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Lab 4 Report

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46 views14 pages

Lab 4 Report

Uploaded by

Anus Babar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 4

Lab Title: DIODE CLIPPERS


Student Name: Tawab Ahmad Reg. No: 220626
Objectives:
To become familiar with the function and operation of Positive and Negative Diode
Clipping circuits.
To observe the behavior and working of Biased Diode Clipping circuits.

LAB ASSESSMENT:
Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows
the lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:


Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: 3 Oct,2023 Signature:


LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 4
DIODE CLIPPERS

OBJECTIVE
1. To become familiar with the function and operation of Positive and Negative Diode
Clipping circuits.
2. To observe the behavior and working of Biased Diode Clipping circuits.

DISCUSSION
Theory of Diode Clippers:

Most of the electronic circuits like amplifiers, modulators and many others have a particular range of
voltages at which they have to accept the input signals. Any of the signals that have an amplitude greater
than this particular range may cause distortions in the output of the electronic circuits and may even lead to
damage of the circuit components. As most of the electronic devices work on a single positive supply, the
input voltage range would also be on the positive side. Since the natural signals like audio signals, sinusoidal
waveforms and many others contain both positive and negative cycles with varying amplitude in their
duration. These waveforms and other signals have to be modified in such a way that the single supply
electronic circuits can be able to operate on them.

The clipping of a waveform is the most common technique that applies to the input signals to adapt them
so that they may lie within the operating range of the electronic circuits. The clipping of waveforms can be
done by eliminating the portions of the waveform which crosses the input range of the circuit.

The Diode Clipper, also known as a Diode Limiter, is a wave shaping circuit that takes an input waveform
and clips or cuts off its top half, bottom half or both halves together. Basically it is a device used to ‘clip’
the input voltage to prevent it from attaining a value larger than a predefined one. For example, the halfwave
rectifier is a clipper circuit, since all voltages below zero are eliminated.

The basic components required for a clipping circuit are – an ideal diode and a resistor. In order to fix the
clipping level to the desired amount, a dc battery must also be included. When the diode is forward biased,
it acts as a closed switch, and when it is reverse biased, it acts as an open switch. Different levels of clipping
can be obtained by varying the amount of voltage of the battery and also interchanging the positions of the
diode and resistor.

Depending on the features of the diode, the positive or negative region of the input signal is “clipped” off
and accordingly the diode clippers may be positive or negative clippers.
Positive Diode Clipping:

In this diode clipping circuit, the diode is forward biased (anode more positive than cathode) during the
positive half cycle of the sinusoidal input waveform. For the diode to become forward biased, it must have
the input voltage magnitude greater than +0.7 volts (0.3 volts for a germanium diode).
When this happens the diodes begins to conduct and holds the voltage across itself constant at 0.7V until
the sinusoidal waveform falls below this value. Thus the output voltage which is taken across the diode can
never exceed 0.7 volts during the positive half cycle.
During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased (cathode more positive than anode) blocking
current flow through itself and as a result has no effect on the negative half of the sinusoidal voltage which
passes to the load unaltered. Thus the diode limits the positive half of the input waveform and is known as
a positive clipper circuit.

Negative Diode Clipping:

Here the reverse is true. The diode is forward biased during the negative half cycle of the sinusoidal
waveform and limits or clips it to –0.7 volts while allowing the positive half cycle to pass unaltered when
reverse biased. As the diode limits the negative half cycle of the input voltage it is therefore called a negative
clipper circuit.

Clipping of Both Half Cycles:


If we connected two diodes in inverse parallel as shown, then both the positive and negative half cycles
would be clipped as diode D1 clips the positive half cycle of the sinusoidal input waveform while diode D2
clips the negative half cycle. Then diode clipping circuits can be used to clip the positive half cycle, the
negative half cycle or both.
For ideal diodes the output waveform above would be zero. However, due to the forward bias voltage drop
across the diodes the actual clipping point occurs at +0.7 volts and –0.7 volts respectively. But we can
increase this ±0.7V threshold to any value we want up to the maximum value, (VPEAK) of the sinusoidal
waveform either by connecting together more diodes in series creating multiples of 0.7 volts, or by adding
a voltage bias to the diodes.

