P( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) × P( B ), if A and B èBø èBø 2
are independent. Statement-2 If A and B are two events, such that 0 < P( A ),
91. Statement-1 If A and B be the events in a sample P( B ) < 1, then
space, such that P( A ) = 03. and P( B ) = 02,
. then P (A Ç B )
P (A / B ) = and P ( B ) = P ( A Ç B ) + P ( A Ç B )
P( A Ç B ) cannot be found. P (B )
Statement-2 P( A Ç B ) = P( A ) - P( A Ç B )
98. In a T-20 tournament, there are five teams. Each team plays
92. Statement-1 Let A and B be two events, such that one match against every other team.
P( A È B ) = P( A Ç B ), then
Each team has 50% chance of winning any game it plays. No
P( A Ç B ¢ ) = P( A ¢ Ç B ) = 0 match ends in a tie.
Statement-2 Let A and B be two events, such that
Statement-1 The probability that there is an undefeated
P( A È B ) = P( A Ç B ), then P( A ) + P( B ) = 1
5
93. A fair die is rolled once. team in the tournament is .
16
Statement-1 The probability of getting a
1 Statement-2 The probability that there is a winless team in
composite number is , is 3
3 the tournament is .
16
Statement-2 There are three possibilities for the
obtained number. 99. Statement-1 If p is chosen at random in the closed interval
(i) The number is prime number. [ 0, 5], then the probability that the equation
(ii) The number is a composite number and 1 3
x 2 + px + ( p + 2) = 0 has real is .
(iii) The number is 1. 4 5
1
Hence, probabilities of getting a prime number is . Statement-2 If discriminant ³ 0, then roots of the quadratic
3 equation are always real.
734 Textbook of Algebra

100. Let a sample space S contains n elements. Two events A and B are defined on S and B ¹ f.
Statement-1 The conditional probability of the event A given B, is the ratio of the number of elements in AB divided by
the number of elements in B.
Statement-2 The conditional probability model given B, is equally likely model on B.

#L Probability Exercise 7 :
Subjective Type Questions
n In this section, there are 24 subjective questions. 109. Given that x + y = 2a, where a is constant and that all values
101. A five digit number is formed by the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 of x between 0 and 2a are equally likely, then show that the
and 5 without repetition. Find the probability that 3 1
chance that xy > a 2 , is .
the number formed is divisible by 4. 4 2
102. A dice is rolled three times, then find the probability 110. A chess game between Kamsky and Anand is won by whoever
of getting a large number than the previous number. first wins a out of 2 games. Kamsky’s chance of winning,
103. A car is parked among N cars standing in a row but drawing or loosing a particular game are 2. The games are
not at either end. On his return, the owner finds that independent and p + q + r = 1. Prove that the probability that
exactly r of the N places are still occupied. What is p 2 ( p + 3r )
Kamsky wins the match is .
the probability that both the places neighbouring his (p + r )3
car are empty?
111. Of three independent events, the chance that only the first
104. Two teams A and B play a tournament. The first one occurs is a, the other that only the second occurs is b and the
to win (n + 1) games win the series. The probability
chance of only third occurs is c. Show that the cases of three
that A wins a game is p and that B wins a game is q
(no ties). Find the probability that A wins the series. events are respectively a / (a + x ), b / (b + x ), c / (c + x ), where
n
1 x is a root of the equation (a + x ) (b + x ) (c + x ) = x 2 .
Hence or otherwise prove that å n + 1 C r × n + r = 1.
r =0 2 112. A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is chosen at
random and the set A is reconstructed by replacing the
105. An artillery target may be either at point I with
8 1 elements of P. Another subset Q of A is now chosen at
probability or at point II with probability . We random. Find the probability that P È Q contains exactly r
9 9
elements, with 1 £ r £ n.
have 21 shells each of which can be fired either at
point I or II. Each shell may hit the target 113. An electric component manufactured by ‘RASU electronics’
is tested for its defectiveness by a sophisticated testing
independently of the other shell with probability 1.
2 device. Let A denote the even ‘‘the device is defective’’ and B
How many shells must be fired at point I to hit the the event ‘‘the testing device reveals the component to be
target with maximum probability? defective.’’ Suppose, P( A ) = a and
P( B / A ) = P( B ¢/ A ¢ ) = 1 - a, where 0 < a < 1. Show that the
106. There are 6 red and 8 green balls in a bag. 5 balls are
probability that the component is not defective, given that
drawn at random and placed in a red box. The
the testing device reveals it to be defective is independent of
remaining balls are placed in a green box. What is
a.
the probability that the number of red balls in the
green box plus the number of green balls in the red 114. A bag contains n white and n red balls. Pairs of balls are
box is not a prime number? drawn without replacement until the bag is empty. Show
that the probability that each pair consists of one white and
107. An urn contains ‘a’ green and ‘b’ pink balls k ( < a, b )
one red ball is 2n / ( 2n C n ).
balls are drawn and laid a side, their colour being
ignored. Then, one more ball is drawn. Find the 115. If m things are distributed among ‘a’ men and ‘b’ women,
probability that it is green. then show that the probability that the number of things
108. A fair coin is tossed 12 times. Find the probability 1 {(b + a )m - (b - a )m }
received by men is odd, is .
that two heads do not occur consecutively. 2 ( b + a )m
 Chap 09 Probability 735

#L Probability Exercise 8 :
Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year’s Exam
n This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, (iii) If n is even and E denotes the event of choosing even
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 æ 1ö æw ö
numbered urn ç P (ui ) = ÷ , then the value of P ç ÷ , is
to year 2017. è nø èEø
116. A person goes to office either by car, scooter, bus or n+2 n+2 n 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 3 2 1 2n + 1 2(n + 1 ) n+1 n+1
train. The probability of which being , , and ,
7 7 7 7
respectively. Probability that he reaches office late, if he 122. At a telephone enquiry system, the number of phone calls
2 1 4 1 regarding relevant enquiry follow Poisson’s distribution
takes car, scooter, bus or train is , , and , with an average of 5 phone calls during 10 min time
9 9 9 9
respectively. Given that he reached office in time, then interval. The probability that there is atmost one phone
what is the probability that he travelled by a car. call during a 10 min time period, is [AIEEE 2006, 4, 5M]
[IIT-JEE 2005, 2M] 6 5 6 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
117. A six faced fair die is thrown until 1 comes. Then, the 5e 6 55 e5
probability that 1 comes in even number of trials, is 123. One Indian and four American men and their wives are
[IIT-JEE 2005, 3M] to be seated randomly around a circular table. Then, the
5 5 6 1 conditional probability that the Indian man is seated
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 6 11 6 adjacent to his wife given that each American man is
1 seated adjacent to his wife, is [IIT-JEE 2007, 3M]
118. Let A and B be two events such that P( A È B ) = , 1 1 2 1
6 (a) (b) (c) (d)
1 1 2 3 5 5
P( A Ç B ) = and P( A ) = , where A stands for
4 4 124. Let H 1 , H 2 ,K, H n be mutually exclusive events with
complement of event A. Then, events A and B are
[IIT-JEE 2005, 3M] P( H i ) > 0, i = 1, 2, ..., n. Let E be any other event with
(a) independent but not equally likely 0 < P( E ) < 1.
(b) mutually exclusive and independent Statement-1 P( H i / E ) > P( E / H i ) P( H i ), for i = 1, 2, ..., n.
(c) equally likely and mutually exclusive n
(d) equally likely but not independent Statement-2 å P( H i ) = 1
[IIT-JEE 2007, 3M]
i =1
119. Three houses are available in a locality. Three persons
apply for the houses. Each applies for one house without (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
consulting others. The probability that all the three correct explanation for Statement-1
apply for the same house, is [AIEEE 2005, 3M] (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
8 7 2 1 not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
9 9 9 9
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
120. A random variable X has Poisson’s distribution with
mean 2. Then, P( X > 1. 5) is equal to [AIEEE 2005, 3M]
125. Let E c denote the complement of an event E. Let E, F
3 3 2 and G be pairwise independent events with P(G ) > 0 and
(a) 1 - (b) (c) (d) 0 P( E Ç F Ç G ) =0, then P( E c Ç F c /G ), is [IIT-JEE 2007, 3M]
e2 e2 e2
(a) P ( E c ) + P ( F c ) (b) P ( E c ) - P ( F c )
121. There are n urns each containing (n + 1) balls such that
(c) P ( E c ) - P ( F ) (d) P ( E ) - P ( F c )
the ith urn contains i white balls and (n + 1 - i ) red balls.
Let u i be the event of selecting ith urn, i = 1, 2, 3, K, n and 126. A pair of fair dice is thrown independently three times.
w denotes the event of getting a white ball. Then, the probability of getting a score of exactly 9
[IIT-JEE 2006, 5+5+5M] twice, is [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
(i) If P (u1 ) µ i, where i = 1, 2, 3, K, n, then lim P (w ), is (a)
1
(b)
8
(c)
8
(d)
8
n®¥
2 3 1 729 9 729 243
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
3 4 4 127. Two aeroplanes I and II bomb a target in successions.
æ un ö The probabilities of I and II scoring a hit correctly are 0.3
(ii) If P (ui ) = c, where c is a constant, then P ç ÷ , is
èw ø and 0.2, respectively. The second plane will bomb only if
2 1 n 1 the first misses the target. The probability that the target
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n+1 n+1 n+1 2 is hit by the second plane, is [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
(a) 0.06 (b) 0.14 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.7
736 Textbook of Algebra

128. An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A 4 1

(a) (b)
and B be two non-empty events of the experiment. If A log10 4 - log10 3 log10 4 - log10 3
consists of 4 outcomes, then the number of outcomes 1 9
(c) (d)
that B must have, so that A and B are independent, is log10 4 + log10 3 log10 4 - log10 3
[IIT-JEE 2008, 3M]
136. One ticket is selected at random from 50 tickets
(a) 2, 4 or 8 (b) 3, 6 or 9 (c) 4 or 8 (d) 5 or 10
numbered 00, 01, 02, …, 49. Then, the probability that the
129. Consider the system of equations ax + by = 0 and sum of the digits on the selected ticket is 8, given that
cx + dy = 0, where a, b, c, d Î {0, 1}. the product of these digits is zero, is [AIEEE 2009, 4M]
1 1
Statement-1 The probability that the system of (a) (b)
equations has a unique solution is 3/8 and 50 14
1 5
[IIT-JEE 2008, 3M] (c) (d)
7 14
Statement-2 The probability that the system of
equations has a solution is 1. 137. Let wbe a complex cube root of unity with w ¹ 1. A fair
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a die is thrown three times. If r1 , r 2 and r 3 are the numbers
correct explanation for Statement-1. obtained on the die, then the probability that
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is wr 1 + wr2 + wr3 = 0, is [IIT-JEE 2010, 3M]
not a correct explanation for Statement-1. 1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false. 18 9 9 36
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. 4
138. A signal which can be green or red with probability
130. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number 5
obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the event that the 1
and respectively, is received by station A and then
number obtained is less than 5. Then P( A È B ) is 5
[AIEEE 2008, 3M] transmitted to station B. The probability of each station
2 3 3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) receiving the signal correctly is . If the signal received
5 5 4
131. It is given that the events A and B are such that at station B is green, then the probability that the
1 æAö 1 æBö 2 original signal was green, is [IIT-JEE 2010, 5M]
P( A ) = , P ç ÷ = and P ç ÷ = . Then P( B ) is 3 6 20 9
4 èBø 2 èAø 3 [AIEEE 2008, 3M] (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 7 23 20
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 6 139. Four numbers are chosen at random (without
replacement) from the set {1, 2, 3, K , 20}.
n
Passage for Question Nos. 132 to 134
Statement-1 The probability that the chosen numbers,
A fair die is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let X 1
when arranged in some order will form an AP is .
denote the number of tosses required. 85
132. The probability that X = 3 is Statement-2 If the four chosen number form an AP,
25 25 5 125 then the set of all possible values of common difference
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 36 36 216 is {±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ± 5}. [AIEEE 2010, 8M]

133. The probability that X ³ 3 is (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1
125 25 5 25
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
216 36 36 216
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
134. The conditional probability that X ³ 6 given X > 3, is (d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is
125 25 5 25 not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 216 36 36
140. An urn contains nine balls of which three are red, four
[IIT-JEE 2009, 4+4+4M]
are blue and two are green. Three balls are drawn at
135. In a binomial distribution B æçn, p = ö÷, if the probability
1 random without replacement from the urn. The
è 4ø probability that the three balls have different colour, is
9 [AIEEE 2010, 4M]
of atleast one success is greater than or equal to , then 2 1 2 1
10 (a) (b) (c) (d)
n is greater than [AIEEE 2009, 4M]
7 21 23 3
 Chap 09 Probability 737

n Passage for Question Nos. 141 and 142 1 1 1

respective probabilities , and , respectively. For the
Let U 1 and U 2 be two urns such that U 1 contains 3 white 2 4 4
balls and 2 red balls and U 2 contains only 1 white ball. A ship to be operational atleast two of its engines must
fair coin is tossed. If head appears, then 1 ball is drawn at function. Let X denote the event that the ship is
random from U 1 and put into U 2 . However, if tail appears, operational and let X 1 , X 2 and X 3 denote respectively
then 2 balls are drawn at random from U 1 and put into U 2 . the events that the engines E 1 , E 2 and E 3 are
Now, 1 ball is drawn at random from U 2 . functioning. Which of the following is (are) true?
[IIT-JEE 2012, 4M]
141. The probability of the drawn ball from U 2 being white, 3
(a) P [ X 1c /X]=
is 16
13 23 19 11 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) P [exactly two engines of the ship are functioning /X ] =
30 30 30 30 8
5
142. Given that the drawn ball from U 2 is white, then the (c) P [ X / X 2 ] =
16
probability that head appeared on the coin, is 7
[IIT-JEE 2011, 3+3M] (d) P [ X / X 1 ] =
17 11 15 12 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23 23 23 23 148. Four fair dice D 1 , D 2 , D 3 and D 4 each having six faces
143. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are rolled simultaneously.
11 The probability that D 4 shows a number appearing on
that exactly one of them occurs is and the probability one of D 1 , D 2 and D 3 , is [IIT-JEE 2012, 3M]
25
2 91 108 25 127
(a) (b) (c) (d)
of none of them occurring is . If P(T ) denotes the 216 216 216 216
25 1
probability of occurrence of the event T , then 149. Let X andY be two events, such that P( X / Y ) = ,
[IIT-JEE 2011, 4M]
2
1 1
4 3 1 2 P(Y / X ) = and P( X Ç Y ) = . Which of the following is
(a) P ( E ) = , P ( F ) = (b) P ( E ) = , P ( F ) = 3 6
5 5 5 5 (are) correct? [IIT-JEE 2012, 4M]
2 1 3 4 2
(c) P ( E ) = , P ( F ) = (d) P ( E ) = , P ( F ) = (a) P ( X È Y ) = (b) X and Y are independent
5 5 5 5 3
144. Consider 5 independent Bernoulli’s trials each with (c) X and Y are not independent
1
probability of success P. If the probability of atleast one (d) P ( X c Ç Y ) =
31 3
failure is greater than or equal to , then P lies in the
32 150. Three numbers are chosen at random without
interval [AIEEE 2011, 4M] replacement from {1, 2, 3, K, 8}. The probability that their
æ 3 11 ù é 1ù æ 11 ù æ1 3ù minimum is 3, given that their maximum is 6, is
(a) ç , ú (b) ê 0, ú (c) ç , 1 ú (d) ç ,
è 4 12 û ë 2û è 12 û è2 4 úû [AIEEE 2012, 4M]
1 2 3 1
145. If C and D are two events, such that C Ì D and P( D ) ¹ 0, (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 5 8 5
then the correct statement among the following, is
151. A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each
[AIEEE 2011, 4M]
question has three alternative answers of which exactly
æC ö æC ö
(a) P ç ÷ ³ P (C ) (b) P ç ÷ < P (C ) one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4
èDø èDø
or more correct answers just by guessing, is
æ C ö P (D ) æC ö
(c) P ç ÷ = (d) P ç ÷ = P (C ) [JEE Main 2013, 4M]
è D ø P (C ) èDø
13 11 10 17
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 5 (d)
146. Let A, B and C are pairwise independent events with 3 3 3 35
æ ( A c Ç Bc ) ö 152. Four persons independently solve a certain problem
P(C ) > 0 and P( A Ç B Ç C ) = 0. Then, P ç ÷ is
è C ø 1 3 1 1
correctly with probabilities , , and . Then, the
c
(a) P ( A ) - P ( B ) c
(b) P ( A ) - P ( B ) 2 4 4 8
(c) P ( Ac ) + P ( Bc ) (d) P ( Ac ) - P ( Bc ) probability that the problem is solved correctly by
atleast one of them, is [JEE Advanced 2013, 2M]
147. A ship is fitted with three engines E 1 , E 2 and E 3 . The
235 21 3 253
engines function independently of each other with (a) (b) (c) (d)
256 256 256 256
738 Textbook of Algebra

