Week 1: Introduction to Structured Programming and C++

Objectives:
● Understand the principles of structured programming.
● Get acquainted with the C++ programming environment.
● Write and run a simple C++ program.

1. What is Structured Programming?

Structured programming is a programming paradigm that aims to improve the clarity, quality,
and development time of software by using structured control flow constructs such as
sequences, selections, and loops. It emphasizes:
Modularity: Breaking down programs into smaller, manageable functions or modules.
Control Flow: Using clear control structures like loops, conditionals, and subroutines.
TopDown Design: Designing programs from the top level down to the details.

2. History and Features of C++

C++ is a generalpurpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension

of the C programming language. It supports various programming paradigms including
procedural, objectoriented, and generic programming.

Key Features:
● Object Oriented Programming: Supports classes and objects.
● Standard Library: Includes a rich set of functions for various operations.
● Performance: Provides high performance with lowlevel memory manipulation.
● Portability: Programs written in C++ can run on different platforms with minimal
changes.

3. Setting Up the C++ Development Environment

To start programming in C++, you need an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and a
C++ compiler. Popular IDEs include:
Visual Studio Code: A lightweight, crossplatform editor with C++ extensions.
Code::Blocks: A free C++ IDE.
CLion: A crossplatform IDE for C++ by JetBrains.

Steps to Set Up:

1. Download and Install an IDE: Choose an IDE from the options above and follow the
installation instructions.
2. Install a C++ Compiler: If not bundled with the IDE, install a C++ compiler (e.g., GCC for
Linux, MinGW for Windows).
3. Configure the IDE: Ensure the IDE is set up to use the installed compiler.

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
4. Writing and Running a Simple C++ Program

Here's a stepbystep guide to writing your first C++ program:

1. Open your IDE: Open the IDE you installed and create a new project.
2. Create a New File: Create a new file with a .cpp extension (e.g., main.cpp).
3. Write the Code: Enter the following code into your file:

cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}

4. Compile and Run: Use the IDE's builtin tools to compile and run the program. You should see
the output Hello, World! in the console.

Code Explanation:
include <iostream>: Includes the InputOutput stream library.
int main(): The main function where execution starts.
std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;: Prints "Hello, World!" to the console.
return 0;: Indicates that the program ended successfully.

5. Homework

Task:
Install a C++ IDE and compiler on your system.
Write a basic "Hello, World!" program using the steps outlined above.
Experiment with modifying the message in the std::cout statement.

Example:

cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
std::cout << ["Hello, = Your Name ] !" << std::endl;
return 0;
}

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Deliverable:
Submit a screenshot of your IDE with the modified program and its output.

Summary

In this first week, you've been introduced to structured programming principles, learned about
the history and features of C++, set up your development environment, and written your first
C++ program. These foundational steps will set the stage for deeper exploration and learning in
the weeks to come.

Additional Resources

Documentation = (https://en.cppreference.com/w/)
= Learn C++ = (https://www.learncpp.com/)
= Visual Studio Code C++ Setup = (https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/cpp)

End of Week 1

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Week 2: Basic Syntax and Data Types
Objectives:
● Learn basic syntax and data types in C++.
● Understand how to use input and output operations.

1. Basic Syntax and Structure of C++

C++ programs consist of functions and statements. The main() function is the starting point for
execution.

Structure of a C++ Program:

cpp
include <iostream> // Preprocessor directive

int main() { // Main function

std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl; // Output statement
return 0; // Return statement
}
Key Points:
Preprocessor Directives: Lines beginning with `` are processed before compilation.
Main Function: The execution of a C++ program starts with the main() function.
Statements: Each statement ends with a semicolon (;).

2. Variables and Constants

Variables: Storage locations with a specific type and name.

Declaration and Initialization:

cpp
int age = 25; // Declare and initialize an integer variable
double salary = 50000.50; // Declare and initialize a double variable
char grade = 'A'; // Declare and initialize a character variable
bool isEmployed = true; // Declare and initialize a boolean variable
Constants: Fixed values that cannot be altered.

