MODULE 3 : HEALTH STATISTICS and employment surveys, health facility

assessments and routine administrative

1. Demography information systems.
 is the study of the characteristics of
populations. SOURCES OF DATA
 It provides a mathematical description  Population Census
of how those characteristics change  Registration of vital data or records
over time.  Health surveys
  Studies and researches
TOOLS  Population Census
Demographics can include any statistical
factors that influence population growth or  It is well known that the three main
decline, but several parameters are particularly sources of demographic and social
important: population size, density, age statistics are censuses, surveys and
structure, fecundity (birth rates), mortality administrative records. These three data
(death rates), and sex ratio sources are the principal means of
collecting basic demographic and social
 Fecundity describes the number of statistics as part of an integrated
offspring an individual or a population is programme of statistical data collection
able to produce during a given period of and compilation.
time.
 Mortality is the measure of individual POPULATION CENSUS
deaths in a population and serves as the  Sample versus census-some data are
counterbalance to fecundity. collected for the entire population to which
they apply; such data are sometimes
Methods used to collect data on health and referred to as census data.
health care can be characterized by the  Census- refer to any data collection aimed
following features: at collecting data for every unit in the
population of interest (i.e., a subset of a
TOPIC OUTLINE larger population of emphasis).
1.Demography  Data are collected from a subset of the
- sources of data population, or a sample, that is selected
- Population size (usually by randomization) in a way that
- Population composition makes it representative of the entire
- Population distribution population.
2.Health Indicators
3.Current Philippine Health Situation REGISTRATION OF VITAL DATA OR RECORDS
 Administrative records versus
HEALTH Statistics - Refers to the systematic respondents Some data are extracted from
study of vital events such as births, illnesses, records that already exist because they are
marriages, divorces/separation and deaths. necessary for the administration of a
program or intervention.
SOURCES OF DATA  Examples are government records (tax
 A number of sources exist that can files, social security and Medicaid
potentially be used to generate statistics on enrollment, school enrollment, accident
the health workforce. They include reports), commercial records (health plan
national population censuses, labour force enrollment files, medical claims), and
 medical records (from physicians' offices,  This is shown here in a population
hospitals, and other providers of health cartogram: a geographical presentation of
care). Other data are collected directly the world where the size of the countries
from respondents, for example, by are not drawn according to the distribution
interviewing individuals about their of land, but according to the distribution of
experiences. people. The cartogram shows where in the
world the global population was at home in
Health surveys 2018.
 Surveys of health and health care services HEALTH INDICATORS
administered for children and adolescents RATES AND RATIOS
(aged 0-18) within the past 20 years RATE - shows the relationship between a vital
(beginning in 1990). Data sources for these event and those persons exposed to the
surveys include information provided by occurrence of the said event within a given
children, adolescents, parents, caregivers, area and during a specified unit of time. It is
and health care providers. Some surveys evident that the persons experiencing the
involve reviewing health records. event (the numerator) must come from the
total population exposed to risk of the same
 Improving health leads to falling event (denominator).
mortality and is therefore the factor
that increases the size of the Population size
population. Life expectancy, which  A population is defined as a group of
measures the age of death, has doubled individuals of the same species living
in every region in the world as we within a given area.
show here.  The most fundamental demographic
 Mortality at a young age has a parameter is the number of individuals
particularly big impact on within a population. Population size is
demographic change. defined as the number of individuals
 Rapid population growth has been a present in a subjectively designated
temporary phenomenon in many geographic range.
countries. It comes to an end when the  Population size is the number of
average number of births per woman - individuals in a population. For example, a
the fertility rate-declines. In the article population of men might consist of
we show the data and explain why 100,000 individual.
fertility rates declined.  In demographics, the world population is
 What is the age profile of populations the total number of humans currently
around the world? How did it change living, and was estimated to have reached
and what will the age structure of 7,800,000,000 people as of March 2020. It
populations look like in the future? took over 200,000 years of human history
for the world's population to reach 1
Population size billion, and only 200 years more to reach 7
 Population Density billion.
 A more complete description of a
population's size includes the population RATIO-used to describe the relationship
density - the size of a population in relation between two (2) numerical quantities or
to the amount of space that it occupies. measures of events without taking particular
Density is usually expressed as the number considerations to the time or place. These
of individuals per unit area or volume. quantities need not necessarily represent the
same entities, although the unit of measure childbirth and puerperium. It is an index of the
must be the same for both. obstetrical care needed and received by
women in the community.
CRUDE OR GENERAL RATES-These rates are
referred to the total living population. It must Total no. of deaths from maternal causes
be presumed that the total population was registered for a given year
exposed to the risk of the occurrence of the MMR=-----------------------------------------X1,000
event. Total no. of livebirths registered for same year

SPECIFIC RATE - the relationship is for a Fetal death rate- measures pregnancy wastage.
specific population class or group. It limits the Death of the product of conception occurs prior
occurrence of the event to the portion of the to its complete expulsion, irrespective of
population definitely expose to it. duration of duration of pregnancy.