153. Of the three independent events E 1 , E 2 and E 3 , the 159. The probability that x 1 , x 2 and x 3 are in arithmetic
probability that only E 1 occurs a, only E 2 occurs is b and progression, is [JEE Advanced 2014, 3+3M]
9 10 11 7
only E 3 occurs is g. Let the probability p that none of (a) (b) (c) (d)
105 105 105 105
events E 1 , E 2 or E 3 occurs satisfy the equation
(a - 2b )p = ab and ( b - 3g )p = 2bg . All the given 160. If 12 identical balls are to be placed in 3 identical boxes,
probabilities are assumed to lie in the interval (0, 1). then the probability that one of the boxes contains
exactly 3 balls, is [JEE Main 2015, 4M]
Probability of occurrence of E 1 12 11 11 10
Then, is æ1ö æ1ö 55 æ 2 ö æ2ö
Probability of occurrence of E 3 (a) 220 ç ÷ (b) 22 ç ÷ (c) ç ÷ (d) 55 ç ÷
è3ø è3ø 3 è3ø è3ø
[JEE Advanced 2013, 4M]
161. The minimum number of times a fair coin needs to be
n Passage for Question Nos. 154 and 155 tossed, so that the probability of getting atleast two
A box B1 contains 1 white ball, 3 red balls and 2 black heads is atleast 0.96, is [JEE Advanced 2015, 4M]
balls. Another box B 2 contains 2 white balls, 3 red balls n Passage for Question Nos. 162 and 163
and 4 black balls. A third box B 3 contains 3 white balls, 4
red balls and 5 black balls. Let n1 and n2 be the number of red and black balls
respectively, in box I. Let n3 and n4 be the number of red
154. If 2 balls are drawn (without replacement) from a and black balls respectively, in box II.
randomly selected box and one of the balls is white and
the other ball is red, then the probability that these 2 162. One of the two boxes, box I and box II, was selected at
balls are drawn from box B 2 , is random and a ball was drawn randomly out of this box.
116 126 65 55 The ball was found to be red. If the probability that this red
(a) (b) (c) (d) ball was drawn from box II is1 / 3,then the correct option(s)
181 181 181 181
with the possible values ofn 1 , n 2 , n 3 andn 4 is (are)
155. If 1 ball is drawn from each of the boxes B1 , B 2 and B 3 , (a) n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5,n4 = 15 (b) n1 = 3,n2 = 6, n3 = 10, n4 = 50
then the probability that all 3 drawn balls are of the (c) n1 = 8,n2 = 6, n3 = 5, n4 = 20 (d) n1 = 6, n2 = 12, n3 = 5,n4 = 20
same colour, is [JEE Advanced 2013, 3+3M] 163. A ball is drawn at random from box I and transferred to
82 90 558 566
(a) (b) (c) (d) box II. If the probability of drawing a red ball from box I,
648 648 648 648 1
1 after this transfer is , then correct option(s) with possible
156. Let A and B be two events, such that P( A È B ) = , 3
6 values of n 1 andn 2 is (are) [JEE Advanced 2015, 4+4M]
1 1 (a) n1 = 4 and n2 = 6 (b) n1 = 2 and n2 = 3
P( A Ç B ) =and P( A ) = , where A stands for the
4 4 (c) n1 = 10 and n2 = 20 (d) n1 = 3 and n2 = 6
complement of the event A. Then, the events A and B are 164. Let two fair six-faced dice A and Bbe thrown
(a) independent but not equally likely [JEE Main 2014, 4M] simultaneously. If E 1 is the event that die A shows up four,
(b) independent and equally likely E 2 is the event that die Bshows up two and E 3 is the event
(c) mutually exclusive and independent that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd, then which of
(d) equally likely but not independent the following statements is NOT true? [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
157. Three boys and two girls stand in a queue. The (a) E 2 and E 3 are independent (b) E1 and E 3 are independent
probability that the number of boys ahead of every girl (c) E1, E 2 and E 3 are independent (d) E1 and E 2 are independent
is atleast one more than the number of girls ahead of 165. A computer producing factory has only two plants T 1
her, is [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
and T 2 . Plant T 1 produces 20% and plant T 2 produces
1 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 80% of the total computers produced 7% of computers
2 3 3 4
produced in the factory turn out to be defective. It is
n
Passage for Question Nos. 158 and 159 known that P (computer terms out to be defective given
Box 1 contains three cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, box 2 that it is produced in plant T 1 ) = 10P (computer terms
contains five cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and box 3 out to be defective given that it is produced in plant T 2 ),
contains seven cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. A when P( E ) denotes the probability of an event E. A
card is drawn from each of the boxes. Let x i be the number computer produced in the factory is randomly selected
on the card drawn from the ith box, i =1, 2, 3. and it does not turn out to be defective. Then, the
probability that it is produced in plant T 2 is
158. The probability that x 1 + x 2 + x 3 is odd, is [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M]
29 53 57 1 36 47 78 75
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
105 105 105 2 73 79 93 83
 Chap 09 Probability 739

n Passage for Question Nos. 166 and 167 6 12

(a) (b) (c) 6 (d) 4
25 5
Football teams T1 and T2 have to play two games against
each other. It is assumed that the outcomes of the two 169. If two different numbers are taken from the set
games are independent. The probabilities of T1 winning, {0, 1, 2, 3, ...., 10}, then the probability that their sum as
1 1 1 well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is
drawing and losing a game against T2 are , and [JEE Main 2017, 4M]
2 6 3 7 6 12 14
respectively. Each team gets 3 points for a win, 1 point for (a) (b) (c) (d)
55 55 55 45
a draw and 0 point for a loss in a game. Let X and Y
170. For three events A, B and C.
denote the total points scored by teams T1 and T2
respectively, after two games. [JEE Advanced 2016, 3+3M] P(Exactly one of A or B or C occurs)
1 5 1 7 = P(Exactly one of B or C occurs)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 12 2 12 1
= P(Exactly one of C or A occurs) =
167. P( X = Y ) is 4
11 1 13 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) and P (All the three events occur simultaneously) = ,
36 3 36 2 16
Then the probability that atleast one of the events
168. A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls occurs, is [JEE Main 2017, 4M]
are randomly drawn, one-by-one with replacement, 3 7
(a) (b)
then the variance of the number of green balls drawn is 16 32
7 7
[JEE Main 2017, 4M] (c) (d)
16 64

Answers
Exercise for Session 1 63. (c) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (d) 68. (d)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 69. (c) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (c) 73. (5) 74. (3)
7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (c) 75. (2) 76. (5) 77. (4)
13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 78. (1) 79. (1) 80. (0) 81. (2) 82. (2)
19. (c) 20. (c) 83. (A) ® (q,r);(B) ®(p,r);(C) ® (p,r);(D) ® (q,r,s)
Exercise for Session 2 84. (A) ® (s);(B) ® (p);(C) ® (r);(D) ® (q)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b) 85. (A) ® (p,r,s);(B) ® (p,r,s);(C) ® (s);(D) ® (q,r)
7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (a) 86. (A) ® (q);(B) ® (r);(C) ® (p);(D) ® (s)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 87. (A) ® (r);(B) ® (s);(C) ® (p);(D) ® (q)
88. (A) ® (q);(B) ® (s);(C) ® (p);(D) ® (r)
Exercise for Session 3 89. (a) 90. (a) 91. (a) 92. (c) 93. (c)
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (c) 97. (d) 98. (c)
7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 99. (a) 100. (a)
æ ( N - r )( N - r - 1) ö
101. æç ö÷ 102. æç ö÷
Exercise for Session 4 1 5
103. ç ÷
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) è5ø è 54 ø è ( N - 1)( N - 2) ø
106. æç
213 ö
107. æç
7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b) a ö
105. (12) ÷ ÷
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) è 1001ø èa + bø
æ C 3r ö
108. æç ö 109. æç ö÷
n
377 1
÷ 112. ç rn ÷
Chapter Exercise è 4096 ø è2ø è 4 ø
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 1
116. 117. (a) 118. (a) 119. (d) 120. (a)
7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b) 7
13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 121. (i) (b), (ii) (a), (iii) (b) 122. (d) 123. (c) 124. (d)
19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d) 125. (c) 126. (d) 127. (b) 128. (d) 129. (b) 130. (b)
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c) 131. (a) 132. (a) 133. (b) 134. (d) 135. (b) 136. (b)
31. (a,b,c) 32. (b,c,d) 33. (a,c) 34. (a,d) 35. (a,b) 36. (c, d) 137. (c) 138. (c) 139. (b) 140. (a) 141. (b) 142. (d)
37. (a,b,c,d) 38. (a,b,c,d) 39. (a,b,c) 40. (a,c) 143. (a, d) 144. (b) 145. (a) 146. (a) 147. (b,d) 148. (a)
41. (a,b,c) 42. (b,c) 43. (a,b,c,d) 44. (b,c,d) 149. (a,b) 150. (d) 151. (b) 152. (a) 153. (b) 154. (d)
45. (a,c) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (d)
155. (a) 156. (a) 157. (a) 158. (b) 159. (b) 160. (c)
51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (c)
161. (8) 162. (a,b) 163. (c,d) 164. (c) 165. (c) 166. (b)
57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (d) 61. (c) 62. (a)
167. (c) 168. (b) 169. (c) 170. (c)
 5. n(S ) = Total number of ways = 100C 2 = 50 ´ 99

Solutions The product is divisible by 3, if atleast one of the two numbers is

divisible by 3.
Let n( E ) = Number of ways, if atleast one of the two numbers is
divisible by 3.
and n( E ) = Number of ways, if none of the two numbers chosen
is divisible by 3.
1.
67 ´ 66
= 67C 2 = = 67 ´ 33
1 ´2
n( E ) n(S ) - n( E )
14 ! \ Required probability = =
n(S ) = Number of total ways = 14 P12 = = 7 ´ 13 ! n(S ) n(S )
2! 67 ´ 33 83
The girls can be seated together in the back seats leaving a =1 - =
50 ´ 99 150
corner seat in 4 ´ 3 ! = 24 ways and the boys
can be seated in the remaining 11 seats in 10 × 9 × 8
6. n(S ) = Total number of ways = 10C 3 = = 120
11 11 ! 1 1 ×2 ×3
P9 = = ´ 11 ! ways
2! 2 The product of two numbers is equal to third number, the
1 favourable cases are 2, 3, 6; 2, 4, 8; 2, 5, 10
\ n( E ) = Number of favourable ways = 24 ´ ´ 11 ! = 12 ! \ n( E ) = The number of favourable cases = 3
2
n( E ) 12 ! 1 n( E ) 3 1
The required probability = = = \ Required probability = = =
n(S ) 7 ´ 13 ! 91 n(S ) 120 40

2. For non-leap year 7. n(S ) = Total number of ways = n Pn = n!

1 Considering digits 1, 2, 3, 4, ¼, k as one digit, we have
The probability of 53 Sundays =
7 (n - k + 1 ) digits which can be arranged = (n - k + 1 )!
For leap year \ n( E ) = Number of favourable ways = (n - k + 1 )!
2 n( E ) (n - k + 1 )!
The probability of 53 Sundays = Hence, required probability = =
7 n(S ) n!
3 1 1 2 5 8. n(S ) = Total number of ways = n Pn = n!
\ Required probability = ´ + ´ =
4 7 4 7 28 The number of ways in which the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, ¼, k (k < n )
3. Let us consider two events: occur together = k !(n - k + 1 )!
A : The leap year contains 53 Sundays. n ( E ) k !(n - k + 1)! (n - k + 1)
Hence, required probability = = = n
B : The leap year contains 53 Mondays. We have, n (S ) n! Ck
2 2 1 9. Let a, b, c and d are four different numbers out of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
P ( A ) = , P ( B ) = and P ( A Ç B ) =
7 7 7 Þ (a, a, a, a ) can appear in 6C1 = 6 ways
\ Required probability = P ( A È B )
Þ (a, a, a, b ) can appear in 2 ´ 6C 2 = 30 ways
= P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B )
2 2 1 3 Þ (a, a, b, b ) can appear in 6C 2 = 15 ways
= + - =
7 7 7 7 Þ (a, a, b, c ) can appear in 3 ´ 6C 3 = 60 ways
4. Let us consider two events: Þ (a, b, c, d ) can appear in 6C 4 = 15 ways
A : Numbers divisible by 4. 60 + 15 75 25
\ Required probability = = =
B : Numbers divisible by 7. 6 + 30 + 15 + 60 + 15 126 42
We have, A = {104, 108, ..., 196 } 10. Let ABCDEF be the regular hexagon.
Þ n( A ) = 24 E D
B = {105, 112, ..., 196 }
n( B ) = 14 and A Ç B = {112, 140, 168, 196 }
F C
Þ n( A Ç B ) = 4
n( E ) = Number of favourable ways n( A È B )
= n( A ) + n( B ) - n( A Ç B ) = 34 A B
n(S ) = Total number of ways = 99
Number of total triangles = 6C 3 = 20 ways
n( E ) 34
\ Required probability = = For the favourable event, the vertices should be either A, C, E
n(S ) 99
or B, D, F
 Chap 09 Probability 741

