√9 + 4 + 33x-9

FACT
gre·gar·i·ous /ɡrəˈɡerēəs/
(adjective)
others; soc
· fond of the company of

√2x – 5 + 7+ y
12 4

SHEETS
7+ y
√2x – 5 + 124

for the

on·fla·gra·tion
oun)
/ˌkän-flə-ˈgrā-shən/

· a large disastrous fire involving buildings GED ®

MATH TEST
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Addition and Subtraction .........................................................................................................................1
Associative Property...................................................................................................................................2
Classification of Numbers ........................................................................................................................3
Converting Percentages ...........................................................................................................................4
Exponents .......................................................................................................................................................5
Exponents and Roots .................................................................................................................................6
Factors..............................................................................................................................................................7
Fractions..........................................................................................................................................................8
Relationships between Fractions, Percents, and Decimals..........................................................9
Greatest Common Factor.......................................................................................................................10
Least Common Multiple .........................................................................................................................11
Multiples.......................................................................................................................................................12
Order of Operations.................................................................................................................................13
Place Value...................................................................................................................................................14
Proportions..................................................................................................................................................15
Rates and Unit Rates................................................................................................................................16
Ratios .............................................................................................................................................................17
Scientific Notation ....................................................................................................................................18
Types of Triangles .....................................................................................................................................19

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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Addition takes two or more numbers and adds them together. The result you get is
called the sum. Here’s a simple example: 3+4=7.
Addends Sum
When adding more than two numbers, the order
in which the numbers are added does not matter.
For instance, the example above could also be
written as 4+3=7. Likewise, the equation 1+7+3=11
3+4=7
could also be written as 3+1+7=11. The sum will remain the same either way.

When adding many numbers together, 1+6+2+7+5+4+8+1

it’s often easier to group some of the (1+6) + (2+7) + (5+4) + (8+1)
numbers together into smaller
(7+9) + (9+9)
“equations,” determine the sums of
each group, and then add all the sums 16+18
together. 34

Subtraction takes one quantity away from another. For instance, the expression 4-3
means that 3 must be taken away from 4, which results in 1. The result of subtracting
numbers is called the difference.
Unlike addition, the order of the numbers does
Minuend Difference matter; the difference will be different depending
on which number is the minuend and which is the

4-3=1 subtrahend.

To help you remember the order of a subtraction

Subtrahend problem, try memorizing the phrase "Me first.
Subtract me. Done with the problem."

37-17-7 93-10-12 To subtract a series of numbers, it is best to

20-7 83-12 subtract them in order. This will ensure that the
13 71 minuends and subtrahends do not accidentally
switch places as you solve the problem.

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 ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
The associative property states that when you are adding or multiplying numbers,
it does not matter how the numbers are group. This means that it doesn’t matter
where you place the parentheses.

This property can only be used for addition and multiplication.

Addition Multiplication

a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c a ⋅ (b ⋅ c) = (a ⋅ b) ⋅ c

EXAMPLE USING ADDITION:

When three or more numbers are added together, any two or more can be grouped
together and the sum will be the same.

(14 + 6) + 7 = 14 + (6 + 7) On the left, adding 14 + 6 gives us 20. Then

20 + 7 = 14 + 13 adding 20 + 7 gives us 27. On the right, adding
27 = 27 6 + 7 gives us 3. Then adding 13 + 14 gives us 27.

EXAMPLE USING MULTIPLICATION:

When three or more numbers are multipied, any two or more can be grouped
together and the sum will be the same.

On the left, multiplying 3 ⋅ 5 gives us 15. Then

(3 ⋅ 5) ⋅ 6 = 3 ⋅ (5 ⋅ 6) multiplying 15 ⋅ 6 gives us 30. On the right,
15 ⋅ 6 = 3 ⋅ 30 multiplying 5 ⋅ 6 gives us 30. Then multiplying
90 = 90 3 ⋅ 30 gives us 90.

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CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBERS
Just like so many things in our world, like animals, vehicles, and shapes, numbers can be
classified according to their properties. Here are the most common classifications of
numbers:
Natural Numbers
These are the numbers that we usually use to count with. If a
natural number is divisible by 2, it is even. If not, it is odd.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6...

Whole Numbers
These are all of the natural numers, including zero.

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...

Integers
Integers are positive and negative whole numbers.

-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

These are all the numbers that can be These are numbers that cannot be
expressed as the division of integers. written as a simple fraction or decimal.