Constant Declaration:
cpp
const int MAX_AGE = 100; // Declare a constant integer

3. Basic Data Types

C++ supports several fundamental data types:

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
 int: Integer values.
float: Singleprecision floatingpoint numbers.
double: Doubleprecision floatingpoint numbers.
char: Single characters.
bool: Boolean values (true or false).

Examples:
cpp
int number = 10;
float temperature = 36.6f;
double distance = 12345.6789;
char letter = 'A';
bool isValid = true;

4. Input and Output (cin, cout)

Output: Displaying information using cout.

cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
std::cout << "Enter your name: ";
return 0;
}

Input: Receiving input from the user using cin.

cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
std::string name;
std::cout << "Enter your name: ";
std::cin >> name;
std::cout << "Hello, " << name << "!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Code Explanation:
std::cout: Used for outputting data.
std::cin: Used for inputting data.
std::endl: Inserts a newline character and flushes the output buffer.

5. Homework

Task:
1. Write a program that asks the user for their age and then prints a message displaying their
age.
2. Write a program that asks the user to input two numbers and then prints the sum, difference,
product, and quotient of those numbers.

Example 1:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int age;
std::cout << "Enter your age: ";
std::cin >> age;
std::cout << "You are " << age << " years old." << std::endl;
return 0;
}

Example 2:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
double num1, num2;
std::cout << "Enter first number: ";
std::cin >> num1;
std::cout << "Enter second number: ";
std::cin >> num2;

std::cout << "Sum: " << num1 + num2 << std::endl;

std::cout << "Difference: " << num1 num2 << std::endl;
std::cout << "Product: " << num1 * num2 << std::endl;
std::cout << "Quotient: " << num1 / num2 << std::endl;
return 0;

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
}

Deliverable:
Submit the source code of the programs and screenshots showing the program output.

Summary

In this second week, you learned about the basic syntax and structure of C++ programs, how to
declare and initialize variables and constants, the fundamental data types in C++, and how to
perform basic input and output operations. These concepts are essential building blocks for
more advanced topics in C++.

Additional Resources

Data Types = (https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_data_types.htm)

Variables = (https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_variables.asp)
Input and Output = (https://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/basic_io/)

End of Week 2

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Week 3: Control Structures: Conditional Statements

Objectives:
● Understand and use conditional statements in C++.

1. IfElse Statements

The ifelse statement allows you to execute certain sections of code based on whether a
condition is true or false.

Syntax:
cpp
if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
} else {
// Code to execute if condition is false
}

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int number;
std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
std::cin >> number;

if (number > 0) {
std::cout << "The number is positive." << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "The number is not positive." << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}

2. Nested IfElse Statements

You can place an ifelse statement inside another ifelse statement to create nested conditions.

Syntax:
cpp

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
if (condition1) {
// Code to execute if condition1 is true
if (condition2) {
// Code to execute if condition2 is true
} else {
// Code to execute if condition2 is false
}
} else {
// Code to execute if condition1 is false
}

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int number;
std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
std::cin >> number;

if (number > 0) {
if (number % 2 == 0) {
std::cout << "The number is positive and even." <<
std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "The number is positive and odd." <<
std::endl;
}
} else {
std::cout << "The number is not positive." << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}

3. SwitchCase Statements

The switchcase statement allows you to choose between multiple options based on the value of
a variable.

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Syntax:
cpp
switch (variable) {
case value1:
// Code to execute if variable == value1
break;
case value2:
// Code to execute if variable == value2
break;
// More cases...
default:
// Code to execute if variable doesn't match any case
}

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int day;
std::cout << "Enter a day (17): ";
std::cin >> day;

switch (day) {
case 1:
std::cout << "Monday" << std::endl;
break;
case 2:
std::cout << "Tuesday" << std::endl;
break;
case 3:
std::cout << "Wednesday" << std::endl;
break;
case 4:
std::cout << "Thursday" << std::endl;
break;
case 5:
std::cout << "Friday" << std::endl;

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
 break;
case 6:
std::cout << "Saturday" << std::endl;
break;
case 7:
std::cout << "Sunday" << std::endl;
break;
default:
std::cout << "Invalid day" << std::endl;
}

return 0;
}

Key Points:
Break Statement: The break statement exits the switchcase structure. Without it, execution
continues to the next case.
Default Case: The default case is executed if none of the specified cases match.