\ The required probability =

Favourable ways 2
= =
1 17. n(S ) = Total number of ways = 50C 5
Total ways 20 10 Now, x 3 is fixed to be 30 and x1, x 2 (two numbers) are to be
11. Total number of ways to choose two squares chosen from first 29 numbers and x 4 , x 5 (two numbers) from
last 20 numbers are to be chosen.
6464 × 63
= C2 = = 32 × 63 \ n( E ) = Number of favourable ways = 29C 2 ´ 20C 2
2
For favourable ways we must chosen two consecutive small n( E ) 29C 2 ´ 20C 2
Hence, required probability = = 50
squares for any row or any columns. n(S ) C5
\ Number of favourable ways = 7 × 8 + 8 × 7 = 2 × 8 × 7 18. The points are 2, 2, 2, 2 or 2, 2, 2, 1
2 ×8 ×7 1 \ Required probability
\ Required probability = =
32 × 63 18 = ( 0. 5 ) 4 + 4C1 ´ ( 0. 5 ) 3 ´ ( 0.05 )1 = 0.0875
12. In the word MUMBAI, there are 5 adjacent pairs of letters of 19. n(S ) = Total number of ways = 6 3 = 216
which only one gives AI. 3!
1 n( E ) = Number of favourable ways = 2 ´ 6C 2 ´ = 90
2!
5 84 n( E ) 90
\ Required probability = = \ Required probability = =
1 1 1 1 1 403 n(S ) 216
+ + + +
6 5 7 4 5 20. n(S ) = Total number of ways = 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 216
13. Numbers on die are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. n( E ) = Number of favourable cases
Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5 and non-prime numbers are 1, 4, 6. = Coefficient of x k in ( x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 ) 3
Now, let weight assigned to non-prime numbers is l, then = Coefficient of x k - 3 in (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 ) 3
weight assigned to prime number is 2l.
= Coefficient of x k - 3 in (1 - x 6 ) 3 (1 - x ) -3
\ l + 2l + 2l + l + 2l + l = 1
1 = Coefficient of x k - 3 in (1 - x ) -3 [Q 0 £ k - 3 £ 5 ]
Þ l= = Coefficient of x k - 3 in (1 + 3C1 x + ¼)
9
(k - 1 )(k - 2 )
\ Probability that an odd number will be show up when the = k - 1Ck - 3 = k - 1C 2 =
die is tossed 1 or 3 or 5. 2
n( E ) (k - 1 )(k - 2 )
5 \ Required probability = =
l + 2l + 2l = 5l = n(S ) 432
9
21. n(S ) = Total number of ways = 1000
14. We have,
( X = 7 ) = { 07, 16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70 } The favourable cases that the sum of the digits of the marked
number on the page is equal to 9 are one digit number or two
and (Y = 0 ) = { 00, 01, 02, ¼, 10, 20, 30, ¼, 90 } digits numbers or three digits numbers, if three digit number is
Thus, ( X = 7 ) Ç (Y = 0 ) = { 07, 70 } abc . Then, a + b + c = 9; 0 £ a, b, c £ 9
æ X = 7 ö P {( X = 7 ) Ç (Y = 0 )} 2 \ n( E ) = Number of favourable ways
\ Pç ÷= =
èY = 0ø P (Y = 0 ) 19 = Number of solutions of the equation
15. The probability of not drawing the ace in the first draw, in the = 9 + 3 - 1C 3 - 1 = 11C 2 = 55
second draw and in the third draw are (here all spades i.e., 13 n( E ) 55 11
12 11 10 \ Required probability = = =
cards) , , , respectively. n(S ) 1000 200
13 12 11
22. n(S ) = The total number of ways of choosing the tickets
Probability of drawing ace of spades in the 4th draw
1 = 4 ´ 4 ´ 4 ´ 4 = 256
= (only one ace and remaining cards = 10) n( E ) = The number of ways in which the sum can be 23
10
12 11 10 1 1 = Coefficient of x 23 in (1 + x + x10 + x11 ) 4
\ Required probability = ´ ´ ´ =
13 12 11 10 13 = Coefficient of x 23 in (1 + x 4 ) + (1 + x10 ) 4
16. n(S ) = Total number of ways = 25C1 = 25 = Coefficient of x 23 in (1 + 4 x + 6 x 2 + 4 x 3 + x 4 )
Set of composite numbers = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, ´ (1 + 4 x 10 + 6 x 20 )
21, 22, 24, 25} and set of non-composite numbers = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, = 4 ´ 6 = 24
11, 13, 17, 19, 23} n( E ) 24 3
Now, set of composite numbers of the form 5k (k Î N ) The probability of required event = = =
n(S ) 256 32
= {10, 15, 20, 25 }
23. Total coupons = 15
and set of non-composite numbers of the form 2k (k Î N ) = {2 }
4 1 1 £ selected coupon number £ 9 i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
C1 + C1 5
\ Required prabability = 25
= = 0.2
C1 25
742 Textbook of Algebra

9 3 2
\ Probability of one selected coupon = = 1 1 æ1ö
´ 1 ´ 1 - ´ pç ÷
15 5 2 4 è2ø 8-p
= =
Hence, the required probability 2
16 - p
1 æ1ö
æ3ö æ3ö æ3ö
7 1 ´1 - ´pç ÷
= ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ ¼ ´ 7 times = ç ÷ 4 è2ø
è5ø è5ø è5ø
29. When the two equal sides are 1 each, then third side could be
24. Let X denote the largest number on the 3 tickets drawn. only 1.
3 3
æ7ö æ6ö When the two equal sides are 2 each, then third side can take
We have, P ( X £ 7 ) = ç ÷ and P ( X £ 6 ) = ç ÷ values 1, 2, 3.
è 20 ø è 20 ø
3 3 When two equal sides are 3 each, then third side can take
æ7ö æ6ö values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. When the two equal sides are 4 each, then
Thus, P ( X = 7 ) = P ( X £ 7 ) - P ( X £ 6 ) = ç ÷ - ç ÷
è 20 ø è 20 ø third side can take values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 same in the case when
25. Total number = 6 (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) two equal sides are 5 and 6.
Favourable number = 2, 3, 4, 5 = 4 \Total number of triangles = 1 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 27
4 2 1
Probability of favourable number in one draw = = Required probability =
6 3 27
4
æ2ö 16 30. Required probability
\ Required probability = ç ÷ =
è3ø 81 æ1ö
5
æ1ö
5
ç ÷ ´ç ÷
2 1 è2ø è2ø 1 1
26. We have, P ( Ei ) = = for i = 1, 2, 3 = 2
= 2
= 10
4 2 æ 5 r 5 -r ö æ 5 ö C5
1 ç å 5Cr æç 1 ö÷ æç 1 ö÷ ÷ ç å 5Cr ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷
Also, for i ¹ j , P ( Ei Ç E j ) = = P ( Ei ) P ( E j ) èr = 0 è 2 ø è 2 ø ø èr = 0 ø
4
Therefore, Ei and E j are independent for i ¹ j . 31. P ( A È B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )
1 P (A Ç B ) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A È B )
Also, P ( E1 Ç E 2 Ç E 3 ) = ¹ P ( E1 ) P ( E 2 ) P ( E 3 )
4 \0 £ P ( A È B ) £ 1 -1 £ - P ( A È B ) £ 0
\ E1, E 2 and E 3 are not independent. P (A ) + P (B ) - 1 £ P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A È B ) £ P (A ) + P (B )
27. Let x and y are two non-negative integers are chosen such that 32. E and F are independent events. Then,
x 2 + y 2 is divisible by 10. P (E Ç F ) = P (E ) × P (F ) …(i)
By the division algorithm, there exist integers x1, y1, a1 and b1 Option (a) is obviously not true. So, check for options (b), (c)
such that x = 10 x1 + a1 and y = 10y1 + b1 with 0 £ a, b1 £ 9. and (d)
Thus, we can write P (E Ç F ) = P (E ) - P (E Ç F )
x 2 + y 2 = 100( x 12 + y 12 ) + 20(a1x1 + b1y1 ) + (a12 + b12 ) = P (E ) - P (E ) × P (F ) [from Eq. (i)]
We see that x 2 + y 2 will be divisible by 10 if and only if = P ( E )[1 - P ( F )]
a12 + b12 is divisible by 10. Now, there are 10 choices each for a1 = P (E ) × P (F )
and b1, so that there are 10 ´ 10 = 100 ways of choosing them. \ E and F are independent events.
The pairs (a1, b1 ) for which a12 + b12 is divisible by 10 are Now, P (E Ç F ) = P (E È F )
follows: = 1 - P (E È F )
(0, 0), (1, 3), (1, 7), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 9), (4, 2), (4, 8), (5, 5), (6, = 1 - [ P ( E ) + P ( F ) - P ( E Ç F )]
2), (6, 8), (7, 1), (7, 9), (8, 4), (8, 6), (9, 3), (9, 7)
= [1 - P ( E )] - P ( F ) + P ( E ) × P ( F )
Therefore, 18 distinct ways.
= P ( E ) - P ( F )[1 - P ( E )]
18 9
\ Required probability = = = P ( E ) [1 - P ( F )]
100 50
Area of strips region = P (E ) × P (F )
28. Required probability =
Area of dotted region \ E and F are independent events.
Y æEö æ E ö P (E Ç F ) P (E Ç F )
Again, P ç ÷ + P ç ÷ = +
èF ø èF ø P (F ) P (F )
(1, 1)
(0,1)
P (E ) × P (F ) P (E ) × P (F )
= +
P (F ) P (F )
(1/2,1/2) = P (E ) + P (E ) = 1
33. We know that, P ( A Ç B ) ³ P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 1 …(i)
æ A ö P (A Ç B )
O
X Pç ÷= [ P (B ) ¹ 0]
(1/2, 0) 1 èBø P (B )
 Chap 09 Probability 743

æ A ö P (A ) + P (B ) - 1 æEö æ E ö P (E Ç F ) P (E Ç F )
Þ Pç ÷³ [from Eq. (i)] 35. P ç ÷ + P ç ÷ = +
èBø P (B ) è ø
F èF ø P (F ) P (F )
Option (a) is true. P (E Ç F ) + P (E Ç F ) P (E Ç F ) + P (F ) - P (E Ç F )
= =
P (A Ç B ) = P (A ) - P (A Ç B ) P (F ) P (F )
Option (b) is not true. P (F )
= =1
P (A È B ) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B ) P (F )
If A and B are independent events, then P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) × P ( B ). æEö æ E ö P (E Ç F ) P (E Ç F )
and P ç ÷ + P ç ÷ = +
Then, P ( A È B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A ) × P ( B ) èF ø èF ø P (F ) P (F )
= P ( A ) + P ( B ) [1 - P ( A )] + 1 - 1
= 1 + P (B ) P (A ) - P (A ) [Q P ( A ) = 1 - P ( A )] [ P ( E ) - P ( E Ç F )] + [1 - P ( E È F )]
=
= 1 + P ( A )[ P ( B ) - 1 ] = 1 - P ( A ) × P ( B ) P (F )
[ P ( E È F ) - P ( F )] + [1 - P ( E È F )]
Option (c) is true. =
P (F )
If A and B are disjoint, then P ( A Ç B ) = 0.
Then, P ( A È B ) = 1 - P ( A ) P ( B ) does not hold. 1 - P (F ) P (F )
= = =1
34. E and F are two independent events P (F ) P (F )
P (E Ç F ) = P (E ) × P (F ) …(i) 36. P ( B - A ) = P ( B Ç A ) = P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )
1 Option (a) is not correct.
P (E Ç F ) = …(ii)
12 P (A ¢ È B ¢ ) = 1 - P (A Ç B ) = 1 - P (A ) × P (B )
1 [by given condition]
P (E Ç F ) =
2 P ( A ¢ ) + P ( B ¢ ) = 1 - P ( A ) + 1 - P ( B ) = 2 - [ P ( A ) + P ( B )]
Þ 1 - P (E È F ) =
1 Option (b) is not correct P [( A È B ) ¢ ] = 1 - P ( A È B )
2 = 1 - [ P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A ) × P ( B )]
1 [by given condition]
Þ P (E ) + P (F ) - P (E Ç F ) =
2 = 1 - P ( A ) - P ( B ) [1 - P ( A )]
Þ P (E ) + P (F ) -
1 1
= = P (A ) - P (B )× P (A ) = P (A ) × P (B )
12 2 Option (c) is correct.
1 1 æ A ö P (A Ç B ) P (A ) × P (B )
Þ P (E ) + P (F ) = + Pç ÷= = = P (A )
2 12 èBø P (B ) P (B )
7
Þ P (E ) + P (F ) = …(iii) 37. Required probability = P ( A - B ) + P ( B - A )
12
= P (A Ç B ) + P (B Ç A )
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get,
1 = P (A ) - P (A Ç B ) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B )
P (E ) × P (F ) = = P (A ) + P (B ) - 2P (A Ç B )
12
1 So, options (a) and (b) are true.
P (E ) = P (A - B ) + P (B - A ) = P (A È B ) - P (A Ç B )
12 P ( F )
[by venn diagram]
Put this value in Eq. (iii) we get
So, option (c) is also true.
1 7
P (F ) + = P ( A ¢ ) + P ( B ¢ ) - 2 P ( A ¢ÇB ¢ ) = 1 - P ( A ) + 1 - P ( B )
12 P ( F ) 12
- 2 + 2P ( A È B )
Let P (F ) = x = 2P ( A È B ) - P ( A ) - P ( B )
1 7 = 2P (A ) + 2P (B ) - 2P (A Ç B ) - P (A ) - P (B )
Then, x+ =
12 x 12 = P (A ) + P (B ) - 2P (A Ç B )
12 x 2 + 1 7 \ Option (d) is also true.
Þ = Þ 12 x 2 - 7 x + 1 = 0
12 x 12 38. A and B are independent events, then P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) × P ( B )
12 x 2 - 4 x - 3 x + 1 = 0 1 1
P ( A ) = and P ( B ) =
Þ 4 x (3 x - 1 ) - 1(3 x - 1 ) = 0 2 5
1 1 1
(3 x - 1 )( 4 x - 1 ) = 0 Þ x = or P (A Ç B ) =
3 4 10
1 1 P (A È B ) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B )
\ P (E ) = , P (F ) =
4 3 1 1 1 5 + 2 -1 6 3
1 1 = + - = = =
or P (E ) = , P (F ) = 2 5 10 10 10 5
3 4
744 Textbook of Algebra