2/1, 0.6, 3/10, 2.957 π, √2, e

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

These are all the numbers that are on a These numbers are expressed as the sum
number line (all of the numbers above). of a real part and an imaginary part ( i ).

π, 23, 5/7. -4, 3.76, √7 i, 5 i, 12.38 i, - i/2, 3 i/4

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 CONVERTING PERCENTAGES
A percentage is any number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. The word percent
comes from the Latin phrase per centum, which means “per one hundred.”

For example, 45% represents 45 out of 100, or 45 per 100.

CONVERTING PERCENTS TO DECIMALS

1. Place a decimal at the end of the number

2. Move the decimal two places to the left (”two step”)
3. Remove the percent sign (%)

• 60% → 60.0% → “two step” → 0.60% → 0.60 → 0.6 Remember: you can si
mplify
g any
• 11% → 11.0% → “two step” → 0.11% → 0.11 a decimal by removin
the
zeroes that appear at
• 0.5% → “two step” → 0.005% → 0.005
end.

CONVERTING PERCENTS TO FRACTIONS

74 37
• 74% → 74 → →
1. Remove the percent sign (%) 100 50
2. Divide the number by 100 3
• 3% → 3 →
3. Simplify! 100
124 31
• 124% → 124 → →
100 25

There are several real-world uses for percents, decimals, and fractions. Percents are
often used for test scores, leaving a tip at a restaurant, and calculating sales taxes.
Decimals are often used when dealing with money, weight, and length. Fractions
are generally used to divide a total amongst friends, follow a recipe, and tell time.

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 EXPONENTS
Exponents are used in math to signify repeated multiplication. They are written as superscript
numbers to the right side of the base:

Multiplication Exponents

2·3 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 2 3 = 2·2·2 = 8
The 3 specifies how many times to The 3 specifies how many times to
add 2 to itself. multiply 2 by itself.

Bases that are variables, such as x or y, are treated the same way:

x·x·x·x = x 4

In more complex equations, pay attention to how terms are grouped, because it will affect
the outcome. The order of operations will also determine the outcome.

7 + 3 3 = 7 + (3·3·3) = 7 + 27 = 34 - Exponents, then addition

while
(7 + 3) 3 = 10 3 = 10·10·10 = 1,000 - Parentheses, then exponents

-5 2 = -1·5 2 = -1·5·5 = -25 - Exponents,then

- Exponents, thenmultiplication
multiplication
while
(-5) = (-1·5) = (-1·5)·(-1·5) = 25
2 2 - Parentheses,then
- Parentheses, thenexponents
exponents

y - 4 2 = y - 16 - Exponents, then subtraction

while
(y - 4) 2 = (y - 4)·(y - 4) = y 2 - 8y +16 - Parentheses, then exponents

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 EXPONENTS AND ROOTS
An exponent is a shorthand way to note how many times to multiply the base
number by itself. It’s written as a superscript number on the right-hand side of
the base number:
Any number raised to the 1 is just the number itself.
For instance, 3 raised to the 1 is just 3. On the left,
Exponent we see 3 raised to the 2, which would be 3⋅3=9.

Base
3 2 Any real number raised to the 0 is equal to 1. It
doesn’t matter if it is a positive number or a
negative number. Any real non-zero number raised
to the power of 0 is equal to 1.

A number with an exponent of

2 is said to be “squared,” and a 43 = 4⋅4⋅4 = 64 35 = 3⋅3⋅3⋅3⋅3 = 243
number with an exponent of 3 72 = 7⋅7 = 49 19 = 1⋅1⋅1⋅1⋅1⋅1⋅1⋅1⋅1 = 1
is said to be “cubed.”

A root is another way of writing a fractional exponent. It is the opposite operation

of applying exponents. In other words, a root essentially “undoes” an exponent.

Instead of using an exponent, roots use a

radical symbol to indicate the operation. Index 3
A radical will have a number underneath
the bar and may sometimes have a number
16
in the upper left, called the index. If there is Radical Radicand
no index number written, it is assumed to Symbol
be 2.

16 = 4 36 = 6 3 343 = 7
This is because 42=16. This is because 62=36. This is because 73=343.

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 FACTORS
Factors are numbers that are multiplied to make another number. For example, when you
multiply 6 by 7, you get 42, so 6 and 7 are both factors of 42.

Factors of a number are often visualized as factor 1 · 24 = 24

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,
pairs. A number can have more than one factor 2 · 12 = 24
12, and 24 are all
pair, like 24. 3 · 8 = 24
factors of 24.
4 · 6 = 24
Some numbers are prime numbers because their
only factors are 1 and themselves. Other numbers, like 24, are called composite numbers
because they have other factors as well.