Crude Birth Rate - a measure of one Total no. of fetal deaths registered in a given
characteristic of the natural growth or increase calendar year
of a population. FDR=-----------------------------------------X1,000
Total no. of livebirths registered of same year
Total # of livebirths registered in a given
calendar Neonatal Death Rate - Measures the risk of
CBR=-----------------------------------------x 1,000 dying on the 1st months of life. May serve as
Estimated population as of July of same year index of the effects of prenatal care and
obstetrical management of the newborn.
Crude Death Rate - A measure of one mortality
from all causes which may result in a decrease No. of deaths under 28 days of age registered in
of population a given calendar year
NDR=----------------------------------------x1,000
Total # of livebirths registered in a given No. of livebirths registered in the same year
calendar
CBR=-----------------------------------------x 1,000 Specific Death Rate- Describes more accurately
Estimated population as of July 1 of same year the risk of exposure of certain classes or groups
to particular diseases. To understand the forces
Infant Mortality Rate - Measures the risk of of mortality, the rates should be made specific
dying during the 1 year of life. It is a good index provided the data available for both the
of the general health condition of a community population and the event in their specifications.
since it reflects the changes in the The specific rates render more comparable
environmental and medical condition of the thus reveal the problems of public health.
community.
Deaths in specific class or group registered in a
Total No. of deaths under 1yr of age registered given calendar year
in a given calendar yr. Specific=------------------------------X100,000
IMR=-----------------------------------------x1,000 D. R
Total number of registered live births calendar Estimated population as of July 1 in the same
yr. specified class of group of said year.

Maternal Mortality Rate - It measures the risk

of dying from causes related to pregnancy,
Incidence Rate- Measures the frequency of and any other factors which influence vital
occurrence of the phenomenon during a given events have to made.
period of time. Deals only with new cases.
2 METHODS
No. of new cases of a particular disease a) By applying observed specific rates to
registered during a specified period of time some standard population
IR=------------------------------------------x100,000 b) By applying specific rates of standard
Esrimated population as July of the same year population to corresponding classes or
groups of the local population
Prevalence Rate- Measures the proportion of
the population which exhibits a particular Case Fatality Ratio - Index of the killing power
disease at a particular time. This can only be of a disease. It is influenced by incomplete
determined following a survey of the reporting and poor morbidity data.
population concerned. Deals with total (old and
new) number cases. No. of registered deaths from a specific disease
for a given year
No. of new and old cases of a certain disease CFR=------------------------------------------X100
registered at a given time No. of registered cases from same specified
PR=-----------------------------------------x100 disease in the same year
Total No of persons examined at same year
Multiplying Factor (MF) to use:
Attack Rate- A more accurate measure of the
risk of exposure. Useful in epidemiological 100: Morbidity & Swaroops Index
investigations. 1000: Fertilitly & Mortality except Swaroops
Index
No, of persons acquiring a disease registered in 100,000: 1, if the numerator is too small
a given year enough to represent denominator
AR=-----------------------------------------x100 Eg. Community Lanting (population:
No. of exposed to same disease in same year 1,000,000) ; IR of measles: 7 cases

Proportionate Mortality (Death Ratio)-Shows IR= 7X100,000 = .000007 X100,000=.7

the numerical relationship between deaths 100,000 not a significant result
from a cause (or groups of causes), age (or
group of ages), etc, and the total no. of deaths 2. SOS "Save our ship" (if after computing, your
from all causes in all ages taken together. Not a answer is not in the choices available,
measure of risk of dying. substitute the MF w/100,0000

No. of registered deaths from a specific or age SELF-CHECK EXERCISE

for a given calendar year 1. Which of the following situation indicates a
PM =---------------------------------------x100 good index of the general health condition
No of registered deaths from all causes ages in of a community?
same year A. the numbers a deaths among pregnant
mothers are
Adjusted or Standardized Rates- To render the reduced significantly in Barangay A
rates of 2 communities comparable, B. The infant mortality rate of Barangay
adjustment for the difference in age, sex, race, C was increased during the past decade,
but today its gradually declining.
 C. There where neonatal deaths reported
recently in a far
flung barangay, an investigation was
started.
D. None of these

2. Which of the following tells us how many

babies born alive would die before
reaching one year of age in a given time
and place?
A. Specific child death rate
B. Infant mortality rate
C. Neonatal death rate
D. Crude death rate

3. If infant mortality rate is high, emphasis

should be given to :
A. communicable disease control
B. nutrition program
C. maternal and child health
D. immunization program

4. Which of the following indices measures

the proportion of the population which
exhibits particular disease at a particular
time?
A. Incidence rate
B. Proportionate Mortality Rate
C. Prevalence rate
D. Cause specific death rate

5. Vital Statistics refers to the systematic

study of the following vital events such as ,
EXCEPT?
A. Births
B. illnesses,
C. Marriages
D. None of these