æAö 1 2
mp(1 - c ) + mc (1 - p ) + pc (1 - m ) =
P ç ÷ = P (A ) =
èBø 2 5
1 2
or mp + mc + pc - 3 mpc = …(ii)
æ A ö P [ A Ç ( A È B )] P (A ) 5 5
Pç ÷= = =2 =
èA ÈBø P (A È B ) P (A È B ) 3 6 1
Also, mp + pc + mc - 2mpc = …(iii)
5 2
æ A ÇB ö æ A ÇB ö From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Pç ÷ =Pç ÷ 1 2 1
è A¢ È B ¢ø è (A Ç B ) ¢ ø mpc = - =
P [( A Ç B ) Ç ( A Ç B ) ¢ ] 2 5 10
= =0 2 3 7
P (A Ç B ) ¢ \ mp + mc + pc = + =
5 10 10
39. Let A, B and C be the event that the student is successful in 3 7 1 27
tests I, II and III, respectively. m+p+c= + - =
4 10 10 20
P (the student is successful)
43. Favourable number of cases = n - 3P2
= P (A Ç B Ç C ¢ ) + P (A Ç B ¢ Ç C ) + P (A Ç B Ç C )
= P ( A ) × P ( B ) × P (C ¢ ) + P ( A ) × P ( B ¢ ) × P (C ) + P ( A ) × P ( B ) × P (C ) Total number of cases = n P2
n-3 n-3 n -3
\ A, B and C are independent events. P2 C 2 ´2!
C2
\ Required probability = = =
æ 1ö æ1ö 1 n
P2 n n
C 2 ´ 2!
C2
= pq ç1 - ÷ + p(1 - q ) ç ÷ + pq
è 2ø è2ø 2 (n - 3 )(n - 4 )
1
= [ pq + p(1 - q ) + pq ] = p(1 + q )
1 2 ´1 (n - 3 )(n - 4 )
= =
2 2 n(n - 1 ) n (n - 1 )
\
1 1
= p(1 + q ) Þ p(1 + q ) = 1 2 ´1
2 2 44. A = The event of ( x, y ) belonging to the area OEBAO
which is satisfied for all pairs of values in (a), (b) and (c). Also,
it is satisfied for infinitely many values as p and q . For B = The event of ( x, y ) belonging to the area ODBCO
n 1
instance, when p = and q = , where n is any positive x2=y
n+1 n
integer.
C
40. Total number of subset of set contain n elements = 2n 1 B
y2=x
Number of ways choosing A and B = 2n × 2n = 2 2n .
E
The number of subset of x which contains exactly r elements
= nCr
D
\The number of ways of choosing A and B, so that they have
the same number of elements
O A
= (n C 0 ) 2 + (n C1 ) 2 + ¼ + (n Cn ) 2 = 2nCn
1 × 2 × 3 ¼ (2n - 1 )(2n ) 2n (1 × 3 × 5 ¼ (2n - 1 ))
= = 1
n! n! n! area of OEBAO ò0 x dx 2
\ P (A ) = = =
41. The number of ways in which m boys and m girls can take area of OABCO 1 ´1 3
their seats around a circle is (2m - 1)! 1
(a) We make the girls sit first around the circle. This can be
and P (B ) =
area of ODBCO
=
ò0 y dy
=
2
done in (m - 1 )! ways, after this boys can take their seats in area of OABCO 1 ´1 3
(m !) ways. 1 1
area of ODBEO ò0 x dx - ò0 x dx 1
2
\ Favourable number of ways = m !(m - 1 )!
and P ( A Ç B ) = = =
m !(m - 1 )! 1 area of OABCO 1 ´1 3
Required probability = = 2m - 1
(2m - 1 )! Cm 2 2
\ P ( A ) + P ( B ) = + ¹ 1.
(b) Similarly as (a) 3 3
(c) Similarly as (a) So, A and B are not exhaustive,
m !m ! 1 2 2 1
(d) Required probability = ¹ P (A ) × P (B ) = × ¹ .
2m - 1 3 3 3
(2m - 1 )! Cm
42. According to the question, So, A and B are not independent
3 and P ( A È B ) = 1, P ( A ) + P ( B ) ¹ P ( A È B ).
(m + p + c ) - mp - mc - pc + mpc = …(i)
4 So, A and B are not mutually exclusive.
 Chap 09 Probability 745

1 l 48. Roots of x 2 + px + q = 0 are imaginary, if p 2 < 4q

45. Let P (k ) µ Þ P (k ) = 4
k4 k Hence, the required probability = 1 - (Probability that roots of
where l is proportionality constant x 2 + px + q = 0 are real) = 1 - ( 0.59 - 0.03 ) = 1 - 0.62
2n 2n
l 1 = 0. 38
Then ,å 4
=1 Þ l å 4 =1
k =1 k k =1 k 49. X can win after the (n + 1) th game in the following two
n n mutually exclusive ways.
1
\ a= å P (2k - 1) = l å (2k - 1)4 (i) X wins exactly one of the first n games draws (n - 1 )
k =1 k =1 games and wins the (n + 1 ) th game.
n n
1 n
1 \ Probability, P1 = (n P1 abn - 1 ) a = na 2bn - 1
and b= å P (2k ) = l å (2k )4 <l å 4
k = 1(2k - 1 )
k =1 k =1
(ii) X losses exactly one of the first n games, wins exactly one
of the first n games and draws (n - 2 ) games and wins the
Þ b < a and a + b = 1 (n + 1 ) th game.
Then, 1 - a < a and b < 1 - b \ Probability, P2 = (n P2 (ac )bn - 2 ) a = n(n - 1 ) a 2bn - 2c
1 1 Hence, the probability that X wins two match after
\ a>
and b <
2 2 (n + 1 ) th game.
46. Roots of x + px + q = 0 are real and distinct, if p 2 > 4q.
2 Pn = P1 + P2 = na 2bn - 2[b + (n - 1 ) c ]
50. Put n = 3 in solution of question 4 and interchange a and c,
Value of p Possible values of q
then required probability = 3 c 2 × b1(b + 2a ) = 3bc 2(2a + b )
1 No value 51. The probability that X wins the match
¥ ¥ ¥
2 No value
= å Pn = åna 2bn - 1 + ån(n - 1)a 2bn - 2c
3 1, 2 n =1 n =1 n =1
2 ¥ 2 ¥
a ac
4 1, 2, 3 =
b
ånbn + ån(n - 1)bn
b2 n =1
n =1
5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
a2 b a 2c 2b 2
6 1, 2, 3,…, 8 = × + ×
b (1 - b ) 2 b 2 (1 - b ) 3
7 1, 2, 3,…, 10
[sum of infinite AGS]
8 1, 2, 3,…, 10 a 2(1 - b + 2c ) a 2(a + 3 c ) éQ a + b + c = 1 ù
= 3
= 3 êQ 1 - b = a + c ú
9 1, 2, 3,…, 10 (1 - b ) (a + c ) ë û
10 1, 2, 3,…, 10 52. Q P ( E l ) µ l 2
Þ P ( E l ) = kl 2, where k is proportionality constant.
\ Number of favourable ways
= 2 + 3 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 59 Q E 0, E1, E 2, ¼, En are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
and total ways = 10 ´ 10 = 100 We have, P ( E 0 ) + P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + ¼ + P ( En ) = 1
59 0 + k(1 )1 + k(2 ) 2 + ¼ + k(n ) 2 = 1
Hence, the required probability = = 0. 59
100 Þ k( ån 2 ) = 1
47. Roots of x 2 + px + q = 0 are equal, if p 2 = 4q 1
\ k= ...(i)
i.e., p 2 must be even. ån 2
n
æAö
Value of p Possible values of q 53. P ( A ) = å P (E l ) × P çè E l ÷ø
l=0
2 1
n n n
æ lö k k
4 4 = å çèkl2 ´ n ÷ø = n å l3 = n å l3
l=0 l =1 l=0
6 9
8 No value =
k
ån 3 = 1 ´ 1
´ ån 3 [from Eq. (i)]
n n ån 2
10 No value
2
æ n(n + 1 ) ö æ 1ö
\ Number of favourable ways = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 ç ÷ ç1 + ÷
è 2 ø 3 æn+1ö 3 è nø
and total ways = 10 ´ 10 = 100 = = ×ç ÷= ×
n × n(n + 1 )(2n + 1 ) 2 è 2n + 1 ø 4 æ 1ö
Hence, the required probability =
3
= 0. 03 ç1 + ÷
6 è 2n ø
100
746 Textbook of Algebra

æ 1 ö 1
p1p 2 p 3 =
3 ç 1 + ÷ 3 æ1 + 0ö 3 and
27
\ lim P ( A ) = lim ç n ÷ = ×ç ÷ = = 0.75
n®¥ 4n ® ¥ ç1 + 1 ÷ 4 è1 + 0ø 4 p + p2 + p3 1
è Now, AM of p1, p 2 , p 3 = 1 =
2n ø 3 3
æAö æAö æ1ö
1/ 3
1
P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ and GM of p1, p 2, p 3 = ( p1p 2 p 3 )1/ 3 = ç ÷ =
æ E1 ö è E1 ø è E1 ø è 27 ø 3
54. P ç ÷ = n =
èAø æAö P (A ) AM = GM
å P (E l ) × P çè E l ÷ø Here,
1
l=0
\ p1 = p 2 = p 3 =
6 1 3
´
n(n + 1 )(2n + 1 ) n 4 1 From Eq. (ii), we get
= = =
3n(n + 1 ) [n(n + 1 )]2 ån 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 a
× + × + × = Þ a =9
2(2n + 1 ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 27
55. The number of cubes having atleast one side painted is 62. P (none of E1, E 2, E 3) = 1 - P ( E1 È E 2 È E 3 )
9 + 9 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 1 = 26 and total cubes = 27 = 1 - [ P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 3 )]
26 = 1 - ( p1 + p 2 + p 3 ) = 0
\ Required probability, P1 = Þ27 P1 = 26
27
[Q E1, E 2 and E 3 are mutually exclusive]
56. The number of cubes having two sides painted is
63. P ( E1 È E 2 ) + P ( E 2 Ç E 3 ) + P ( E 3 Ç E1 )
4 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 12 and total cubes = 27
12 = P ( E1 ) - P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) + P ( E 2 ) - P ( E 2 Ç E 3 )
\ Required probability, P2 = Þ27 P2 = 12 + P ( E 3 ) - P ( E 3 Ç E1 )
27
26 1 = P ( E1 ) - 0 + P ( E 2 ) - 0 + P ( E 3 ) - 0
57. Required probability, P 3 = 1 - p1 = 1 - = Þ 27 P3 = 1 = p1 + p 2 + p 3 [Q E1, E 2 and E 3 are mutually exclusive]
27 27
58. A : She gets a success 64. The number of increasing functions = 6C 3 = 20
E1 : She studies 10 h and the number of total functions = 6 3 = 216
\ P ( E1 ) = 0.1 \ Required probability =
20
=
5
E 2 : She studies 7 h 216 54
\ P ( E 2 ) = 0. 2 65. The number of non-decreasing functions = 6 + 3 - 1C 3 = 8C 3 = 56
and E 3: She studies 4h the number of total functions = 6 3 = 216
\ P ( E 3 ) = 0.7 56 7
æAö æAö æAö \ Required probability = =
and P ç ÷ = 0. 80, P ç ÷ = 0.60 and P ç ÷ = 0. 40 216 27
è E1 ø è E2 ø è E3 ø 66. The number of onto functions such that f (i ) ¹ i is
æAö æAö æAö æ 1 1 1 1 1 1ö
\ P ( A ) = P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E 2 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E 3 ) × P ç ÷ 6! ç1 - + - + - + ÷ = 265
è E1 ø è E2 ø è E3 ø è 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!ø
= 0. 1 ´ 0.80 + 0. 2 ´ 0. 60 + 0.7 ´ 0. 40 = 0. 48 and number of total functions = 6 ! = 720
æAö 265 53
P (E 3 ) × P ç ÷ \ Required probability = =
æ E 3 ö P (E 3 Ç A ) è E 3 ø 0.7 ´ 0. 40 7 720 144
59. P ç ÷ = = = =
èAø P (A ) P (A ) 0. 48 12 æ1ö
x
67. Q P ( X = x ) µ ( x + 1) ç ÷
è5ø
æ E 3 ö P (E 3 Ç A ) P (E 3 ) - P (E 3 Ç A ) æ1ö
x
60. P ç ÷= = P ( X = x ) = k( x + 1 ) ç ÷
èAø P (A ) 1 - P (A ) è5ø
0.7 - 0. 28 0.42 21 é 2 ù
= = = æ1ö æ1ö
1 - 0.48 0.52 26 We have, k ê1 + 2 ç ÷ + 3 ç ÷ + ¼ú = 1
êë è 5 ø è 5 ø úû
61. Q p1, p 2 and p 3 are mutually exclusive events.
é ù
\ p1 + p 2 + p 3 = 1 ê ú
1 ú = 1 Þ k = 16
Also, p1, p 2 and p 3 are the roots of Þ kê
êæ 1ö ú
2
25
27 x 3 - 27 x 2 + ax - 1 = 0 ê çè1 - ÷ø ú
\ p1 + p 2 + p 3 = 1 …(i) ë 5 û
0
a æ1ö 16
p1p 2 + p 2 p 3 + p 3p1 = …(ii) Now, P ( X = 0 ) = k(1 ) ç ÷ = k =
27 è5ø 25
 Chap 09 Probability 747

68. P ( X ³ 2) = 1 - [ P ( X = 0) + P ( X = 1)] and let E be the event that the determinant made is
é 2ù 7k 7 16 13 non-negative.
= 1 - k ê1 + ú = 1 - =1 - ´ = Also, E ¢ be the event that the determinant is negative.
ë 5 û 5 5 25 125
¥ ¥ x ì 1 1 0 1 0 1 ü
æ1ö \ E¢ = í , , ý
69. E ( X ) = å x P (X = x) = k å x (x + 1)çè 5 ÷ø î 1 0 1 1 1 0þ
x=0 x=0
\ P (E ¢ ) = 3
é 1
æ1ö æ1ö
2
æ1ö
3 ù n( E ¢ ) 3
= k ê(1 )(2 ) ç ÷ + (2 )(3 ) ç ÷ + (3 )( 4 ) ç ÷ + ¼ + ¥ ú then P ( E ¢ ) = =
êë è 5 ø è 5 ø è 5 ø úû n(S ) 16
é2 6 12 ù Hence, the required probability,
E (X ) = k ê + + + ¼ + ¥ú …(i)
ë 5 25 125 û P (E ) = 1 - P (E ¢ )
1 é2 6 12 ù 3 13 m
and E ( X ) = k ê + + + ¼+ ¥ ú …(ii) =1 - = = [given]
5 ë 25 125 625 û 16 16 n
Þ m = 13 and n = 16, then n - m = 3
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
4 é2 4 6 ù
75. Let E1, E 2 and E 3 be the events that first, second and third
E (X ) = k ê + + + ¼ + ¥ú …(iii) student get success. Then,
5 ë 5 25 125 û
1 1 1
1 P ( E1 ) = , P ( E 2 ) = and P ( E 3 ) =
On multiplying both sides by in Eq. (i), we get 3 4 5
5
l
4 é2 4 6 ù Given, probability of success of atleast two =
E (X ) = k ê + + + ¼ + ¥ú …(iv) 12
25 ë 25 125 625 û
Þ P ( E1 Ç E 2 Ç E 3 ) + P ( E1 Ç E 2 Ç E 3 )
On subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii), we get l
16 é2 2 2 ù + P ( E1 Ç E 2 Ç E 3 ) + P ( E1 Ç E 2 Ç E 3 ) =
E (X ) = k ê + + + ¼ + ¥ú 12
25 ë 5 25 125 û Þ P ( E1 ) × P ( E 2 ) × P ( E 3 ) + P ( E1 ) × P ( E 2 ) × P ( E 3 )
é 2 ù l
ê ú k 16 1 é 16 ù + P ( E1 ) × P ( E 2 ) × P ( E 3 ) + P ( E1 ) × P ( E 2 ) × P ( E 3 ) =
= kê 5 ú = = ´ êëQ k = 25 úû
12
1 2 25 2 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 l
ê1 - ú Þ × × + × × + × × + × × =
ë 5û 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5 12
1 10 l
\ E (x ) = Þ =
2 60 12
70. Q(a 2 - 1) is divisible by 10, if and only if last digit of a is 1 or 9. \ l =2
If r = 0, then there are 2l ways to choose a . 76. Let S be the sample space and E be the event of getting a large
2l number than the previous number.
\ pn = Þ npn = 2l
n \ n(S ) = 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 216
Now, we count the number of favourable ways. Obviously, the
71. If r = 9, then there are 2( l + 1) ways to choose a. second number has to be greater than 1. If the second number
2( l + 1 ) is i (i > 1 ), then the number of favourable ways = (i - 1 ) ´ (6 - i )
\ pn =
n \ n( E ) = Total number of favourable ways
Þ n pn = 2( l + 1 ) 6
= å(i - 1) ´ (6 - i )
72. If 1 £ r £ 8 , then there are 2( l + 1) ways to choose a. i =1