Prime Numbers Composite Numbers

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13... 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12...

Composite numbers are made up of prime numbers multiplied together. We can see all the
prime factors by creating a prime factorization, which is unique

24 24
4 · 6 or 3 · 8
2·2 2·3 2 · 4
2 · 2
No matter how you slice it, the prime
factorization of 24 is 2 · 2 · 2 · 3.

Some number share factors, called common factors. To determine the common factors
between two numbers, we just need to look at the factors for each number and determine
which are the same. The greatest common factor (GCF) will be the largest of the common
factors.

Factors of 24: Factors of 60:

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60

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 FRACTIONS
Fractions are numbers that specify a number of equal parts of a whole. For instance,
if you split a pizza between your three friends, you each get 1/3 of the pizza.

Three of the six equal-sized boxes are highlighted in the

rectangle, so the fraction represented here is 3/6. 3
The numerator is 3, which specifies “how many”, 6
while 6 is the denominator and specifies “what kind.”

Fractions can be expressed in different ways:

Proper Fraction Improper Fraction

Our fraction above, 3/6, is called a The fraction 6/6, which is 1 whole, is an
proper fraction because the numerator improper fraction because the numerator
is less than the denominator. is not less than the denominator.

3 6
6 6

Mixed Number
When you have more than 1 whole split into equal
divisions, this is known as a mixed number.

3
16 (1 whole plus 3/6 of another)

Equivalent Fraction
Equal quantities can be represented with equivalent fractions.

= = 3 =
1 = 6
6 2 12

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 FRACTION EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS DECIMAL PERCENT
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100
1.0 100%
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100
(ONE WHOLE)

1
2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 40 50 100
0.50 50%
(ONE HALF) 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 40 80 100 200

1
3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
0.3 33.3%
6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 60 90 120 150
(ONE THIRD)

1
4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 0.25 25%
(ONE FOURTH)
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 80 120 160 200

1
5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 100 150 200 250 0.20 20%
(ONE FIFTH)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
6 0.16 16.6%
12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 120 180 240 300
(ONE SIXTH)

1
7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 140 210 280 350 0.143 14.3%
(ONE SEVENTH)

1
8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 160 240 320 400 0.125 12.5%
(ONE EIGHTH)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50
9 0.1 11.1%
(ONE NINTH)
18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 180 270 360 450

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 40 80 100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 400 800 1,000 0.10 10%
(ONE TENTH)
1
11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 40 80 100 0.0909 9.09%
(ONE ELEVENTH)
22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 440 880 1,100

1
12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 40 80 100 0.83 8.3%
24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 480 960 1,200

1
(ONE TWELFTH)

1÷ 4 0.25 0 25. 25%

4
Divide the numerator Move the decimal point
by the denominator. two places to the right.

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GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
Common factors are numbers that you can multiply to produce another number.
The numbers should divide exactly into two or more numbers.

Common Factors Example

The factors of 6 are 2 and 3: 2 ⋅ 3 = 6
The factors of 12 are 2, 3, 4, and 6: 3 ⋅ 4 = 12
2 ⋅ 6 = 12

The greatest common factor (GCF) is the largest number that is a factor of two
or more numbers.

GCF Example
Factors of 15: 1, 3, 5, 15 Factors of 35: 1, 5, 7, 35

Because 5 is the largest factor of both 15 and 35, 5 is the GCF.

There are two steps to follow in order to find the GCF of two numbers:

Step 1 Step 2
List the factors of each number. Mark all common factors.

15: 1, 3, 5, 15 15: 1, 3, 5, 15
30: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 30: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30

The largest factor that 15 and 30 share is 15, which makes 15 the GCF in this case.

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 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE
The least common multiple is the smallest value divisible by two or more numbers.
There are two common strategies for finding the LCM.

Strategy #1
List the multiples of two numbers until you see a multiple appear
in both lists. This shared multiple will be your LCM.

EXAMPLE 1: Find the LCM of 18 and 30.

18: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126... The lowest multiple they have in
30: 30, 60, 90, 120, 150... common is 90, so the LCM = 90.

EXAMPLE 2: Find the LCM of 32 and 40.

32: 32, 64, 128, 160, 192, 224... The lowest multiple they have in
40: 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240... common is 160, so the LCM = 160.

Strategy #2
Use the GCF to find your LCM. First, factor both numbers. Then,
find the product of the GCF and the remaining factors.

EXAMPLE: Find the LCM of 18 and 30.