4. Homework

Task 1:
Write a program that asks the user to enter their age and then prints whether they are a minor,
an adult, or a senior citizen.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int age;
std::cout << "Enter your age: ";
std::cin >> age;

if (age < 18) {

std::cout << "You are a minor." << std::endl;
} else if (age >= 18 && age < 65) {
std::cout << "You are an adult." << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "You are a senior citizen." << std::endl;

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
 }

return 0;
}

Task 2:
Write a program that asks the user to enter a number between 1 and 12 and then prints the
corresponding month name using a switchcase statement.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int month;
std::cout << "Enter a month (112): ";
std::cin >> month;

switch (month) {
case 1:
std::cout << "January" << std::endl;
break;
case 2:
std::cout << "February" << std::endl;
break;
case 3:
std::cout << "March" << std::endl;
break;
case 4:
std::cout << "April" << std::endl;
break;
case 5:
std::cout << "May" << std::endl;
break;
case 6:
std::cout << "June" << std::endl;
break;
case 7:
std::cout << "July" << std::endl;
break;

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
 case 8:
std::cout << "August" << std::endl;
break;
case 9:
std::cout << "September" << std::endl;
break;
case 10:
std::cout << "October" << std::endl;
break;
case 11:
std::cout << "November" << std::endl;
break;
case 12:
std::cout << "December" << std::endl;
break;
default:
std::cout << "Invalid month" << std::endl;
}

return 0;
}

Deliverable:
Submit the source code of both programs and screenshots showing the program output.

Summary

In this third week, you learned about control structures in C++ with a focus on conditional
statements, including ifelse, nested ifelse, and switchcase statements. These constructs are
essential for decisionmaking in your programs.

Additional Resources

Conditional Statements =
(https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_conditional_statements.htm)
IfElse = (https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_conditions.asp)
SwitchCase = (https://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/control/)
End of Week 3

Tenibiaje Mobolaji Olufemi

Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Week 4: Control Structures: Loops

Objectives:
● Learn and apply looping constructs in C++.

1. For Loop

The for loop is used to repeat a block of code a known number of times.

Syntax:
cpp
for (initialization; condition; increment) {
// Code to be executed
}

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; ++i) {
std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}

Explanation:
Initialization: Sets the starting point.
Condition: The loop runs as long as this condition is true.
Increment: Updates the loop control variable.

2. While Loop

The while loop is used to repeat a block of code as long as a condition is true.

Syntax:
cpp
while (condition) {

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
 // Code to be executed
}

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl;
++i;
}
return 0;
}

Explanation:
The loop condition is checked before executing the code block.
The loop runs as long as the condition is true.

3. DoWhile Loop

The dowhile loop is similar to the while loop, but it guarantees that the code block is
executed at least once.

Syntax:
cpp
do {
// Code to be executed
} while (condition);

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int i = 1;
do {

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
 std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl;
++i;
} while (i <= 5);
return 0;
}

Explanation:
The code block is executed once before the condition is checked.

4. Break and Continue Statements

Break Statement: Exits the loop immediately.

Syntax:
cpp
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
if (i == 5) {
break; // Exit the loop when i equals 5
}
std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl;
}

Continue Statement: Skips the current iteration and moves to the next one.

Syntax:
cpp
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
if (i == 5) {
continue; // Skip the rest of the loop body when i equals 5
}
std::cout << "Iteration " << i << std::endl;
}

5. Homework

Task 1:
Write a program that prints the numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>
Tenibiaje Mobolaji Olufemi
Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
int main() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
std::cout << i << " ";
}
std::cout << std::endl;
return 0;
}

Task 2:
Write a program that asks the user for a number and then prints the factorial of that number
using a while loop.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int num, factorial = 1;
std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
std::cin >> num;

int i = 1;
while (i <= num) {
factorial *= i;
++i;
}

std::cout << "Factorial of " << num << " is " << factorial <<
std::endl;
return 0;
}
Task 3:
Write a program that prints the numbers from 1 to 10 but skips the number 5 using a dowhile
loop and the continue statement.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
 int i = 1;
do {
if (i == 5) {
++i;
continue;
}
std::cout << i << " ";
++i;
} while (i <= 10);
std::cout << std::endl;
return 0;
}

Deliverable:
Submit the source code of the programs and screenshots showing the program output.