2( l + 1 ) = 0 + 1 ´ 4 + 2 ´3 + 3 ´2 + 4 ´1 + 5 ´ 0
\ pn =
n = 4 + 6 + 6 + 4 = 20
Þ x pn = 2( l + 1 ) n( E ) 20
Therefore, the required probability, P ( E ) = =
7 1 n 1 n(S ) 216
73. = ×1 + ×
12 (n + 1 ) (n + 1 ) 2 5
= =p [given]
7 (n + 2 ) 54
Þ = Þ n =5
6 (n + 1 ) \ 54 p = 5
74. Let S be the sample space, then 77. The number of ways to answer a question = 2 5 - 1 = 31.
n(S ) = Total number of determinants that can be made with 0 i.e., In 31 ways only one correct.
and 1= 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 16 Let number of choices = n
a b n 1
Q , each element can be replaced by two types Now, according to the question >
c d 31 8
i.e., 0 and 1
748 Textbook of Algebra

Þ
31
n>
Þ n > 3. 8 Þ 2 £ 2 - k - 3k 2 and 2 - k - 3k 2 £ 4
8 æ 1ö
\ Least value of n = 4 Þ 3k çk + ÷ £ 0 and 3k 2 + k + 2 ³ 0
è 3ø
78. Let Ei denote the event that the ith object goes to the ith place, 1
we have Þ - £ k £ 0 and k Î R
3
(n - 3 )!
P ( Ei Ç E j Ç Ek ) = for i < j < k 1
n! \ - £k £ 0
3
Since, we can choose 3 places out of n is n C 3 ways, the
Hence, integral value of k is 0.
probability of the required event is
81. Let a1, a 2 , a 3, a 4 , a 5,a 6 and a 7 be the seven digits and the
(n - 3 )! n! (n - 3 )! 1
p = nC 3 × = × = remaining two be a 8 and a 9.
n! 3 !(n - 3 )! n! 6
Let a1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 + a 7 = 9k, k Î I …(i)
\ 6p = 1 Also, a1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + ¼ + a 9 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ¼ + 9
79. The sample space is 9 ´ 10
= = 45 …(ii)
S = { - 0. 50, - 0. 49, - 0. 48, ¼, - 0. 01, 0. 00, 0. 01, ¼, 0. 49 } 2
Let E be the event that the round off error is atleast 10 paise, On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get
then E ¢ is the event that the round off error is atmost a 8 + a 9 = 45 - 9k …(iii)
a paise.
Since, a1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + ¼ + a 9 and a1 + a 2 + ¼ + a 7 are
\ E ¢ = { - 0.09, - 0.08, ¼, - 0.01, 0.00, 0.01, ¼, 0.09 } divisible by 9, if and only if a 8 + a 9 is divisible by 9. Let S be
\ n( E ¢ ) = 19 and n(S ) = 100 the sample space and E be the event that the sum of the digits
n( E ¢ ) 19 a 8 and a 9 is divisible by 9.
\ P (E ¢ ) = =
n(S ) 100 Q a 8 + a 9 = 45 - 9k
19 Maximum value of a 8 + a 9 = 17 and minimum value of
\ Required probability, P ( E ) = 1 - P ( E ¢ ) = 1 -
100 a8 + a9 = 3
2
81 æ m ö \ 3 £ 45 - 9k £ 17
= =ç ÷
100 è n ø 42 28
Þ -42 £ - 9k £ - 28 Þ £k ³
\ m = 9 and n = 10 9 9
Þ n -m =1 28 42
or £k ³
80. Let E1, E 2, E 3, E 4 , E 5 and E 6 be the events of occurrence of 1, 2, 9 9
3, 4, 5 and 6 on the dice respectively and let E be the event of
Hence, k = 4 [Qk is positive integer]
getting a sum of numbers equal to 9.
1 -k 1 + 2k 1 -k \ From Eq. (iii), we get
\ P ( E1 ) = ; P (E 2 ) = ; P (E 3 ) = ;
6 6 6 a 8 + a 9 = 45 - 9 ´ 4
1+k 1 - 2k 1+k \ a8 + a9 = 9
P (E 4 ) = ; P (E 5 ) = ; P (E 6 ) =
6 6 6 Now, possible pair of (a 8, a 9 ) can be{(1, 8), (2, 7), (3, 6), (4, 5)}
1 2
and £ P (E ) £ \ E = {(1, 8), (2, 7), (3, 6), (4, 5)}
9 9
n( E ) = 4 and n(S ) = 9C 2 = 36
Then, E º {(3, 6 ), (6, 3 ), ( 4, 5 ), (5, 4 )}
n( E ) 4 1
Hence, P ( E ) = P ( E 3E 6 ) + P ( E 6 E 3 ) + P ( E 4 E 5 ) + P ( E 5E 4 ) \Required probability, P ( E ) = = = =p [given]
n(S ) 36 9
= P (E 3 )P (E 6 ) + P (E 6 )P (E 3 ) + P (E 4 )P (E 5 ) + P (E 5 )P (E 4 ) \ 18 p = 2
= 2P (E 3 )P (E 6 ) + 2P (E 4 )P (E 5 ) 82. Let A be the event of P1 winning in third round and B be the
[since E1, E 2, E 3, E 4 , E 5 and E 6 are independent] event of P2 winning in first round but loosing in second round.
1 1
We have, P ( A ) = 8 =
æ1 - k ö æ1 + k ö æ 1 + k ö æ 1 - 2k ö C1 8
= 2ç ÷ç ÷ + 2ç ÷ç ÷
è 6 øè 6 ø è 6 øè 6 ø
P ( B Ç A ) = Probability of both P1 and P2 winning in first
1
= [ 2 - k - 3k 2 ] round ´ Probability of P1 winning and P2 loosing in second
18 round ´ Probability of P1 winning in third round
1 2 8-2 4-2 2 -1
Since, £ P (E ) £ C4 - 2 C2 - 1 C1 - 1
9 9 = 8
´ 4
´ 2
C4 C2 C1
1 1 2
Þ £ [ 2 - k - 3k 2 ] £ 6
C 2
C 1
C 1
9 18 9 = 8 2 ´ 4 1 ´ 2 0 =
Þ 2 £ 2 - k - 3k 2 £ 4 C4 C2 C1 28
 Chap 09 Probability 749

1 (B)Q P ( A È B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )
æ B ö P ( B Ç A ) 28 2
Hence, P ç ÷ = = = =p [given] 3 2 19
èAø P (A ) 1 7 = + - P (A Ç B ) = - P (A Ç B )
5 3 15
8
2 é é 4 3ù ù
\ 7p = 2 Þ £ P (A È B ) £ 1 êQ P ( A Ç B ) Î ê 15 , 5 ú ú
83. (A) ®(q,r); (B) ® (p,r); (C) ® (p,r); (D) ® (q,r,s)
3 ë ë ûû

(A) P ( A ) = 0. 3 Þ P ( A ) = 1 - P ( A ) = 0.7, P ( B ) = 0. 4, é2 ù
\ P (A È B ) Î ê , 1ú
Þ 0. 5 = 0.7 - P ( AB ) ë3 û
\ P ( AB ) = 0. 2 æ A ö P (A Ç B ) 3
(C) Pç ÷ = = P (A Ç B )
é B ù P [ B Ç ( A È B )] P (A Ç B ) èBø P (B ) 2
ÞP ê ú= =
ë (A È B ) û P (A È B ) P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P ( AB ) 2 æAö 9 é é 4 3ù ù
Þ £ P ç ÷ £ êQ P ( A Ç B ) Î ê , ú ú
0.2 1 5 è B ø 10 ë ë 15 5 û û
= = = l1 [given]
0.7 + 0.6 - 0.5 4 æ A ö é2 9 ù
\ P ç ÷ Îê , ú
\
1
= 4 [composite number and natural number] è B ø ë 5 10 û
l1
æ B ö P (B Ç A ) 5
(B) First three prime numbers are 2, 3 and 5. (D) P ç ÷ = = P (A Ç B )
èAø P (A ) 3
For roots to be real D ³ 0
4 æBö é é 4 3ùù
Thus, real roots are obtained by b = 5, a = 2, c = 3 Þ £ Pç ÷ £1 êQ P ( A Ç B ) Î ê 15 , 5 ú ú
9 èAø ë ë ûû
and b = 5, a = 3, c = 2
i.e., two ways. æBö é4 ù
\ P ç ÷ Î ê , 1ú
Total ways of choosing a, b, c = 3 ´ 2 ´ 1 = 6 èAø ë9 û
2 1 85. (A) ® (p,r,s) ; (B) ® (p,r,s); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (q,r)
\ Required probability = = = l 2 [given]
6 3
Let q1 = 1 - p1 and q 2 = 1 - p 2
1
\ =3 (A)Q A can win the game at the 1st, 4th, 7th,... trials.
l2
2
[ prime number and natural number] 1 5 æ1ö æ5ö
\ P ( A wins) = + (q1 )(q 2 ) ç ÷ + ç ÷
(C) Here, tossing of the coin is an independent event. Thus, the 6 6 è6ø è6ø
result of 5th trial is independent of outcome of previous æ1ö
trials. (q1 ) 2(q 2 ) 2 ç ÷ + K
è6ø
1 1
\ l3 = Þ =2 1
2 l3 1 1 1
= 6 = = = [given]
[ prime number and natural number] 5 6 - 5 q q æ 4 ö æ 3 ö l
1 - q1q 2 1 2
6 - 5ç ÷ ç ÷ 1
(D) Clearly, n(S ) = 9P9 = 9 ! 6 è 5 øè 4ø
Now, 3 positions out of 9 positions can be chosen in 9C 3 \ l1 = 3
ways and at these positions A, B and C can speak in 2
5 æ5ö 2
required order, further remaining 6 persons can speak in 6! (B) P(C wins) = . q1. p 2 + ç ÷ . q 1. q 2 p 2 + K
6 è6ø
ways.
5 4 1
9
C ´ 6! q1. p 2 5´ ´
\ Required probability = 3 5 q1p 2 4 =1
9! = 6 = = 5
5
1 - q1q 2 6 - 5 q1q 2 6 - 5 ´ 4 ´ 3 3
9! ´ 6! 1 6 5 4
= = = l4 [given]
3! ´ 6! ´ 9! 6 1
= [given]
1 l2
\ =6
l4 \ l2 = 3
[a composite number, a natural number and a perfect number]
84. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (q) (C)Q P (A wins) = P (B wins)
3 3 2 4 1 5 p1
(A) ³ P ( A Ç B ) ³ P ( A ) + P ( B ) - 1 = + - 1 = Þ =
5 5 3 15 6 - 5 q1 q 2 6 - 5 q1q 2
3 4 1 1
\ ³ P (A Ç B ) ³ \ p1 = = [given]
5 15 5 l3
é 4 3ù
Þ P (A Ç B ) Î ê , ú \ l3 = 5
ë 15 5 û
750 Textbook of Algebra

(D) P (A wins) = P (B wins) = P (C wins) 87. (A) ® (r); B ® (s); (C) ® (p); D ® (q)
1 5 p1 5 q1p 2 (A) n(S ) = 10C 3 = 120 and n( E ) = 3C1 = 3, because on selection
Þ = =
6 - 5 q1q 2 6 - 5 q1q 2 6 - 5 q1q 2 3 and 7, we have
Þ 1 = 5 p1 = 5q1p 2 to select one from 4, 5 and 6.
n( E ) 3 1
1 1 æ 1ö \ P (E ) = = = = p1 [given]
Þ p1 = , = 5 q1 = 5 ç1 - ÷ = 4 = l 4 n(S ) 120 40
5 p2 è 5ø
[given] 2
Þ = 16
\ l4 = 4 5 p1
86. (A) ® (q); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (s) (B) The probability of 4 being the minimum number
6
(A)Qa, b Î {1, 2, 3, ..., 9 } C2 1
= 10
= [because after selecting 4 any two can
For real and distinct roots D > 0 C3 8
be selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
i.e., 2(a - b ) 2 > 4b Þ(a - b ) 2 > 2b
and the probability of being the maximum number
The possible pairs are 7
C 7
= 10 2 = [because after selecting 8 any two can
b a Total pairs of C 3 40
a and b be selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
and the probability of 4 being the minimum number and 8
1 3, 4, 5, ..., 9 7
being the maximum number
2 5, 6, ..., 9 5 3
C 1
= 10 1 = [because on selecting 4, 8 and we have to
3 6, 7, 8, 9 4 C 3 40
4 1, 7, 8, 9 4 select one from 5, 6, 7]
\ Required probability
5 1, 9 2
= P (A È B ) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B )
6 1, 2 2 1 7 1 11
= + - = = p2 [given]
7 1, 2, 3 3 8 40 40 40
\ 80 p 2 = 22
8 1, 2, 3 3
(C) Let A = {maximum of three numbers is 7}
9 1, 2, 3, 4 4 \ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
34 and B = {minimum of three numbers is 3}
\ B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
n(S ) = 9 ´ 9 = 81 and n( E ) = 34
and A Ç B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
34 34
\ p1 = Þ9 p1 = æ B ö P (B Ç A )
3
C 1
81 9 \ Pç ÷ = = 6 1 = = p3 [given]
èAø P (A ) C2 5
é 34 ù
\ [ 9 p1 ] = ê ú = 3 2
ë9û \ = 10
p3
(B) For imaginary roots,
5 4 (D) Let A = { maximum of three numbers is 8 }
p2 = 1 - p4 = 1 - = \ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
9 9
\ [ 9p2 ] = 4 and B = { minimum of three numbers is 4 }
\ B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A Ç B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(C) For equal roots, there are only 2 possible pairs are 3
æ B ö P (B Ç A ) C 1
b = 2, a = 4 and b = 8, a = 4 \ Pç ÷ = = 7 1 = = p4 [given]
èAø P (A ) C2 7
\ n(S ) = 81, n( E ) = 2 2
2 \ = 14
\ p3 = p4
81
88. (A) ® (q); (B) ® (s); C ® (p); (D) ® (r)
Þ [81 p 3 ] = 2
(A) We know that 7 l , l Î N has 1, 3, 7, 9 at the unit’s place for
(D) For real roots,
æ 34 2ö l = 4k, 4k - 1, 4k - 2, 4k - 3 respectively,
p 4 = 1 - ( p1 + p 3 ) = 1 - ç + ÷
è 81 81 ø when k = 1, 2, 3, K
36 4 5 Clearly, 7m + 7n will be divisible by 5, if 7m has 3 or 7 in the
=1 - =1 - =
81 9 9 unit’s place and 7n has 7 or 3 in the unit’s place or 7m has 1
\ [9 p 4 ] = 5 or 9 in the unit’s place and 7n has 9 or 1 in the unit’s place.
 Chap 09 Probability 751