Biased Diode Clipping Circuits:


To produce diode clipping circuits for voltage waveforms at different levels, a bias voltage, VBIAS
is added in series with the diode to produce a combination clipper as shown.

Positive Bias Diode Clipping:

In this case, the voltage across the series combination of VBIAS and diode must be greater than VBIAS + 0.7V
before the diode becomes sufficiently forward biased to conduct. For example, if the VBIAS level is set at
4.0 volts, then the sinusoidal voltage at the diode’s anode terminal must be greater than 4.0 + 0.7 = 4.7 volts
for it to become forward biased. Any anode voltage levels above this bias point are clipped off.

Negative Bias Diode Clipping:

Likewise, by reversing the diode and the battery bias voltage, when a diode conducts the negative half cycle
of the output waveform is held to a level –VBIAS – 0.7V as shown.
Diode Clipping of Different Bias levels:

A variable diode clipping or diode limiting level can be achieved by varying the bias voltage of the diodes.
If both the positive and the negative half cycles are to be clipped, then two biased clipping diodes are used.
But for both positive and negative diode clipping, the bias voltage need not be the same. The positive bias
voltage could be at one level, for example 4 volts, and the negative bias voltage at another, for example 6
volts as shown.
When the voltage of the positive half cycle reaches +4.7 V, diode D1 conducts and limits the waveform at
+4.7 V. Diode D2 does not conduct until the voltage reaches –6.7 V. Therefore, all positive voltages above
+4.7 V and negative voltages below –6.7 V are automatically clipped.
The advantage of biased diode clipping circuits is that it prevents the output signal from exceeding preset
voltage limits for both half cycles of the input waveform.
LAB TASK 1
• Implement the circuit for Positive Diode Clipping given in the Discussion on Hardware as well as
on Proteus.
• Set the Input signal to 10Vp, 50Hz from function generator. The value of resistor will be 100Ω.
• Draw the Input and Output waveforms.

RESULTS:

Hardware:

Oscilloscope:
Software Circuit:

Software Oscilloscope:
LAB TASK 2
• Implement the circuit for Negative Diode Clipping given in the Discussion on Hardware as well as
on Proteus.
• Set the Input signal to 10Vp, 50Hz from function generator. The value of resistor will be 100Ω.
Draw the Input and Output waveforms.

RESULTS

Hardware Circuit:

Oscilloscope:
Software Circuit:

Software Oscilloscope:
LAB TASK 3
• Implement the circuit for Positive Bias Diode Clipping given in the Discussion on Hardware as
well as on Proteus.
• Set the Input signal to 10Vp, 50Hz from function generator. The value of resistor will be 100Ω and
VBIAS is taken as 5V.
• Draw the Input and Output waveforms.

RESULTS

Hardware Circuit:

Oscilloscope:
Software Circuit:

Software Oscilloscope:
LAB TASK 4
• Implement the circuit for Negative Bias Diode Clipping given in the Discussion on Hardware as
well as on Proteus.
• Set the Input signal to 10Vp, 50Hz from function generator. The value of resistor will be 100Ω and
VBIAS is taken as 5V.
• Draw the Input and Output waveforms.

RESULTS:

Hardware Circuit:

Oscilloscope:
Software Circuit:

Software Oscilloscope:
CONCLUSION

Our exploration of Positive and Negative Diode Clipping circuits has yielded a solid
understanding of their functions. These circuits effectively restrict both positive and negative
portions of input waveforms using diodes. This knowledge reinforces the importance of diode
clipping in applications such as signal processing and voltage protection.

Investigating Biased Diode Clipping circuits has deepened our understanding of their behavior.
By introducing bias voltage, we've observed how these circuits provide precise control over the
output waveforms, making them versatile tools for tailoring waveforms to specific requirements
in electronics applications. This objective has highlighted the practical benefits and applications
of biasing within diode clipping circuits.

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