Land Use: 220

Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)

Description
Low-rise multifamily housing includes apartments, townhouses, and condominiums located within
the same building with at least three other dwelling units and that have two or three floors (levels).
Various configurations fit this description, including walkup apartment, mansion apartment, and
stacked townhouse.

• A walkup apartment typically is two or three floors in height with dwelling units that are accessed
by a single or multiple entrances with stairways and hallways.

• A mansion apartment is a single structure that contains several apartments within what appears
to be a single-family dwelling unit.

• A fourplex is a single two-story structure with two matching dwelling units on the ground and
second floors. Access to the individual units is typically internal to the structure and provided
through a central entry and stairway.

• A stacked townhouse is designed to match the external appearance of a townhouse. But, unlike
a townhouse dwelling unit that only shares walls with an adjoining unit, the stacked townhouse
units share both floors and walls. Access to the individual units is typically internal to the
structure and provided through a central entry and stairway.

Multifamily housing (mid-rise) (Land Use 221), multifamily housing (high-rise) (Land Use 222),
affordable housing (Land Use 223), and off-campus student apartment (low-rise) (Land Use 225)
are related land uses.

Land Use Subcategory

Data are presented for two subcategories for this land use: (1) not close to rail transit and (2)
close to rail transit. A site is considered close to rail transit if the walking distance between the
residential site entrance and the closest rail transit station entrance is ½ mile or less.

Additional Data
For the three sites for which both the number of residents and the number of occupied dwelling
units were available, there were an average of 2.72 residents per occupied dwelling unit.

For the two sites for which the numbers of both total dwelling units and occupied dwelling units
were available, an average of 96.2 percent of the total dwelling units were occupied.

The technical appendices provide supporting information on time-of-day distributions for this
land use. The appendices can be accessed through either the ITETripGen web app or the trip

252 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

generation resource page on the ITE website (https://www.ite.org/technical-resources/topics/trip-
and-parking-generation/).

For the three sites for which data were provided for both occupied dwelling units and residents,
there was an average of 2.72 residents per occupied dwelling unit.

It is expected that the number of bedrooms and number of residents are likely correlated to the
trips generated by a residential site. To assist in future analysis, trip generation studies of all
multifamily housing should attempt to obtain information on occupancy rate and on the mix of
residential unit sizes (i.e., number of units by number of bedrooms at the site complex).

The sites were surveyed in the 1980s, the 1990s, the 2000s, the 2010s, and the 2020s in British
Columbia (CAN), California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ontario (CAN), Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina,
South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Washington.

Source Numbers
188, 204, 237, 300, 305, 306, 320, 321, 357, 390, 412, 525, 530, 579, 583, 638, 864, 866, 896, 901,
903, 904, 936, 939, 944, 946, 947, 948, 963, 964, 966, 967, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1036, 1047, 1056,
1071, 1076

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 253

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 22
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 229
Directional Distribution: 50% entering, 50% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
6.74 2.46 - 12.50 1.79

Data Plot and Equation

4000

3000
T = Trips Ends

2000

1000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Fitted Curve Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: T = 6.41(X) + 75.31 R²= 0.86

254 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
Peak Hour of Adjacent Street Traffic,
One Hour Between 7 and 9 a.m.
Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban
Number of Studies: 49
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 249
Directional Distribution: 24% entering, 76% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.40 0.13 - 0.73 0.12

Data Plot and Equation

300

200
T = Trips Ends

100

0
0 1000 2000
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Fitted Curve Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: T = 0.31(X) + 22.85 R²= 0.79

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 255

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
Peak Hour of Adjacent Street Traffic,
One Hour Between 4 and 6 p.m.
Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban
Number of Studies: 59
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 241
Directional Distribution: 63% entering, 37% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.51 0.08 - 1.04 0.15

Data Plot and Equation

500

400

300
T = Trips Ends

200

100

0
0 1000 2000
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Fitted Curve Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: T = 0.43(X) + 20.55 R²= 0.84

256 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
AM Peak Hour of Generator

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 40
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 234
Directional Distribution: 24% entering, 76% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.47 0.25 - 0.98 0.16

Data Plot and Equation

400

300
T = Trips Ends

200

100

0
0 1000 2000
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Fitted Curve Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: T = 0.35(X) + 28.13 R²= 0.76

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 257

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
PM Peak Hour of Generator

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 38
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 231
Directional Distribution: 62% entering, 38% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.57 0.25 - 1.26 0.20

Data Plot and Equation

500

400

300
T = Trips Ends

200

100

0
0 1000 2000
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Fitted Curve Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: T = 0.42(X) + 34.78 R²= 0.80