18 30
18: Prime factorization = 2⋅3⋅3 ^
3 6 ^
5 6
2^3 2^3
30: Prime factorization = 2⋅3⋅5
Greatest Common Factor (GCF) = 6
6⋅3⋅5 = 90, which means the LCM of 18 and 30 is 90.

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 MULTIPLES
A multiple is a number obtained by multiplying other numbers together. For example,
the numbers 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 are all multiples of 3.

3·0=0, 3·1=3, 3·2=6, 3·3=9, 3·4=12

Some numbers are multiples of many numbers.

1 · 12=12 12 is a multiple of 1 and a multiple of 12...

2 · 6=12 a multiple of 2 and a multiple of 6...
3 · 4=12 a multiple of 3 and a multiple of 4.

FACT: Zero is a multiple of all numbers!

Some numbers are only multiples of themselves and 1. We call this a prime number.

1· 13=13 13 is a multiple of 1 and 3 only.

FACT: Every number is a multiple of 1!

In order to find the common multiple that has the lowest value (least common
multiple), multiply the highest powers of all the prime factors together.

The LCM of any sized group of numbers can be found.

12 = 2· 2· 3 = 22· 3 The LCM of 12, 33 and 81 is 22 (the highest power of the

33 = 3· 11 prime factor 2) times 34 (the highest power of the prime
81 = 3· 3· 3· 3 = 34 factor 3) times 111 (the highest power of the prime factor
11).
22·34 ·11= 4·81·11 = 3,564

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 ORDER OF OPERATIONS
The order of operations is the order in which a mathematical expression is to be
simplified. Often called “PEMDAS,” the order of operations is as follows:

Parentheses
Exponents
Multiplication
Division
Addition
Subtraction

Let’s take a look at an example to see how this works.

The parentheses indicate what operations must be

(15 - 7) ÷ 4 ⋅ 1 completed first. After subtracting 7 from 15, continue
following the order of operations. There are no
(8) ÷ 4 ⋅ 1 exponents, so move on to multiplication. Multiply 4
8÷4⋅1 by 1 to get 4. Then, divide 8 by 4 to get the correct
answer of 2.

Here’s one more example:

22 ⋅ (3 - 1) ÷ 2 + 3 - 6

Parentheses: 22 ⋅ 2 ÷ 2 + 3 - 6 Division: 4 + 3 - 6
Exponents: 4 ⋅ 2 ÷ 2 + 3 - 6 Addition: 7 - 6
Multiplication: 8 ÷ 2 + 3 - 6 Subtraction: 1

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 PLACE VALUE
Place value is the value of a digit in a number. The value is determined by what position
the digit is in within the whole number.

Ten Thousands

Thousandths
Hundredths
Thousands

Hundreds
Thousands
Hundred
Millions

Tenths
Ones
3 , 7 1 4 , 9 Tens
2 6 . 5 8 3
(Decimal point)

The place value of a digit increases by ten times as you move to the left on the chart.
As you move to the right, the place value decreases by ten times. This means we can
write out our number in its expanded form, like this:

3,000,000 + 700,000 + 10,000 + 4,000 + 900 + 20 + 6 + 0.5 + 0.08 + 0.003

Another way to visualize place value is by using blocks. The blocks below represent the
number 4,275.

4 thousands 2 hundreds 7 tens 5 ones

(4,000) (200) (70) (5)

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 PROPORTIONS
A proportion states that two ratios are equal. In other words, their fraction forms are
equivalent.
1
= 2 The ratio of 1 to 2, is proportional to the ratio of 2 to 4. Their fraction forms are
2 4 equivalent, therefore they are proportional.

If Rectangle A has a length of 4 units and a width of 3 units, and Rectangle B has
4 8
a length of 8 units and a width of 3 units, the rectangles are not proportional, ≠
3 3
because the ratios of their length and width are not equivalent.

Constant of Proportionality
When both variables increase or decrease at the same rate, they are directly proportional.
EXAMPLE: If you drive your car 75 miles per hour for 300 miles, your distance traveled
and hours spent driving increase at the same rate.

Distance increase = Time increase

Inverse Proportionality
When one variable increases and the other variable decreases, the variables are
inversely proportional.
EXAMPLE: You are painting a fence, but want to get the job
done more quickly, so you invite a few friends to come help
you. As more people join, the less time it takes to finish
Number of friends =↑ painting. The time it takes to finish the job and the amount of
↑
Time spent = friends you invite to help are inversely proportional.