Summary

In this fourth week, you learned about different looping constructs in C++, including the for loop,
while loop, and dowhile loop. You also learned how to use the break and continue statements to
control the flow of loops. These looping constructs are fundamental for performing repetitive
tasks in your programs.

Additional Resources

Loops = (https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_loops.htm)
For Loop = (https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_for_loop.asp)
While Loop = (https://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/control/)

End of Week 4

Tenibiaje Mobolaji Olufemi

Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Week 5: Functions

Objectives:
● Understand the use of functions to modularize code.
● Learn how to define and call functions.
● Understand function parameters, return values, and variable scope.
● Explore inline functions and function overloading.

1. Defining and Calling Functions

Definition: A function is a block of code designed to perform a particular task, defined with a
name, and executed when called.

Syntax:
cpp
returnType functionName(parameters) {
// Function body
return value; // Optional, depending on returnType
}

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

void printMessage() {
std::cout << "Hello, this is a function!" << std::endl;
}

int main() {
printMessage(); // Calling the function
return 0;
}

Explanation:
void: The return type, indicating the function does not return a value.
printMessage: The name of the function.
() : Parentheses indicate the function can take parameters (none in this case).

2. Function Parameters and Return Values

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Functions can accept parameters and return values.

Example with Parameters:

cpp
include <iostream>

void printSum(int a, int b) {

std::cout << "Sum: " << (a + b) << std::endl;
}

int main() {
printSum(5, 3); // Passing arguments to the function
return 0;
}

Example with Return Value:

cpp
include <iostream>

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;
}

int main() {
int result = add(5, 3); // Storing the return value
std::cout << "Sum: " << result << std::endl;
return 0;
}

Explanation:
int add(int a, int b): Function with parameters and an int return type.
return a + b;: Returns the sum of a and b.

3. Scope of Variables

Local Variables: Declared within a function and accessible only within that function.
Global Variables: Declared outside any function and accessible throughout the program.

Example:

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
cpp
include <iostream>

int globalVar = 10; // Global variable

void printGlobal() {
std::cout << "Global variable: " << globalVar << std::endl;
}

int main() {
int localVar = 5; // Local variable
std::cout << "Local variable: " << localVar << std::endl;
printGlobal();
return 0;
}

Explanation:
globalVar: A global variable accessible in both printGlobal and main.
localVar: A local variable accessible only within main.

4. Inline Functions and Function Overloading

Inline Functions: Functions defined with the inline keyword to suggest to the compiler to
insert the function’s body directly into the code.

Syntax:
cpp
inline int square(int x) {
return x * x;
}

Function Overloading: Multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
}

double add(double a, double b) {

return a + b;
}

int main() {
std::cout << "Sum of integers: " << add(5, 3) << std::endl;
std::cout << "Sum of doubles: " << add(2.5, 3.1) << std::endl;
return 0;
}

Explanation:
Two add functions, one for int and one for double.

5. Homework

Task 1:
Write a program with a function that takes an integer as an argument and returns its factorial.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int factorial(int n) {
int result = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
result *= i;
}
return result;
}

int main() {
int num;
std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
std::cin >> num;
std::cout << "Factorial: " << factorial(num) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Task 2:
Tenibiaje Mobolaji Olufemi
Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Write a program with overloaded functions named calculate that can either add two integers
or concatenate two strings.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>
include <string>

int calculate(int a, int b) {

return a + b;
}

std::string calculate(std::string a, std::string b) {

return a + b;
}

int main() {
std::cout << "Sum of integers: " << calculate(5, 3) << std::endl;
std::cout << "Concatenated strings: " << calculate("Hello, ",
"world!") << std::endl;
return 0;
}

Deliverable:
Submit the source code of both programs and screenshots showing the program output.
Summary

In this fifth week, you learned about functions in C++, including defining and calling functions,
using parameters and return values, understanding the scope of variables, and exploring inline
functions and function overloading. Functions help in modularizing code and improving
readability and reusability.