\ For any choice of m, n the digit in the unit’s place of 90. If A and B are independent, then
7m + 7n is 2, 4, 6, 8, 0 P (A Ç B ) = P (A ) × P (B ) = P (A ) [Q P ( B ) = 1] ...(i)
It is divisible by 5 only when this digit is 0. and P (A È B ) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B )
1 = P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A ) [from Eq. (i)]
\ Required probability =
5 = P ( B ) = 1 which is true.
(B) n(S ) = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 16 Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
[because each of the four places in determinant explanation for Statement-1.
can be filled in 2 ways] 91. Q P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) - P ( A Ç B )
The zero determinants are Þ P ( A Ç B ) = 0.3 - P ( A Ç B )
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 \P ( A Ç B ) cannot be found. Hence, both statements are true
, , , , , and Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
92. Q P ( A È B ) = P ( A Ç B )
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
, , Þ P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A Ç B ) = P (A Ç B )
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
Þ( P ( A ) - P ( A Ç B )) + ( P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )) = 0
Number of zero determinants = 8, number of non-zero
Þ P (A Ç B ¢ ) + P (A ¢ Ç B ) = 0 ...(i)
determinants
Q A Ç B Í A and A Ç B Í B
Þ P ( A Ç B ) £ P ( A ) and P ( A Ç B ) £ P ( B )
= 16 - 8 = 8 = n( E ) [say]
Þ P ( A ) - P ( A Ç B ) ³ 0 and P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B ) ³ 0
n( E ) 8 1
\ Required probability = = = Þ P (A Ç B ¢ ) ³ 0 ...(ii)
n(S ) 16 2
and P (A ¢ Ç B ) ³ 0 ...(iii)
(C)Q P ( En ) µ n
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
Þ P ( En ) = kn, where k is proportionality constant.
P ( A Ç B ¢ ) = 0 and P ( A ¢ Ç B ) = 0
Clearly,
or P (A Ç B ¢ ) = P (A ¢ Ç B ) = 0
P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 3 ) + P ( E 4 ) + P ( E 5 ) + P ( E 6 ) = 1
Þ Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.
1
Þ k(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 ) = 1 Þ k = 93. Statement-1 There are six equally likely possibilities of which
21 only 2 are favourable (4 and 6)
1 1 2 1
\ Required probability = P ( E 3 ) = 3k = 3 ´ = \ Probability that the obtained number is composite = =
21 7 6 3
(D) 5 can be thrown in 4 ways and 7 can be thrown in 6 ways in \ Statement-1 is true.
a single throw of two dice.
Statement-2 As the given 3 possibilities are not equally likely.
Number of ways of throwing neither 5 nor 7 \ Statement-2 is false.
= 36 - ( 4 + 6 ) = 26
94. Total cards = 52 = 26 Red + 26 Black
4 1
Probability of throwing a sum of 5 in a throw = =
36 9
26 13 13 Diamond 13 Heart
and probability of throwing neither 5 nor 7 = = Given A : Red card is drawn
36 18
\ Required probability B : Card drawn is either a diamond or heart
1 It is clear that A Í B and B Í A
2
1 13 æ 1 ö æ 13 ö æ 1 ö 2 \ Statement-2 is true.
= + ç ÷+ç ÷ ç ÷+K = 9 =
9 18 è 9 ø è 18 ø è 9 ø 13 5 and P ( A + B ) = P ( A È B ) = P ( A È A ) = P ( A )
1-
18 [Q A Í B and B Í A ]
10 and P ( AB ) = P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A Ç A ) = P ( A )
æ1 1ö
89. In ç + ÷ [Q A Í B and B Í A]
è2 2ø
\ P ( A + B ) = P ( AB )
Probability of appearing exactly four heads Statement-1 is true.
4 6 6 4
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
= 10C 4 ç ÷ ç ÷ = 10C10 - 4 ç ÷ ç ÷
è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø explanation for Statement-1.
6 4 95. Required probability = 1 - Problem will not be solved
æ1ö æ1ö
= 10C 6 ç ÷ ç ÷
è2ø è2ø = 1 - P ( A Ç B ) = 1 - P ( A ) P ( B ) = 1 - (1 - P ( A ))(1 - P ( B ))
æ 1öæ 1ö 1 2 1 2
= Probability of appearing exactly six heads. Both = 1 - ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ = 1 - ´ = 1 - =
è 2øè 3ø 2 3 3 3
statements are true,
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1. \ Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
752 Textbook of Algebra

2n + 1 (2n + 1 ). 2n.(2n - 1 ) n( 4n 2 - 1 ) So, E = [2, 5 ]

96. Total ways = C3 = =
1 ×2 ×3 3 n( E ) = length of the interval [2, 5] = 3
Let the three numbers a, b, c are drawn, where a < b < c and and n(S ) = length of the interval [0, 5] = 5
given a, b and c are in AP. n( E ) 3
\ Required probability = =
\ 2b = a + c ...(i) n(S ) 5
It is clear from Eq. (i) that a and c both are odd or both are Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
even. explanation for Statement-1
\ Favourable ways = n + 1C 2 + nC 2 n( A Ç B )
(n + 1 )n n(n - 1 ) æ A ö P (A Ç B ) n(S ) n( A Ç B ) n( AB )
= + = n2 100. P ç ÷ = = = =
èBø P (B ) n( B ) n( B ) n( B )
1 ×2 1 ×2
n(S )
n2 3n
\ Required probability = = Hence, both statements are true and Statement-2 is a correct
n( 4n 2 - 1 ) ( 4n 2 - 1 ) explanation for Statement-1.
3 101. Let S be the sample space, then
Þ Statement-2 is false. n(S ) = Total number of numbers of five digits formed with the
In Statement-1, 2n + 1 = 21 digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 without repetition = 5P5 = 5! = 120
Þ n = 10 We know that, a number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits
3 ´ 10 30 10 of the number is divisible by 4.
Q Required probability = 2
= = Then, for divisible by 4, last two digits 12 or 24 or 32 or 52.
4(10 ) - 1 399 133
Let E be the event that the number formed is divisible by 4.
\ Statement-1 is true. \ n( E ) = 3 ! ´ 4 = 24
æ A ö P (A Ç B ) n( E ) 24 1
97. In Statement-2 P ç ÷ = [by definition] \ Required probability, P ( E ) = = =
èBø P (B ) n(S ) 120 5
P ( B ) = P (( A È A ) Ç B ) = P (( A Ç B ) È ( A Ç B )) 102. Let S be the sample space and E be the event of getting a large
= P (A Ç B ) + P (A Ç B ) ...(i) number than the previous number.
\ Statement-2 is true. \ n(S ) = 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 216
In Statement-1 Now, we count the number of favourable ways. Obviously, the
æAö æ A ö P (A Ç B ) P (A Ç B ) second number has to be greater than 1. If the second number
Pç ÷ + Pç ÷ = + is i (i > 1 ), then the number of favourable ways = (i - 1 ) ´ (6 - i )
èB ø èBø P (B ) P (B )
\ n( E ) = Total number of favourable ways
P (A Ç B ) + P (A Ç B ) P (B ) 6
= = =1 [From Eq. (i)]
P (B ) P (B ) = å(i - 1 ) ´ (6 - i )
i =1
\ Statement-1 is false.
= 0 + 1 ´ 4 + 2 ´3 + 3 ´2 + 4 ´1 + 5 ´ 0
98. The total number of matches played in the tournament
= 4 + 6 + 6 + 4 = 20
= 5C 2 = 10
Therefore, the required probability,
The probability that a particular team (say A) wins all its 4 n( E ) 20 5
4 P (E ) = = =
æ1ö 1 n(S ) 216 54
matches = ç ÷ =
è2ø 16 103. Finding r cars in N places, there are (r - 1) cars other than his
\ Probability that team is undefeated in the tournament own in ( N - 1 ) places.
4
æ1ö 5 N -1 (n - 1 )!
= 5C1 ç ÷ = \ Total number of ways = Cr - 1 =
è2ø 16 (r - 1 )! ( N - r )!
Þ Statement-1 is true. Now, the (r - 1 ) cars must be parked in N - 3 places (because
5 neighbouring slots are empty).
Similarly, the probability that there is an winless team =
16 \ Number of favourable ways = N - 3Cr - 1
Þ Statement-2 is false. ( N - 3 )!
99. For real roots, D ³ 0 =
(r - 1 )! ( N - r - 2 )!
1
Þ p 2 - 4× 1 × (p + 2) ³ 0 \ Required probability =
Favourable ways
4 Total ways
Þ p2 - p - 2 ³ 0 ( N - 3 )! (r - 1 )! ( N - r )!
= ´
Þ ( p - 2 )( p + 1 ) ³ 0 (r - 1 )! ( N - r - 2 )! ( N - 1 )!
Þ p £ - 1 or p ³ 2 (N - r ) (N - r - 1)
But p Î[ 0, 5 ]. =
(N - 1) (N - 2)
 Chap 09 Probability 753

104. A wins the series in (n + r + 1) games (say). He wins the 107. Let Ei denote the event that out of the first k balls drawn, i
(n + r + 1 ) th game and balls are green. Let A denote the event that (k + 1 )th ball drawn
a
n out of the first (n + r ) games. C1 ´ bCk - i
is also green. We have, now P ( Ei ) = a + b
n Ck
\ P (A ) = å(n + r Cn ) qr pn + 1 [where p + q = 1] æAö
Here, 0 £ i £ k and P ç ÷ =
a -i
r=0 è Ei ø a + b -k
n
k aC b
j ´ Ck - j a-j
Similarly, P (B ) = å(n + r Cn ) qn + 1pr Now, P (A ) = å a+b
´
r=0
j =0 Ck a + b -k
Now, P ( A ) + P ( B ) = 1 Also, (1 + x )a - 1 (1 + x )b
n
= [a - 1C 0 + a -1
C1x + K + a -1
Ca - 1x a - 1]
\ å[qr pn + 1 + qn + 1pr ] n + rCn = 1 ´ [ bC 0 + bC1x + K + bCb xb ]
r =0
n

Now, put p = q =
1 ⇒ å(a - 1C j ) ( b Ck - j ) = coefficient of xk
2 j =0
a
n
é 1 1 ù Hence, P (A ) =
\ å n+r
Cn ê n + r + 1 + n + r + 1 ú = 1
ë2 2 û
a+b
r =0
108. Total number of outcomes = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 K 12 times = 4096
n
1
⇒ å( n+r
Cn )
2n + r
=1 Letan denote the number of outcomes in which two consecutive
r =0 heads do not occur when the fair coin is tossed n times.
105. Let A denotes the event that the target is hit when x shells are ⇒ a1 = 2, a 2 = 3
fired at point I. For n ³ 3, if the last outcome is T, then we cannot have two
Let E1( E 2 ) denote the event. consecutive heads in the first (n - 1 ) tosses. This can happen in
8 1 an - 1 ways. If the last outcome is H, we must have T the
We have, P ( E1 ) = , P ( E 2 ) =
9 9 (n - 1 )th toss and we cannot have two consecutive heads in the
x 21 - x first (n - 2 ) tosses. This can happen in an - 2 ways.
æAö æ1ö æAö æ1ö
⇒ P ç ÷ = 1 - ç ÷ and P ç ÷ = 1 - ç ÷ ⇒ an = an - 1 + an - 2 for n ³ 3
è E1 ø è 2 ø è E2 ø è2ø
21 - x ù
⇒ a10 = 144, a11 = 233
8é æ1ö ù 1 é
x
æ1ö
Now, P ( A ) = ê1 - ç ÷ ú + ê1 - ç ÷ ú ⇒ a12 = 377
9 êë è2ø ú 9 ê è2ø
û ë ûú 377
Hence, the required probability is .
-
dP ( A ) 8 é æ 1 ö ù 1 é æ1ö ù
x 21 x 4096
⇒ = ê ç ÷ log 2 ú + ê - ç ÷ log 2 ú
dx 9 êë è 2 ø úû 9 êë è 2 ø úû 109. Let PQ be a diameter of a circle with centre O and radius a.
Take a point A at random in PQ.
dP ( A ) d 2P ( A ) Let, AP = x, AQ = y , then x + y = 2a and all values of x
Now, we must have =0 ⇒ x = 12, also <0
dx dx 2 between 0 and 2a are equally likely.
Hence, P ( A ) is maximum where x = 12. Draw the ordinate AB, then AB 2 = AP , AQ = xy
106. The composition of the balls in the red box and in the green If P ¢, Q ¢ are the mid-points of OP, OQ, the ordinates at these
box; and the sum suggested in the problem may be one of the 3
following: points are equal to a .
4
Red box Green box Sum of Green in Red 3
Hence, AB > a if and only if, A lies in P ¢Q ¢.
and Red in Green 4
3 A¢B ¢ 1
Red Green Green Red Hence, the chance that xy > a 2 is i.e., .
4 AB 2
0 5 3 6 11 110. (i) Kamsky wins one of the first n games and draws the
1 4 4 5 9 remaining [(n - 1 ) or
(ii) Kamsky wins exactly one of the first n games and draws
2 3 5 4 7 the remaining] n - 2. We have,
3 2 6 3 5 P (i ) = n P1pqn - 1
4 1 7 2 3 and P (ii ) = n P2 pqn - 2 r
5 0 8 1 1 Þ The probability that Kamsky wins this match is
¥
Of these the 2nd and the last correspond to the sum being NOT å p 2[nqn - 1 + n(n - 1) rqn - 2 ]
a prime number. Hence, the required probability n =1 ¥ ¥
6
= 1
C ´ 8C 4 ´ 6C 5 ´ 8C 0 420 + 6 213
= =
= p2 ånqn - 1 + p 2r ån(n - 1) qn - 2
14 n =1 n =1
C5 2002 1001
754 Textbook of Algebra