Percents as Proportions
Percents can be treated as portions of a whole. The ratio of a percent is always the
same “part over whole.” tip
$33.75
EXAMPLE: Your restaurant bill comes to $33.75. 100% = 20%
$6.75 = tip
You received exceptional service, so you want
$33.75 ÷ 5 $6.75
to leave a 20 percent tip. How much do you tip? =
100% ÷ 5 20%

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 RATES AND UNIT RATES
A rate is a ratio of values that represents different units of measure.

EXAMPLE: An 8-pack of 20 oz. sodas for $5.98

A unit rate describes how many units of the first quantity corresponds to ONE unit
of the second quantity (per one).

EXAMPLE: An 8-pack of 20 oz. sodas ÷ $5.98 = $0.74, or about 75 cents per one bottle

Unit rates are used frequently in our daily lives. For Unit Rate Examples
example, we use unit rates to make price comparisons
at the grocery store to find the best deals. Miles per hour
Meters per second
To find a unit rate when given a rate, identify what two
values are being compared and then use division. Dollars per gallon
Dollars per hour

EXAMPLE 1: 300 miles traveled in 4 hours

This is a rate comparing miles to hours. To find the unit rate, calculate “miles per hour.”

75 miles
300 miles ÷ 4 hours =
1 hour

EXAMPLE 2: 750 words spoken in 5 minutes

This rate is comparing words to minutes. To find the unit rate, calculate “words per
minute.”

150 words
750 words ÷ 5 minutes =
1 minute

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 RATIOS
A ratio is a pair of numbers that compares two quantities.

EXAMPLE:

The ratio of the number of girls to the number of boys is 3 to 2.

The description of the ratio reveals the order in which the numbers must appear in
the ratio. In this case, the number of girls (3) must appear before the number of
boys (2).

The meaning of the ratio is determined by the order in which it is written.

Switching the antecedent (first value) and the consequent (second value) changes
the relationship.
3
Ratios can be expressed in the following ways: 3 to 2, 3:2, and 2 .

Ratios can be simplified by dividing both values by a common factor. Doing so does
not change the meaning of the ratio. For example, the ratio 9:12 can be simplified to
3:4 because 9 and 12 have a common factor of 3. Dividing 9 and 12 by 3 results in 3
and 4, respectively.

Equivalent ratios are different ratios that have the same value. They can be found by
multiplying or dividing both values in the ratio by the same number.

EXAMPLES:

The ratio 5:10 is equal to 1:2 because 5 and 10 are both divisible by 5.

The ratio 3:5 is equal to 30:50 when 3 and 5 are multiplied by 10.

The ratio 84:36 is equal to 7:3 because 84 and 36 are both divisible by 12.

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 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific notation is simply a more efficient way to write numbers that are very large or
very small. It’s efficient because it shows magnitude very easily and usually eliminates a
lot of zeroes.

Standard Form ⟶ Scientific Notation

EXAMPLE: 5,878,600,000,000
Step 1 Step 2
Change the number to a decimal Because the decimal was moved to the
between 1 and 10. left 12 times, multiply the new number
by 10 to the power of 12.
5,878,600,000,000 5.878600000000
becomes becomes
5.878600000000 5.8786 ·1012

These steps can also be applied when working with a small number. If you want to change
0.00000055 to scientific notation, change the number to be between 1 and 10 (5.5). Then,
because the decimal was moved 7 places to the right, we multiply by 10-7 to get 5.5·10-7.

Scientific Notation ⟶ Standard Form

EXAMPLE 1: 7.38 ·10 9 EXAMPLE 2: 5.76·10 -8

Because the exponent is positive, move Because the exponent is negative, move
the decimal to the right the same number the decimal to the left the same number
of times as the exponent (9 times in this of times as the exponent (8 times in this
case). case).
7.38 5.76
becomes becomes
7,380,000,000 0.0000000576

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 TYPES OF TRIANGLES
A triangle has three straight sides that connect. The length of the sides can vary, but the
length of the largest side can’t be greater than or equal to the sum of the other two sides.
In addition, a triangle has three interior angles, and the sum of those three angles is
always 180°.

25° 45°
72° 120°

35°
54° 54° 90° 45°

Acute Triangle Obtuse Triangle Right Triangle

All three angles of an acute One angle of an obtuse triangle One angle of a right
triangle measure less than 90°. measures more than 90°. triangle measures 90°.

Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle Scalene Triangle

Two sides of an isosceles All three sides of an equilateral No sides of a scalene
triangle have the same triangle have the same length. triangle are the same
length. length.

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