Additional Resources

Functions = (https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_functions.htm)
Function Overloading = (https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_function_overloading.asp)
Variable Scope = (https://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/variables/)

End of Week 5

Tenibiaje Mobolaji Olufemi

Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Week 6: Arrays and Strings

Objectives:
● Understand the concept and use of arrays in C++.
● Learn how to manipulate strings.
● Perform basic operations on arrays and strings.

1. Arrays

An array is a collection of elements of the same type stored in contiguous memory locations.

Syntax:
cpp
dataType arrayName = arraySize = ;

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int numbers = 5 = = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Declare and initialize an
array

// Accessing array elements

for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
std::cout << "Element " << i << ": " << numbers = i = <<
std::endl;
}

return 0;
}

Explanation:
int numbers = 5 = : Declares an array of integers with 5 elements.
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}: Initializes the array with values.

2. Multidimensional Arrays

C++ supports multidimensional arrays (arrays of arrays).

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Syntax:
cpp
dataType arrayName = size1 = = size2 = ;

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int matrix = 2 = = 3 = = {
{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6}
};

// Accessing elements in a multidimensional array

for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
std::cout << "Element = " << i << " = = " << j << " = :
" << matrix = i = = j = << std::endl;
}
}

return 0;
}

Explanation:
int matrix = 2 = = 3 = : Declares a 2x3 matrix.
{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}}: Initializes the matrix with values.

3. Strings

Strings in C++ are sequences of characters. The string class in the C++ Standard Library
provides an easier way to handle strings.

Including String Library:

cpp
include <string>

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Example:
cpp
include <iostream>
include <string>

int main() {
std::string greeting = "Hello, World!";
std::cout << greeting << std::endl;

// String concatenation
std::string firstName = "John";
std::string lastName = "Doe";
std::string fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;
std::cout << "Full Name: " << fullName << std::endl;

// String length
std::cout << "Length of greeting: " << greeting.length() <<
std::endl;

return 0;
}

Explanation:
std::string: Declares a string variable.
+: Concatenates two strings.
.length(): Returns the length of the string.

4. Basic Operations on Arrays and Strings

Array Operations:
Initialization:
cpp
int arr = 5 = = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Accessing Elements:
cpp
int firstElement = arr = 0 = ;

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Modifying Elements:
cpp
arr = 2 = = 10;

Iterating Over Elements:

cpp
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
std::cout << arr = i = << " ";
}

String Operations:
Initialization:
cpp
std::string str = "Hello";

Accessing Characters:
cpp
char firstChar = str = 0 = ;

Modifying Characters:
cpp
str = 1 = = 'a';

Appending Strings:
cpp
str += " World";

Finding Substrings:
cpp
size_t pos = str.find("World");

5. Homework

Task 1:
Write a program that reads 5 integers into an array and then prints them in reverse order.

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Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
Example:
cpp
include <iostream>

int main() {
int numbers = 5 = ;

std::cout << "Enter 5 integers: ";

for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
std::cin >> numbers = i = ;
}

std::cout << "Array in reverse order: ";

for (int i = 4; i >= 0; i) {
std::cout << numbers = i = << " ";
}
std::cout << std::endl;

return 0;
}
Task 2:
Write a program that reads a string from the user and prints its length and the string in reverse
order.

Example:
cpp
include <iostream>
include <string>
include <algorithm> // For std::reverse

int main() {
std::string input;
std::cout << "Enter a string: ";
std::getline(std::cin, input);

std::cout << "Length of the string: " << input.length() <<

std::endl;

std::reverse(input.begin(), input.end());
std::cout << "Reversed string: " << input << std::endl;

Tenibiaje Mobolaji Olufemi

Structured Programming and C++ study Manual
 return 0;
}

Deliverable:
Submit the source code of both programs and screenshots showing the program output.

Summary

In this sixth week, you learned about arrays and strings in C++. Arrays are used to store
multiple values of the same type, while strings handle sequences of characters. You explored
various operations on arrays and strings, which are essential for data manipulation in C++.

Additional Resources

Arrays = (https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_arrays.htm)
Strings = (https://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/strings/)
Multidimensional Arrays = (https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_arrays_multi.asp)

End of Week 6

Tenibiaje Mobolaji Olufemi

Structured Programming and C++ study Manual