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. q, we get and number of cases in which ai Î P È Q is 3, since case
¥ ¥
1 2 4 Ï P È Q and let E be the event of favourable cases, then
å nqn - 1 = (1 - q )2 and ån(n - 1) qn - 2 = (1 - q )3 n( E ) = number of ways in which exactly r elements of A will
n =1 n =1
belong to P È Q
Thus, the probability that Kamsky wins the match is
p2 2 p 2r p 2( p + 3r ) = nCr (3 )r 1n - r = nCr 3r
+ = n( E ) n Cr 3r
(1 - q ) 2 (1 - q ) 3 (p + r )3 \ Required probability, P ( E ) = = n
n(S ) 4
because p + q + r = 1.
113. Given that P ( A ) = a, P ( B / A ) = P ( B ¢/ A ¢ ) = 1 - a
111. Let A, B and C be three independent events having
probabilities p, q and r, respectively. Thus, P (A ¢ ) = 1 - P (A ) = 1 - a
Then, according to the question, we have and P ( B / A ¢ ) = 1 - P ( B ¢/ A ¢ ) = 1 - (1 - a ) = a ...(i)
P (only the first occurs) = P ( A Ç B Ç C ) P (A ¢ Ç B )
\ P ( A ¢/ B ) =
[Q A, B, C are independent] P (B )
= P ( A ) × P ( B ) × P (C ) P (B ) - P (A Ç B ) P (B ) - P (A ) × P (B / A )
= =
= p(1 - q ) (1 - r ) = a ...(i) P (B ) P (B )
P (only the second occurs) = P ( A Ç B Ç C ) é æ B ö P (A Ç B ) ù
êQ P çè A ÷ø = P ( A ) ú
= P ( A ) × P ( B ) × P (C ) ë û
P ( B ) - a (1 - a )
= (1 - p ) q(1 - r ) = b ...(ii) = ...(ii)
P (B )
and P (only the third occurs) = P ( A Ç B Ç C )
But P (B ) = P (A ) × P (B / A ) + P (A ¢ ) × P (B / A ¢ )
= P ( A ) × P ( B ) × P (C )
= a (1 - a ) + (1 - a ) × a [from Eq. (i)]
= (1 - p ) (1 - q ) r = c ...(iii)
Multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), then = 2 a (1 - a ) ...(3)
pqr {(1 - p ) (1 - q ) (1 - r )} 2 = abc Putting the value of P ( B ) from Eq. (iii) in Eq. (ii), then
æ A¢ ö 2 a (1 - a ) - a (1 - a ) a (1 - a ) 1
or
abc
= [(1 - p ) (1 - q ) (1 - r )]2 = x 2 [say] ...(iv) Pç ÷ = = =
èBø 2 a (1 - a ) 2 a (1 - a ) 2
pqr
(1 - p ) (1 - q ) (1 - r ) = x ...(v) which is independent of a.
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (v), then 114. Let S be the sample space and E be the event that each of the n
pairs of balls drawn consists of one white and one red ball.
p a
= or px = a - ap
1-p x \ n(S ) = ( 2n C 2 ) ( 2n - 2C 2 ) ( 2n - 4 C 2 ) K ( 4 C 2 ) ( 2C 2 )
a ì (2n ) (2n - 1 )ü ì (2n - 2 ) (2n - 3 )ü ì (2n - 4 ) (2n - 5 )ü
\ p= =í ýí ýí ý
(a + x ) î 1 ×2 þî 1 ×2 þî 1 ×2 þ
b c
Similarly, q = and r = ì 4 × 3ü ì 2 × 1ü
b+x c+x Kí ýí ý
î 1 × 2 þ î 1 × 2þ
Replacing the values of p, q and r in Eq. (iv), then
1 × 2 × 3 × 4 K (2n - 1 ) 2n 2n !
ìæ a ö æ b ö æ c öü
2 = = n
í ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ý = x
2 2n 2
î è a + xø è b + xø è c + x øþ
and n( E ) = (n C1 ×n C1 ) (n - 1C1 ×n - 1 C1 ) (n - 2C1 ×n - 2 C1 )
(x 3 )2
⇒ = x2 K ( 2C1 ×2 C1 ) (1C1 ×1 C1 )
(a + x ) (b + x ) 2 (c + x ) 2
2

x3 = n 2 × (n - 1 ) 2 × (n - 2 ) 2 K 2 2 × 1 2 = [1 × 2 × 3 K (n - 1 ) n ]2 = (n !) 2
⇒ =x
(a + x ) (b + x ) (c + x ) \ Required probability,
or (a + x ) (b + x ) (c + x ) = x 2
n( E ) (n !) 2 2n 2n
Hence, x is a root of the equation (a + x ) (b + x ) (c + x ) = x 2 P (E ) = = = = 2n
n(S ) (2n )!/ 2 n 2n ! Cn
112. Let A = {a1, a 2, K, an } (n !) 2
For each ai Î A (1 £ i £ n ), we have the following choices. 115. Let p be the probability that any one thing is received by a
(i) ai Î P and ai Î Q (ii) ai Î P and ai Ï Q men and q be the probability that any one thing is received by
a women.
(iii) ai Ï P and ai Î Q (iv) ai Ï P and ai Ï Q
a b
Therefore, for one element ai of A, total number of cases is 4. \ p= and q =
a+b a+b
Let S be the sample space
\ n(S ) = 4n Clearly, p + q = 1 i.e., q = 1 - p
 Chap 09 Probability 755

Out of m things, if r are received by a men, then the rest 1 1

118. P ( A È B ) = ; P ( A Ç B ) = ,
(m - r ) will be received by women. 6 4
The probability for this to happen is given by 1 3
P (A ) = Þ P (A ) = ,
P (r ) = mCr prqm - r [r = 0, 1, ..., m ] 4 4
The probability P that odd number of things are received by P (A È B ) = 1 - P (A È B )
men is given by
= 1 - P (A ) - P (B ) + P (A Ç B )
P = P (1 ) + P (3 ) + P (5 ) + K
1 1 1
= mC1pqm - 1 + mC 3p 3qm - 3 + mC 5p 5qm - 5 + K ...(i) Þ = - P (B ) +
6 4 4
We know that,
1
(q + p )m = qm + mC1qm - 1p + mC 2 qm - 2p 2 + K + pm ...(ii) Þ P (B ) =
3
m m m m -1 m m-2 2
and (q - p ) = q - C1q p + C2 q p - K + ( -1 ) pm
m
Since, P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A ) × P ( B ) and P ( A ) ¹ P ( B )
...(iii) \ A and B are independent but not equally likely.
Subtracting Eq.(iii) from Eq. (ii), then 1
119. For a particular house being selected, probability =
(q + p )m - (q - p )m = 2 {m C1qm - 1p + mC 3qm - 3p 3 + K } 3
Probability (all the persons apply for the same house)
= 2P [from Eq. (i)] æ1 1 1ö 1
1 = ç ´ ´ ÷3 =
m
\ P = {(q + p ) - (q - p ) } m è3 3 3ø 9
2
120. P ( X > 1.5) = 1 - P ( X = 0) - P ( X = 1)
1 ìï æ b - a ö üï 1 ì (b + a )m - (b - a )m ü
m
= í1 - ç ÷ ý= í ý lk
2ï èb + a ø ï 2 î (b + a )m þ P (X = k ) = e - l
î þ k!
1 2 3
1 3 2 1 \ P ( x > 1.5 ) = 1 - 2 - 2 = 1 - 2 [Q l = np = 2]
116. Q P (C ) = , P (S ) = , P ( B ) = , P (T ) = e e e
7 7 7 7
2
Let E be the event that person reaches late 121. (i) P (ui ) = ki , SP (ui ) = 1 Þk =
n(n + 1 )
æEö 2 æEö 1 æEö 4 æEö 1 ¥
2i 2
\ Pç ÷ = , Pç ÷ = , Pç ÷ = , Pç ÷ = lim P (w ) = lim S
èC ø 9 è S ø 9 è B ø 9 èT ø 9
n®¥ n ® ¥i = 1 n(n + 1 ) 2

æC ö 2n(n + 1 )(2n + 1 ) 2
To find P ç ÷ [Q reaches in time = not late] = lim =
èEø n®¥ n(n + 1 ) 2 6 3
Using Baye’s Theorem æw ö
æE ö P (un ) × P ç ÷
P (C ). P ç ÷ æ u ö P (un Ç w ) è un ø
èC ø (ii) P ç n ÷ = =
æC ö èw ø
S P (un ) × P æç w ö÷
n
Pç ÷ = P (w )
èEø æE ö æE ö æE ö æE ö i =1 è ui ø
P (C ). P ç ÷ + P (S ). P ç ÷ + P ( B ). P ç ÷ + P (T ). P ç ÷
èC ø èS ø èBø èT ø n
c
n+1 n.2 2
1 æ 2ö = =
´ ç1 - ÷
n
i n(n + 1 ) n + 1
7 è 9ø cS
= i = 1 (n + 1 )
1 æ 2ö 3 æ 1ö 2 æ 4ö 1 æ 1ö
´ ç1 - ÷ + ´ ç1 - ÷ + ´ ç1 - ÷ + ´ ç1 - ÷ (iii) E = u2 È u4 È u6 È K È un
7 è 9ø 7 è 9ø 7 è 9ø 7 è 9ø
7 7 1 P ( E ) = P (u2 ) + P (u4 ) + K + P (un )
= = = 1 1 1 1n 1
7 + 3 ´ 8 + 2 ´ 5 + 8 49 7 = + +K+ = =
n n n n2 2
1 5
117. Probability of getting 1 is and probability of not getting 1 is . æ w ö P (w Ç E )
6 6 Pç ÷ =
èEø P (E )
Then, getting 1 in even number of chances = getting 1 in 2nd
P (w Ç u2 ) + P (w Ç u4 ) + K + P (w Ç un )
chance or in 4th chance or in 6th chance and so on. =
1
\ Required probability
3 6 2
5 1 æ5ö 1 æ5ö 1
= ´ + ç ÷ ´ + ç ÷ ´ + K¥ é1 2 1 4 1 n ù
6 6 è6ø 6 è6ø = 2ê . + × +K+ .
n n + 1 úû
6
5 ën n + 1 n n + 1
5 n
= 36 = (2 + n )
2 4 n+2
1-
25 11 = . =
36 n n+1 2(n + 1 )
756 Textbook of Algebra

e -mmr 2 2 2
122. P (X = r ) = (ii) Now, P ( A Ç B ) = Þ ´ P (B ) =
r! 10 5 10
= P (X £ 1) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) Þ
5
P ( B ) = , outcomes of B = 5
6 10
= e -5 + 5 ´ e -5 = 5 [Qm = mean = 5]
e 3
(iii) Now, P ( A Ç B ) =
123. Let E be the event when each American man is seated adjacent 10
to his wife and A be the event when Indian man is seated 3 2 3
adjacent to his wife. Þ P (A )P (B ) = Þ ´ P (B ) =
10 5 10
Now, n( A Ç E ) = ( 4 !) ´ (2 !) 5 and n( E ) = (5 !) ´ (2 !) 4
3
æ A ö P ( A Ç E ) n( A Ç E ) ( 4 !) ´ (2 !)
5
2 P ( B ) = , not possible
Þ Pç ÷ = = = = 4
èEø P (E ) n( E ) (5 !) ´ (2 !) 4
5 4 4
(iv) Now, P ( A Ç B ) = Þ P (A ) × P (B ) =
124. Statement-1 If P ( Hi Ç E ) = 0 for some i, then 10 10
æH ö æEö Þ P ( B ) = 1, outcomes of B = 10.
Pç i ÷ = Pç ÷ = 0
èEø è Hi ø a b
129. For unique solution ¹ 0,
If P ( Hi Ç E ) ¹ 0, " i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n, then c d
æ H ö P ( Hi Ç E ) P ( Hi Ç E ) P ( Hi ) where a, b, c, d Î { 0, 1 }. Total cases = 16
Pç i÷ = = ´
èEø P (E ) P ( Hi ) P (E ) Favourable cases = 6 (Either ad = 1, bc = 0 or ad = 0, bc = 1)
æ E ö P ( Hi ) æEö Probability that system of equations has unique solution is
= Pç ÷ ´ > P ç ÷. P ( Hi ) [as 0 < P ( E ) < 1] 6 3
è Hi ø P ( E ) è Hi ø = and system of equations has either unique solution or
16 8
Hence, Statement-1 may not always be true.
infinite solutions, so that probability for system to have a
Statement -2 Clearly, H1 È H 2 È K È Hn = S (Sample space) solution is 1.
Þ P ( H1 ) + P ( H 2 ) + K + P ( Hn ) = 1 130. A = {4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
æ E c Ç F c ö P (E c Ç F c Ç G )
125. P ç ÷= \ A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
è G ø P (G )
Þ n( A È B ) = 6 and total ways = 6
P (G ) - P ( E Ç G ) - P ( F Ç G )
= 6
P (G ) \ P (A È B ) = = 1
6
P (G ) - P ( E ) × P (G ) - P ( F ) × P (G )
= æAö 1 P (A Ç B ) 1
P (G ) 131. Q Pç ÷ = Þ = ...(i)
èBø 2 P (B ) 2
= 1 - P (E ) - P (F ) = P (E c ) - P (F )
æBö 2 P (A Ç B ) 2
1 and Pç ÷ = Þ = ...(ii)
126. Probability of getting sum of nine in a single thrown = èAø 3 P (A ) 3
9
\ Probability of getting sum nine exactly two times out of On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
2 P (A ) 3 4
æ1ö æ8ö 8 = Þ P (B ) = P (A )
three draws = 3C 2 ç ÷ ç ÷ = P (B ) 4 3
è 9 ø è 9 ø 243
4 1 1 é 1ù
127. P ( I ) = 0.3, P ( II ) = 0.2 = ´ = Q P (A ) = ú
3 4 3 êë 4û
\ Required probability
= P ( I ) P ( II ) = (1 - P ( I )) P ( II ) = (1 - 0.3 ) ´ 0. 2 = 0.7 ´ 0. 2 = 0. 14 æ5öæ5ö 1 25
132. P ( X = 3) = ç ÷ ç ÷ =
2 è6øè6ø 6 216
128. Since, P ( A ) =
5 ì 1 5 1ü 11 25
133. P ( X ³ 3) = 1 - P ( X £ 2) = 1 - í +´ ý =1 - =
For independent events, î 6 6 6þ 36 36
2 55
P (A Ç B ) = P (A )P (B ) Þ P (A Ç B ) £ 55 56
5
6 æ5ö
5 134. P ( X ³ 6) = 6 + 7 + K ¥ = 6 = ç ÷
1 2 3 4 6 6 5 è6ø
Þ P (A Ç B ) = , , , 1-
10 10 10 10 6 53
3 4 5 3
[maximum 4 outcomes may be in A Ç B] 5 5 5 4 æ5ö
and P ( X > 3 ) = 4 + 5 + 6 + K ¥ = 6 = ç ÷
1 6 6 6 5 è6ø
(i) Now, P ( A Ç B ) = 1-
10 6
5
1 æ5ö
Þ P (A ) × P (B ) = ç ÷
10 è6ø 25
Hence, the conditional probability = 3
=
1 5 1 æ5ö 36
Þ P (B ) = ´ = , not possible ç ÷
10 2 4 è6ø
 Chap 09 Probability 757

