Fot Project PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF
TEXTILES
FACULTY GUIDE:
PROF. SAYANTAN
RAHA
SUBMITTED BY: ISHA PANDEY

ENROLLMENT NO.:A92081721023
COURSE: B DES.(FD)
SEMESTER: 7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my teacher ‘Mr. Sayantan Raha’ as well as our respected
HOD ‘Mr. Suranjan Lahiri’ who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project. This project
also helped me in doing a lot of research work and I came
to know about so many new things.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents and friends

who gave me their valuable suggestions and guidance in
finalizing this project within the given time frame. I am
really thankful to them.
Thankyou,
Isha Pandey
CONTENT
i. Introduction
ii. Different Finishing Techniques:

Velvet – Napping
Cotswool – Fulling
Denim – Sanfronized
Muslin – Stiffening
Linen – Beetling
Silk – Scouring
Terry – Shearing
Chambray – Mercerization
Jute – Bleaching
Gaberdine – Waterproofing
iii. Conclusion
ABOUT FINISHING
TECHNIQUES
Finishing techniques for fabrics: Fabric's texture, durability, aesthetics,
and functionality.
Fabric finishing is the final stage of the textile manufacturing process,

where various techniques are applied to enhance the appearance,
performance and durability of fabrics. The techniques can transform the
raw fabric into a high-quality material with desired properties, such as
softness, wrinkle resistance, water repellency, or flame retardancy.
Various finishing used for fabrics, including:
Mechanical finishing techniques such as calendaring, napping, and

shearing.
Chemical finishing techniques such as dyeing, printing, and

waterproofing.
Specialized finishing techniques such as sanfronization, fulling, and

milling.
Hand finishing techniques such as, hand stitching and embroidery.
Each technique has its unique benefits applications.

DIFFERENT FINISHING
TECHNIQUES
Napping is a finishing technique used for creating a soft, fuzzy

texture on fabrics, including velvet.
FABRIC TYPE:
Velvet: It is a luxurious fabric known for its soft, plush texture and
rich appearance.
APPLICATION:
Fashion: Velvet is commonly used in high-end clothing such as
evening gowns, suits, and accessories. The napped finish adds to its
opulence and visual appeal.
Home Décor: It is also used in upholstery for furniture, curtains

and cushions. The napped texture enhances the fabric’s tactile and
aesthetic quality.
OBJECTIVE:
Enhanced Softness
Improve Appearance
Fulling is a mechanical finishing process used primarily for woolen
fabrics and their blends, like cotswool.
FABRIC TYPE:
Cotswool: It is a blended fabric made from cotton and wool. It
combines the breathable and lightweight properties of cotton with
the warmth and softness of wool.
APPLICATION:
Apparel
Home Textile
Accessories
OBJECTIVE:
Compaction, Softening, Durability.
Water Resistant, Thermal Insulation.
FABRIC CATEGORY:
Blended fabric.
Sanfronized finish falls under the category of ‘pre shrinking’ finishes.
The process is intended to prevent further shrinkage after the fabric is
used.
FABRIC TYPE:
Pre- Washed Denim: Denim that has undergone initial washing to
give it a softer feel and reduce shrinkage.
APPLICATION:
Denim fabric treated with the sanfronized finish is commonly used in
various garments, including: Jackets and Jeans.
OBJECTIVE:
To reduce the amount of shrinkage that occurs in denim after it is
washed. This helps maintain the size and fit of the garment.
Stiffening is a technique used to add body and structure to muslin
fabric, making it more rigid and less drapey.
FABRIC TYPE:
Muslin Fabric: It is a plain-weave cotton fabric that is lightweight
and breathable. It is often used as a base for garments and as a
testing fabric in fashion design.
APPLICATION:
Pattern Making
Costumes and Theatrical Clothing
Craft Projects
OBJECTIVE:
Enhanced Structure
Improved Shape Retention
Support for Embellishments
FABRIC CATEGORY:
Lightweight Fabric
Support Fabric: Supports fabric in various sewing and crafting
projects.
Beetling falls under the category of ‘mechanical finishing’. It involves
physical manipulation of the fabric to alter its texture and appearance.
FABRIC TYPE:
Linen: It is specifically applied to linen fabric. Linen is also known for
its natural texture and tendency to wrinkle, so beetling helps to
smooth and enhance its finish.
APPLICATION:
High Quality Clothing
Decorative Items, Formal Wear
OBJECTIVE:
Enhancement of Appearance
Reduction of Wrinkles.
Increased Luster: The technique imparts a glossy finish to the linen,
enhancing its visual appeal.
OTHER FINISHING TECHNIQUE:

Calendering
Mercerization
Stone Washing
Scouring is a wet finishing process used to remove natural impurities,
such as sericin (silk gum), oils, waxes, and dirt from the surface of the
fabric.
FABRIC TYPE:
Silk is a natural protein fiber produced by silkworms. It is known for
its smooth texture, natural sheen, and luxurious feel.
APPLICATION:
Apparel
Home Textiles
Accessories
OBJECTIVE:
Remove Sericin
Enhance Dyeing Properties
Improve Texture
Cleanse the Fabric

Bleaching
Dyeing
Weighting
Calendering
Shearing is a finishing technique that is applied to terry fabric to
achieve a smooth, even surface.
FABRIC TYPE:
Terry Fabric: It is a type of fabric characterized by its looped pile,
which is created through a weaving process that forms loops on both
sides of the fabric. It is typically made from cotton but can also be
found in blends with other fibers.
APPLICATION:
Towels
Robe
Baby Products
OBJECTIVE:
Smooth Surface
Enhanced Appearance
Reduced Lining
Mercerization is a chemical finishing process applied primarily to
cotton and cotton-blend fabrics to enhance their appearance, strength
and other properties.
FABRIC TYPE:
Chambray: It is a lightweight, plain-weave fabric made with colored
wrap and white weft yarns, typically using cotton or a cotton blend.
The fabric has a denim-like appearance but is much lighter and softer.
APPLICATION:
Fabric Soaking
Washing and Drying
Stretching, neutralization
OBJECTIVE:
Increase Strength
Reduce Shrinkage
Enhance Luster
Improve Dye Affinity

Sanfronization
Water-Repellent Finish
Bleaching is a chemical process that removes the natural brown color
and impurities from jute, making it lighter and ready for dyeing or
printing. Common bleaching agents include hydrogen peroxide or
sodium hypochlorite.
FABRIC TYPE:
Jute: It is a natural, durable and eco-friendly fiber used to make
coarse fabrics like burlap and sacks.
APPLICATION:
Packaging
Home Décor
Fashion Accessories
OBJECTIVE:
Remove Natural Color
Remove Impurities
Improve Appearance

Dyeing
Softening
Anti-Microbial
Waterproofing is a process that makes gaberdine resistant to water by
applying coatings like wax, acrylic, or silicon, creating a barrier that
prevents water from penetrating the fabric.
FABRIC TYPE:
Gaberdine: It is a robust, durable, breathable and waterproof due to
its texture and fight weave that allows it to repel water. It is a strong
and firm fabric.
APPLICATION:
Tents and Awnings
Bags and Bag packs
Footwear
OBJECTIVE:
Prevent Water Penetration
Enhance Durability
Extend Fabric Life

Fire Retardant
UV Protection
Anti-Mildew Treatment
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, fabric finishing techniques are essential or

enhancing the quality and functionality of textiles.
Techniques such as mercerization improve strength and
luster, while fulling creates a denser, warmer wool fabric.
Calendering adds a smooth, glossy finish, and scouring
prepares fabrics for dyeing by removing impurities. Each
method serves a specific purpose, contributing to the fabrics
appearance, durability, and performance.
Understanding these finishing processes allows for the

creation of high-quality textiles tailored to various needs and
preferences. Each technique tailors the fabric to specific uses
and aesthetic preferences, reflecting the importance of
finishing processes in textile production.
By understanding and applying these techniques,

manufacturers can significantly impact the final product’s
quality, performance, and appeal.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF

SUBMITTED BY: ISHA PANDEY

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents and friends

ii. Different Finishing Techniques:

Fabric finishing is the final stage of the textile manufacturing process,

Various finishing used for fabrics, including:

Mechanical finishing techniques such as calendaring, napping, and

Chemical finishing techniques such as dyeing, printing, and

Specialized finishing techniques such as sanfronization, fulling, and

Hand finishing techniques such as, hand stitching and embroidery.

Each technique has its unique benefits applications.

Napping is a finishing technique used for creating a soft, fuzzy

Home Décor: It is also used in upholstery for furniture, curtains

OTHER FINISHING TECHNIQUE:

OTHER FINISHING TECHNIQUE:

OTHER FINISHING TECHNIQUE:

OTHER FINISHING TECHNIQUE:

OTHER FINISHING TECHNIQUE:

In conclusion, fabric finishing techniques are essential or

Understanding these finishing processes allows for the

By understanding and applying these techniques,

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