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M290 Lecture1h

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60 views16 pages

M290 Lecture1h

Uploaded by

ghada Mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their

solutions

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Course overview
Topics to be covered this semester:
Systems of linear equations and Gaussian elimination: Solving linear
equations and applications
Matrices: Arithmetic of matrices, trace and determinant of matrices
Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, diagonalization and applications
Orthogonality in Euclidean space
Subspaces of Euclidean space, spanning sets, linearly independent
sets, bases
Vector spaces
Subspaces of vector spaces, spanning sets and linearly independent
sets in abstract vector spaces

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Something familiar: Two equations in two unknowns

Given the system of equations

2x + 6y = 8
6x − 2y = 4

We have a couple of ways to solve this system.


1. We may solve for one variable in terms of the other variable. For
example, from the first equation, we have 2x = 8 − 6y , which yields
x = 4 − 3y .
We then substitute the expression for x into the second equation to get:
6(4 − 3y ) − 2y = 4, thus, 24 − 18y − 2y = 4, so −20y = −20, and thus
y = 1.
So: x = 4 − 3 · 1 = 1 and therefore, x = 1, y = 1 is the unique solution
to the given system.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


2. We may also solve the system by eliminating a variable.
For example, if we multiply the first equation by 3, we obtain

6x + 18y = 24
6x − 2y = 4

If we then subtract the second equation from the first (thereby


eliminating x), we get 20y = 20, so y = 1.
Substituting this into the (original) first equation yields 2x + 6 · 1 = 8, so
2x = 2, and thus x = 1, as expected.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Class Example
Find the unique solution to:

3x − 9y = 9
6x + y = 37

Multiply the first equation by 2,

6x − 18y = 18
6x + y = 37

Subtracting the second equation from the first, we get: −19y = −19,
and thus y = 1.
Substituting y = 1 into the first equation yields 3x − 9 · 1 = 9, so
3x = 18, and x = 6. Therefore, x = 6, y = 1 is the unique solution.
We also say the ordered pair (6, 1) is a solution.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Geometric Interpretation
Recall that the graph of the equation ax + by = c is a straight line in the
plane.
−a
Note: If b 6= 0, we get the slope-intercept form y = b · x + bc .

Thus, (u, v ) is a solution to ax + by = c if and only if (u, v ) lies on the


corresponding line.
Thus, given two equations, ax + by = c and dx + ey = f , (u, v ) is a
solution to both equations if and only if lie lies on both lines.
Geometrically, there are three possibilities:
1 The lines intersect in one point
2 The lines are parallel
3 The two lines are the same

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Consequences of Geometric Interpretation

It follows that a given system of equations

ax + by = c
dx + ey = f

has either
1 A unique solution (when the two lines intersect in a point) or
2 No solution (when the lines are parallel) or
3 Infinitely many solutions (when the two lines are the same)

Thus, there can never be just finitely many solutions!


For example, no system of two linear equations in two unknowns has 17
solutions.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


In case 3 above, the system of two equations reduces to just one
equation, say ax + by = c.
Suppose a 6= 0. Then we solve the equation for x to obtain

x = (−b/a)y + c/a.

To write the general solution, we introduce a new parameter, t, and say


the solutions are

y =t and x = (−b/a)t + c/a,

for all real numbers t.


Alternately, we say the solutions are all ordered pairs ( −a c
b t + b , t), with t
any real number.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Class Example
Write the solutions to 2x + 6y = 10 in parametric form using the
parameter t.

Solution: Solving for x in terms of y , we get: x = 5 − 3y . Thus the


solutions are:
x = 5 − 3t and y = t,
for all real numbers t or,

{(5 − 3t, t) | t ∈ R}.


5
Or, solving for you in terms of x, yields y = 3 − 13 x, so the solutions are:

5 1
{(s, − s) | s ∈ R}.
3 3
Note: we can use any parameter we like.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Linear Equations
A linear equation is an equation involving variables and coefficients, but
no products or powers of variables.
Some examples:
(a) 2x + 3y = 6
√
(b) 7u − 8v + 2y + πz = 17
2 √
(c) 75x1 + 19 x2 + −23x3 = 3 π

General linear equation:

a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn = b (∗),

where a1 , . . . , an , b are real numbers.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Solutions:
A solution to a linear equation is an ordered tuple that yields a valid
equation upon substituting for the variables.
So for example, if (s1 , . . . , sn ) is an n-tuple of real numbers then
(s1 , . . . , sn ) is a solution to the equation (*) if and only if

a1 s1 + · · · + an sn = b.

We also say that x1 = s1 , . . . , xn = sn is a solution to (*).

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Example
Consider the equation

x1 − 2x2 − 3x3 = 17.

.
The following are solutions to this equation:
(22, 1, 1), is a solution since:

22 − 2 · 1 − 3 · 1 = 17.

(25, -2, 4) is a solution since:

25 − 2(−2) − 3 · 4 = 17.

The general solution is (17+2s+3t, s, t), where s, t are arbitrary real


numbers since:

(17 + 2s + 3t) − 2 · s − 3 · t = 17.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Class Example
Find two particular solutions to the equation: 2x1 − 4x2 + 8x3 = 6.
(1,1,1) and (3,0,0) are two among the infinitely many solutions.To find
the general solution: Solve for x1 :

2x1 = 6 + 4x2 − 8x3 ,

so x1 = 3 + 2x2 − 4x3 . Using parameters s, t, we have that the general


solution is
(3 + 2s − 4t, s, t).

Taking s = 1, t = 1, we get the first solution (1,1,1).


Taking s = 0, t = 0, we get the second solutions (3,0,0).

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Systems of Linear Equations
A system of m linear equations in n unknowns is a system of equations of
the form

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn = b1


a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn = b2
.. .
. = ..
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn = bm

where all of the coefficients aij and all of the bk are real numbers.

An ordered n-tuple (s1 , . . . , sn ), or equivalently, the set of real numbers


x1 = s1 , . . . , xn = sn , is a solution to the system of equations if it is a
solution to each equation in the system.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Example
Consider the system of equations

2x + 0y + 4z + 6w = 12
0x + 3y − 6z + 9w = 15.

(6, 5, 0, 0) is a solution since, setting x = 6, y = 5, z = 0, w = 0 yields

2 · 6 + 0 · 5 + 4 · 0 + 6 · 0 = 12
0 · 6 + 3 · 5 − 6 · 0 + 9 · 0 = 15.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions


Class Example
Verify that, for all s, t ∈ R, (6 − 2s − 3t, 5 + 2s − 3t, s, t) is a solution to
the system

2x + 0y + 4z + 6w = 12
0x + 3y − 6z + 9w = 15.

Solution: Substituing x = 6 − 2s − 3t, y = 5 + 2s − 3t, z = s, w = t into


the first equation yields

2(6 − 2s − 3t) + 0(5 + 2s − 3t) + 4s + 5t = 12 − 4s − 6t + 0 + 4s + 6t = 12,

while the same substitution into the second equation yields,

0(6 − 2s − 3t) + 3(5 + 2s − 3t) − 6s + 9t = 15 + 6s − 9t − 6s + 9t = 15,

which is what we want.

Lecture 1: Systems of linear equations and their solutions

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