258 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Saturday

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 282
Directional Distribution: 50% entering, 50% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
4.55 4.55 - 4.55 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

2000
T = Trips Ends

1000

0
0 100 200 300
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 259

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Saturday, Peak Hour of Generator

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 282
Directional Distribution: Not Available

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.41 0.41 - 0.41 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

200
T = Trips Ends

100

0
0 100 200 300
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

260 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Sunday

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 282
Directional Distribution: 50% entering, 50% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
3.86 3.86 - 3.86 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

2000
T = Trips Ends

1000

0
0 100 200 300
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 261

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Sunday, Peak Hour of Generator

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 282
Directional Distribution: Not Available

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.36 0.36 - 0.36 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

200
T = Trips Ends

100

0
0 100 200 300
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

262 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Residents
On a: Weekday

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Residents: 177
Directional Distribution: 50% entering, 50% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Resident

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
1.86 1.86 - 1.86 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

400

300
T = Trips Ends

200

100

0
0 100 200
X = Number of Residents
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 263

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Residents
On a: Weekday,
AM Peak Hour of Generator

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 9
Avg. Num. of Residents: 494
Directional Distribution: 17% entering, 83% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Resident

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.26 0.19 - 0.52 0.08

Data Plot and Equation

400

300
T = Trips Ends

200

100

0
0 1000 2000
X = Number of Residents
Study Site Fitted Curve Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: T = 0.21(X) + 24.50 R²= 0.84

264 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Residents
On a: Weekday,
PM Peak Hour of Generator

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 9
Avg. Num. of Residents: 494
Directional Distribution: 66% entering, 34% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Resident

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.27 0.18 - 0.65 0.11

Data Plot and Equation

300

200
T = Trips Ends

100

0
0 1000 2000
X = Number of Residents
Study Site Fitted Curve Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: T = 0.16(X) + 57.08 R²= 0.71

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 265

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Walk+Bike+Transit Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
Peak Hour of Adjacent Street Traffic,
One Hour Between 7 and 9 a.m.
Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban
Number of Studies: 8
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 269
Directional Distribution: 43% entering, 57% exiting

Walk+Bike+Transit Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.03 0.00 - 0.19 0.04

Data Plot and Equation

30

20
T = Trips Ends

10

0
0 200 400 600 800
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

266 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Not Close to Rail Transit (220)
Walk+Bike+Transit Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
Peak Hour of Adjacent Street Traffic,
One Hour Between 4 and 6 p.m.
Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban
Number of Studies: 10
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 256
Directional Distribution: 50% entering, 50% exiting

Walk+Bike+Transit Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.03 0.00 - 0.33 0.05

Data Plot and Equation

30

20
T = Trips Ends

10

0
0 200 400 600 800
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 267

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 9
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 389
Directional Distribution: 50% entering, 50% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
4.72 2.46 - 6.34 1.27

Data Plot and Equation

5000

4000

3000
T = Trips Ends

2000

1000

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Fitted Curve Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: T = 6.13(X) - 550.73 R²= 0.93

268 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
Peak Hour of Adjacent Street Traffic,
One Hour Between 7 and 9 a.m.
Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban
Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 374
Directional Distribution: 29% entering, 71% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.38 0.38 - 0.38 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

200
T = Trips Ends

100

0
0 100 200 300 400
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 269

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
Peak Hour of Adjacent Street Traffic,
One Hour Between 4 and 6 p.m.
Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban
Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 374
Directional Distribution: 60% entering, 40% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.61 0.61 - 0.61 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

300

200
T = Trips Ends

100

0
0 100 200 300 400
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

270 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
AM Peak Hour of Generator

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 374
Directional Distribution: 29% entering, 71% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.38 0.38 - 0.38 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

200
T = Trips Ends

100

0
0 100 200 300 400
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

General Urban/Suburban and Rural (Land Uses 000–399) 271

 Multifamily Housing (Low-Rise)
Close to Rail Transit (220)
Vehicle Trip Ends vs: Dwelling Units
On a: Weekday,
PM Peak Hour of Generator

Setting/Location: General Urban/Suburban

Number of Studies: 1
Avg. Num. of Dwelling Units: 374
Directional Distribution: 60% entering, 40% exiting

Vehicle Trip Generation per Dwelling Unit

Average Rate Range of Rates Standard Deviation
0.61 0.61 - 0.61 ***

Data Plot and Equation Caution – Small Sample Size

300

200
T = Trips Ends

100

0
0 100 200 300 400
X = Number of Dwelling Units
Study Site Average Rate

Fitted Curve Equation: Not Given R²= ***

272 Trip Generation Manual 11th Edition • Volume 3