n
9 1 æ3ö 1 141. H ® 1 ball from U 1 to U 2
135. 1 - qn ³ Þqn £ Þ ç ÷ £
10 10 è 4ø 10 T ® 2 balls from U 1 to U 2
1 E : 1 ball drawn from U 2
Þ n(log10 3 - log10 4 ) £ 0 - 1 Þ n ³
(log10 4 - log10 3 )
136. S = {00, 01, 02,..., 49} 1 æ3 ö 1 æ2 1ö
\ P (W from U 2 ) = ´ ç ´ 1 ÷ + ´ ç ´ ÷
Let A be the event that sum of the digits on the selected ticket 2 è5 ø 2 è5 2ø
is 8, thenA = {08, 17, 26, 26, 35, 44}
1 æ 3C 1 ö 1 æ 3C . 2 C 2 ö 23
and let B be the event that the product of the digits is zero, + ´ ç 5 2 ´ ÷ + ´ ç 51 1 ´ ÷ =
then 2 è C2 3 ø 2 è C2 3 ø 30
B = {00, 01, 02, ..., 09, 10, 20, 30, 40} æW ö 1 æ3 2 1ö
\ A Ç B = {08} P (H ) ´ P ç ÷ ç ´1 + ´ ÷
æHö èHø è
2 2 5 2ø
1 142. P ç ÷ = =
æ A ö P ( A Ç B ) 50 1 èW ø æ ö
W æ ö
W 23
\Required probability = P ç ÷ = = = P ( H ) ´ P ç ÷ + P (T ) ´ P ç ÷
èBø P (B ) 14 14 èHø èT ø 30
12
50 =
23
2 ´ 2 ´ 2 (3 !) 2
137. Required probability = = 143. Let P ( E ) = e and P ( F ) = f
63 9
11
138. Let E1 denote original signal is green, E 2 denote original signal Þ P (E È F ) - P (E Ç F ) =
is red and E denote signal received at station B is green. 25
11
æEö Þ P (E ) + P (F ) - 2P (E Ç F ) =
P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ 25
æ E1 ö è E1 ø
\ Pç ÷ = 11
èEø æEö æEö Þ e + f - 2ef = ...(i)
P ( E1 ) × P ç ÷ + P ( E 2 ) × P ç ÷ 25
è E1 ø è E2 ø
2 2 2
P ( E Ç F ) = Þ P ( E ). P ( F ) = Þ (1 - e ) (1 - f ) =
4 éæ 3 ö
2 2ù
æ1ö 25 25 25
êç ÷ + ç ÷ ú
5 êë è 4 ø è 4ø úû 40 20 Þ e + f - ef =
23
...(ii)
= = = 25
4 éæ 3 ö æ 1 ö ù 1 é 3 1 1 3 ù 46 23
2 2
êç ÷ + ç ÷ ú + ê ´ + ´ ú 12
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ef = and e + f =
7
5 êë è 4 ø è 4ø ú 5 ë 4 4 4 4û
û 25 5
20 . 19 . 18 . 17 4 3 3 4
139. Total ways = 20C 4 = = 4845 On solving, we get e = , f = or e = , f =
1.2.3. 4 5 5 5 5
Statement-1 31
144. Given probability of atleast one failure ³
32
Common difference (d) Number of cases 31
Þ 1 - P (X = 0) ³
32
1 17
31
2 14 Þ 1 - 5C 0. Q 0 × P 5 ³ [Q( P + Q ) 5 ]
32
3 11 1
Þ P5 £
4 8 32
5 5 1 é 1ù
\ P £ and P ³ 0 Þ P Î ê 0, ú
6 2 2 ë 2û
145. We have, C Ì D ÞC Ç D = C
\ Number of favourable cases = 17 + 14 + 11 + 8 + 5 + 2
æ C ö P (C Ç D ) P (C )
= 57 Þ Pç ÷ = = ³ P (C ) [Q 0 < P ( D ) £ 1 ]
èDø P (D ) P (D )
57 1
\ Required probability = = æ Ac Ç B c ö P ( Ac Ç B c Ç C )
4845 85 146. P ç ÷=
Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false. è C ø P (C )

9×8×7 P (C ) - P ( A Ç C ) - P ( B Ç C ) + P ( A Ç B Ç C )
140. Total ways, 9C 3 = = 84 =
1×2×3 P (C )
P (C ) - P ( A ) × P (C ) - P ( B ) × P (C ) + 0
Favourable ways = 3C1 ´ 4C1 ´ 2C1 = 24 =
P (C )
24 2
\Required probability = = [Q A, B, C are pairwise independent]
84 7
= 1 - P ( A ) - P ( B ) = P ( Ac ) - P ( B )
758 Textbook of Algebra

147. P ( X ) = P ( X 1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) + P ( X 1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) \ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
+ P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) + P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) and B : Maximum of three numbers is 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 \ B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } and A Ç B = {3, 4, 5, 6 }
= × × + × × + × × + × × =
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 n( A Ç B )
1 1 1 æ B ö P (A Ç B ) n(S ) n ( A Ç B ) 2C1 1
æ X1 ö 2 × 4 × 4 1 Þ Pç ÷ =
èAø P (A )
=
n( B )
=
n( B )
= 5 =
C2 5
(a) P ç ÷ = =
èX ø 1 8 n(S )
4 1 1 2
(b) P (exactly two engines of the ship are functioning / X ) 151. Here, p = and q = 1 - =
3 3 3 é æ2 ö ù
5
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 \ Required probability = P ( X = 4 ) + P ( X = 5 ) êQ ç + 1 ÷ ú
× × + × × + × ×
7 êë è 3 ø ú
û
=2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 =
1/4 8 æ 1 ö
4
æ 2 ö æ 1 ö
5
11
= 5C 4 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 5C 5 ç ÷ = 5
æX ö è3ø è3ø è3ø 3
(c) P ç ÷ = Probability that X occurs given that engine
è X2 ø
152. Probability of solving the problem correctly by atleast one of
P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) + P (X 1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) ææ 1ö æ 3ö æ 1ö æ 1 ö ö 235
E 2 has started them = 1 - ç ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ÷ =
P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) + P (X 1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) è è 2ø è 4ø è 4 ø è 8 ø ø 256
+ P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) 5 153. Let x, y and z be the probability of occurrence of E1, E 2 and E 3,
= respectively.
+ P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) + P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) 8
px
æX ö Then, a = x(1 - y )(1 - z ) = [Q p = (1 - x ) (1 - y ) (1 - z )]
(d) P ç ÷ = Probability that X occurs given that engine E1 has (1 - x )
è X1 ø
py pz
P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) Similarly, b = and g =
started (1 - y ) (1 - z )
P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) + P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 )
Now, (a - 2b) p = ab
+ P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) + P (X1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) 7
= p 2p
+ P ( X 1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) + P ( X 1 Ç X 2 Ç X 3 ) 16 Þ - =1
b a
148. Case I When D1, D2, D3 all show different number and one of (1 - y ) 2(1 - x )
6 Þ - =1
C ´ 3 ! 3 60 y x
the number is shown by D4 , P ( E1 ) = 3 ´ =
216 6 216
Þ x = 2y ...(i)
Case II When D1, D2, D3 all show same number and that
4 and (b - 3 g ) p = 2b
æ1ö 1
number is shown byD4 , P ( E 2 ) = 6 ´ ç ÷ = p 3p
è6ø 216 Þ - =2
g b
Case III When two numbers shown by D1, D2, D3 are same and (1 - z ) 3(1 - y )
one is different and one of the number is shown by D4 , Þ - =2
6
z y
C1 ´ 5C1 3 ! 2 30
P (E 3 ) = ´ ´ = Þ y = 3z ...(ii)
216 2 ! 6 216
91 x
\Required probability = P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 3 ) = From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x = 6z \ =6
216 z
æ X ö P (X Ç Y ) 1 1 154. Let E = Event that one ball is white and the other ball is red.
149. P ç ÷ = = Þ P (Y ) =
èY ø P (Y ) 2 3 2
C1 ´ 3C1
æ Y ö P (X Ç Y ) 1 1
æB ö 9
Pç ÷ = = Þ P (X ) = Then, P ç 2 ÷ = 1
C2
=
55
èX ø P (X ) 3 2 èEø 3 2 3 3 4
C1 ´ C1 C ´ C1 C ´ C1 181
2 6
+ 19 + 112
(a) P ( X È Y ) = P ( X ) + P (Y ) - P ( X Ç Y ) = C2 C2 C2
3
3 3 3
(b) Q P ( X Ç Y ) = P ( X ) × P (Y ), they are independent. Also, X c
155. Required probability = Õ P (Wi ) + Õ P (Ri ) + Õ P (Bi )
and Y will be independent i =1 i =1 i =1
1 1 1 1
Now, P ( X c Ç Y ) = ´ = ¹ . 1 2 3 3 3 4 2 4 5
2 3 6 3 = ´ ´ + ´ ´ + ´ ´
6 9 12 6 9 12 6 9 12
150. QS = {1, 2, 3, ...,8}
82
Let A : Maximum of three numbers is 6 =
648
 Chap 09 Probability 759

162.
1 5
156. Q P ( A È B ) = 1 - P ( A È B ) = 1 - = Red Red
6 6 n1 n3
1 3
P (A ) = 1 - P (A ) = 1 - =
4 4 n2 n4
Black Black
and P ( B ) = P ( A È B ) - P ( A ) + P ( A Ç B )
5 3 1 1 Box I Box II
= - + =
6 4 4 3
Let A = Drawing red ball
Þ A and B are not equally likely.
\ P ( A ) = P ( B1 ) × P ( A / B1 ) + P ( B2 ) × P ( A / B2 )
1 3 1
Also, P (A Ç B ) = = ´ = P (A ) . P (B ) 1 æ n1 ö 1 æ n3 ö
4 4 3 = ç ÷+ ç ÷
\ A and B are independent. 2 è n1 + n2 ø 2 è n3 + n4 ø
Hence, A and B are independent but not equally likely. 1 P (B2 ) × P (B2 Ç A ) 1
Given, P ( B2 / A ) = Þ =
157. n(S ) = 5 ! = 120 and possible favourable cases are 3 P (A ) 3
( B, G, G, B, B ), (G, G, B, B, B ), (G, B, G, B, B ), 1 æ n3 ö
(G, B, B, G, B ), ( B, G, B, G, B ) ç ÷
2 è n3 + n4 ø 1
\ Number of favourable cases = n ( E ) = 5 ´ 12 = 60 Þ =
1 æ n1 ö 1 æ n3 ö 3
\ Required probability, ç ÷+ ç ÷
2 è n1 + n2 ø 2 è n3 + n4 ø
n( E ) 60 1
P (E ) = = = n3(n1 + n2 ) 1
n(S ) 120 2 Þ =
n1(n3 + n4 ) + n3(n1 + n2 ) 3
158. n(S ) = 3 ´ 5 ´ 7 = 105; x1 + x 2 + x 3 = odd
Now, check options, then clearly options (a) and (b) satisfy.
Case I All three odd = 2 ´ 3 ´ 4 = 24
Case II Two even and one odd 163.
1 Black
= 1 ´ 2 ´ 4 + 1 ´ 3 ´ 3 + 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 = 29 \n( E ) = 24 + 29 = 53 1 Red
n( E ) 53
Required probability, P (E ) = = Red Red
n(S ) 105 (n1 – 1) Red (n3 + 1) Red n1 n3
or
159. x1, x 2, x 3 are in AP.
n2 n4 (n2 – 1) Black (n4 + 1) Black
AP with common difference = 1, (1, 2, 3 ) (2, 3, 4 ) (3, 4, 5 ) Black Black
AP with common difference = 2, (1, 3, 5), (2, 4, 6), (3, 5, 7) Box I Box II Box I Box II
AP with common difference = 3, (1, 4, 7) 1
AP with common difference = 0, (1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 2) (3, 3, 3) \ P (drawing red ball from B1) =
3
\ n ( E ) = 10 æ n1 - 1 ö æ n1 ö æ n2 ö æ n1 ö 1
n( E ) 10 Þ ç ÷ç ÷+ ç ÷ç ÷=
\ Required probability, P ( E ) = = è n1 + n2 - 1 ø è n1 + n2 ø è n1 + n2 ø è n1 + n2 - 1 ø 3
n(S ) 105
n12 + n1n2 - n1 1
160. We have mentioned that boxes are different and one particular Þ =
box has 3 balls. (n1 + n2 )(n1 + n2 - 1 ) 3
12 11
C 3 ´ 2 9 55 æ 2 ö Clearly, options (c) and (d) satisfy.
Then number of ways = = ç ÷
312 3 è3ø 1 1
164. Q P ( E1 ) = , P ( E 2 ) = ,
161. Using Binomial distribution 6 6
P (X ³ 2) = 1 - P (X = 0) - P (X = 1) 2+ 4+6+ 4+2 1
P (E 3 ) = =
n é n - 1ù 36 2
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
= 1 - ç ÷ - ê n C1 × ç ÷ × ç ÷ ú 1
è2ø êë è2ø è2ø úû Also, P ( E1 Ç E 2 ) = ,
36
1 n 1 æ1 + nö 1
P ( E1 Ç E 3 ) = , P ( E 3 Ç E1 ) =
1
=1 - - C1 × n = 1 - ç n ÷
2n 2 è 2 ø 12 12
Given, P ( X ³ 2 ) ³ 0.96 and P ( E1 Ç E 2 Ç E 3 ) = 0 ¹ P ( E1 ). P ( E 2 ). P ( E 3 )
(n + 1 ) 24 Hence, E1, E 2, E 3 are not independent
1- ³
2n 25 200 1 80 4
165. P (T1 ) = = , P (T2 ) = = ,
(n + 1 ) 1 100 5 100 5
Þ £
2n 25 7 æDö
P (D ) = . Let P ç ÷ = x, then
Þ n =8 100 è T2 ø
760 Textbook of Algebra

æDö æDö æ1 1 1 1ö æ1 1ö
P ç ÷ = 10 × P ç ÷ = 10 x =ç ´ + ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷
è T1 ø è T2 ø è2 3 3 2ø è6 6ø
æDö æDö 1 1 13
Q P ( D ) = P (T1 ) ´ P ç ÷ + P (T2 ) ´ P ç ÷ = + =
è T1 ø è T2 ø 3 36 36
15 3 3 2
7 1 4 168. P = = ,Q = 1 - P = 1 - =
Þ = ´ 10 x + ´ x 25 5 5 5
100 5 5
and n = 10
1
\ x= 3 2 12
40 \Variance = nPQ = 10 ´ ´ =
5 5 5
æDö
P (T2 ) ´ P ç ÷ 169. Cases: ( 0, 4), ( 0, 8), (2, 6), (2, 10), ( 4, 8), (6, 10)
æT ö è T2 ø
\ Pç 2÷ = 6 6
èDø æDö æDö \ Required probability = 1 =
P (T1 ) ´ P ç ÷ + P (T2 ) ´ P ç ÷ C 2 55
è T1 ø è T2 ø
1
170. Q P (A ) + P (B ) - 2P (A Ç B ) = …(i)
æDö 4
P (T2 ) ´ P ç ÷
è T2 ø 1
= P ( B ) + P (C ) - 2 P ( B Ç C ) = …(ii)
P (D ) 4
4 39 1
´ P (C ) + P ( A ) - 2 P (C Ç A ) = …(iii)
= 5 40 4
93
1
100 and P (A Ç B Ç C ) = …(iv)
16
78
= Now, adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), then
93
3
166. P ( x > y ) = P (T1 wins 2 games or T1 wins either of the matches P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) - P ( A Ç B ) - P ( B Ç C ) - P (C Ç A ) = …(v)
8
and other is draw)
æ1 1ö æ1 1 1 1ö On adding Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
=ç ´ ÷+ç ´ + ´ ÷
è2 2ø è2 6 6 2ø P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P (C ) - P ( A Ç B ) - P ( B Ç C ) - P (C Ç A )
1 1 5 3 1
= + = + P (A Ç B Ç C ) = +
4 6 12 8 16
167. P ( x = y ) = P (T1 and T2 win alternately) 7
or P (A È B È C ) =
+ P (Both matches are draws) 16