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44 views5 pages

9 DHCP and Routingl9 - 103323

Uploaded by

Ali kombo hassan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NETWORK TECHNOLOGY

DHCP AND ROUTING

LECTURE NO 9

DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL (DHCP)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol for


assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network. With dynamic
addressing, a device can have a different IP address every time it connects
to the network. Every device on a TCP/IP-based network must have a unique
(unicast) IP address to access the network and its resources. Without DHCP,
IP addresses for new computers or computers that are moved from one
subnet to another must be configured manually.
With DHCP, this entire process is automated and managed centrally. The
DHCP server maintains a pool of IP addresses and leases an address to any
DHCP-enabled client when it starts up on the network. Because the IP
addresses are dynamic (leased) rather than static (permanently assigned),
addresses no longer in use are automatically returned to the pool for
reallocation.

NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT)

Network Address Translation is a process where a router or similar network


devices translate one IP address in to another IP address. NAT translates the
IP addresses of computers in a local network of private IP address in to public
address and can send your traffic on internet and where the information
comes back to your router it reverses the change from a public IP address in
to private IP address and forward the packet.

Your router once makes its internet connection through ISP send internet
activities to any PC connected to your router through a technology of
Network Address Translation (NAT).

Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved the following IP address


blocks for the use of private network.

Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (16, 777,216 address)

Class B 172.16.0.0 to 192.32.255.255 (1,048,576 address)


Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (65, 536 address)

ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL ARP

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet


Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address that is
recognized in the local network. For example, in IP Version 4, the most
common level of IP in use today, an address is 32 bits long. In
an Ethernet local area network, however, addresses for attached devices are
48 bits long. (The physical machine address is also known as a Media Access
Control or MAC address.) A table, usually called the ARP cache, is used to
maintain a correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP
address. ARP provides the protocol rules for making this correlation and
providing address conversion in both directions.

When an incoming packet destined for a host machine on a particular local


area network arrives at a gateway, the gateway asks the ARP program to
find a physical host or MAC address that matches the IP address.

The ARP program looks in the ARP cache and, if it finds the address, provides
it so that the packet can be converted to the right packet length and format
and sent to the machine. If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP
broadcasts a request packet in a special format to all the machines on the
LAN to see if one machine knows that it has that IP address associated with
it. A machine that recognizes the IP address as its own returns a reply so
indicating. ARP updates the ARP cache for future reference and then sends
the packet to the MAC address that replied.

ROUTING PROCESS

Routing is the process of moving packets across a network from one host to
another. It is usually performed by dedicated devices called routers. Packets
are the fundamental unit of information transport in all modern computer
networks, and increasingly in other communications networks as well. They
are transmitted over packet switched networks, which are networks on which
each message is cut up into a set of small segments prior to transmission.
Each packet is then transmitted individually and can follow the same path or
a different path to the common destination. Once all of the packets have
arrived at the destination, they are automatically reassembled to recreate
the original message.

IP FORWARDING/IP ROUTING.

IP Forwarding/ IP Routing are a process used to determine which path a


datagram can be sent. Generally, networks are separated from each other
by routers. For packets to travel between networks, they must be “routed”
from one network to another. These routers contain a routing table that can
contain specific instructions on how to send packets to a destination network
(known as a route), or a set of generic instructions on where to send packets
that do not match any of the other specified routes (called a default route),
or both. These routes can either be hard-coded into the router by the
network

ROUTING TABLE

A routing table is a set of rules, viewed in table format that is used to


determine where data packets traveling over an Internet Protocol (IP)
network will be directed. All IP-enabled devices, including routers
and switches, to use routing tables. A routing table contains the information
necessary to forward a packet along the best path toward its destination.
Each packet contains information about its origin and destination. When a
packet is received, a network device examines the packet and matches it to
the routing table entry providing the best match for its destination. The table
then provides the device with instructions for sending the packet to the
next hop on its route across the network.
CONTENTS FOUND IN ROUTING TABLE

A basic routing table includes the following information:

 Destination: The IP address of the packet's final destination


 Next hop: The IP address to which the packet is forwarded
 Interface: The outgoing network interface the device should use
when forwarding the packet to the next hop or final destination
 Metric: Assigns a cost to each available route so that the most
cost-effective path can be chosen
 Routes: Includes directly-attached subnets indirect subnets that
are not attached to the device but can be accessed through one or
more hops, and default routes to use for certain types of traffic or
when information is lacking.
PROTOCOLS IN ROUTING

There are major types of routing protocols.

 Routing Information Protocols(RIP)


 Interior Gateway Protocol (IGRP)
 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
 Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
 Enhanced interior gateway routing protocol (EIGRP)
 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

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