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Table of Contents

1 Review 1
1.1 Review of Numeric Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Integer and Rational Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Factoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Rational Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Rationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7 Introduction to Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Algebra of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.9 Transformations of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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Chapter 1

Review

1.1 Review of Numeric Fractions

In everything that follows, we assume that the denominator is never zero.

Multiplication

b ab
a· =
c c

a c ac
· =
b d bd

Example 1

Multiply each of the following. Simplify your answer.

4
(a) 5 ·
15

2 3
(b) ·
7 5

10 9
(c) ·
3 40

1
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.1. REVIEW OF NUMERIC FRACTIONS

Division

a
b a c a d ad
c = b ÷ d = b · c = bc
d

Example 2

Divide each of the following. Simplify your answer.

1
(a) 2
3
5

4
(b) 3
2
9

Now, let’s review adding and subtracting fractions.

Addition / Subtraction

Step 1: Find the common denominator between all denominators. This is their lcm or least
common multiple.
Step 2: Multiply the numerator and denominator of each fraction by a suitable number so all
denominators are now the same (equal to the common denominator).
Step 3: Add or subtract the numerators. Make sure to simplify your final fraction.

OR
Use the following shortcut (for two fractions at a time only):

a c ad ± bc
± =
b d bd
As usual, make sure to simplify your final fraction.

2
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.2. INTEGER AND RATIONAL EXPONENTS

Example 3

Evaluate each of the following. Simplify your answer.

5 7
(a)
8 6

8 3
(b) +
15 10

✓ ◆
5 2
(c) 4
6 9

1.2 Integer and Rational Exponents

Given a positive number a and a positive integer n, an (read a to the power n) is defined as

Definition 1: Positive Integer Exponent

an = (a)(a) · · · (a)
| {z }
n times

Properties of Exponents

am
a) (am )(an ) = am+n b) = am n
(a 6= 0) c) (am )n = amn
an
⇣ a ⌘n an 1
d) (a b)n = an bn e) = (b 6= 0) f) a n = (a 6= 0)
b bn an
⇣a⌘ ✓ ◆n
n b
g) = h) a0 = 1 (except 00 )
b a

Note 1

The negative sign in a fraction can go either in front of the numerator, in front of the denominator, or in
front of the entire fraction. i.e.
x x x
= =
y y y

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.2. INTEGER AND RATIONAL EXPONENTS

The properties of exponents that were just listed apply to rational (or fractional) exponents as well, not
just integer ones. Rational exponents arise when we discuss roots.

Definition 2: Square Roots

p
The Square Root of A, denoted by A, is the positive number such that
p p
A· A=A

where p
A = A1/2

Definition 3: Cube Roots

p
3
The Cube Root of A, denoted by A, is the number such that
p
3
p
3
p
3
A· A· A=A

where p
A = A1/3
3

..
.

Definition 4: nth Root

p
The nth Root of A, denoted by n A is the number such that
p p p p
( A)( A) · · · ( A) = ( A)n = A.
n n n n

| {z }
n times

where p
A = A1/n
n

If n is even then A > 0, whereas if n is odd then A can be anything.

Note 2
p p p
Common Mistake: 9 6= ±3 because by definition A is a positive number, so 9 = 3.

4
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.2. INTEGER AND RATIONAL EXPONENTS

Properties of Square Roots

Given A > 0, B > 0,

p p p
AB = A B
r p
A A
= p
B B

Properties of General Roots

p p p
n
AB = n
A n
B (If n is even then A, B > 0.)
r p
n
A A
n
= p
n
(If n is even then A, B > 0, B 6= 0.)
B B
p
n
An = A (If n is odd.)
p
n
An = |A| (If n is even.)
p m
n
Am = A n (If n is even then Am > 0.)

Example 4

Simplify each of the following expressions leaving no radicals nor negative exponents.

(a) 3a2 b0 (3a 1 b 1 )2

✓ ◆ 1
4x3 yz 3
(b)
10x 2 y 3 z 1

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.3. POLYNOMIALS

p p p
( x y 2 4 z)6 x z
(c)
x4 y 13 z

p
3 1
a 2 b c5 a 3 b c
(d) p
3
b c a5

1.3 Polynomials

Definition 5: Polynomial

A polynomial in one variable is any expression that has the form

an xn + an 1x
n 1
+ · · · + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0

where n is a nonnegative integer and a0 , a1 , . . . , an are real numbers. In other words, the coef-
ficients can be anything but the exponents on the variables have to be positive whole numbers
or zero. Here are some other notes on polynomials:
• The degree of a polynomial is n, provided an 6= 0.
• an is the leading coefficient and a0 is the constant term.
• The terms in a polynomial are separated by the + or signs. A one term polynomial is called
a monomial. Two term polynomials are called binomials. Three term polynomials are called
trinomials.
• Polynomials can also have more than one variable. In this case, the degree of each term is the
sum of the exponents on the variables in that term, and the degree of the polynomial is equal
to the degree of the term with the largest degree.

Example 5

1 5
(a) 3x + 2.3x3 + ⇡x e 3 is a polynomial in one variable x. (degree 5)

(b) 5x3 y 2 + 3xy 2 x 9y 27 is a polynomial in two variables x and y. (degree 3 + 2 = 5)

2
(c) x6 + 2x4 + x is not a polynomial since the last term is equivalent to 2x 1.

p 1
(d) 4 x + 7x 1 is not a polynomial since the first term is equivalent to 4x 2 .

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.3. POLYNOMIALS

Operations on Polynomials

Addition and Subtraction

Any terms in an expression that have the same variables raised to the same powers are called
like terms. Like terms can be combined or collected when they are added/subtracted.

Multiplication
When multiplying polynomials, we multiply each term in one polynomial by each term in the
other polynomial, and then we combine like terms, if any. When the product involves two
binomials, we can use the FOIL method.

Example 6

Fully expand and simplify each expression.

(a) 6x3 + 5x2 4 (3x3 x2 + 7)

(b) (3x 1)(2 x)

(c) (x + 1)(x2 x + 1)

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.3. POLYNOMIALS

Special Products

(A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2

(A B)2 = A2 2AB + B 2

(A + B)(A B) = A2 B2

(A + B)3 = A3 + 3A2 B + 3AB 2 + B 3

(A B)3 = A3 3A2 B + 3AB 2 B3

Example 7

Fully expand and simplify each expression.

(a) (3x + 2)2

(b) (2 x)2

(c) (2x + 3)(2x 3)

(d) (a2 + 2b)3

(e) (y 3)3

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.4. FACTORING

1.4 Factoring

General Factoring

In trying to factor a polynomial, we always begin by looking for a factor that is common to all
terms. Specifically, we look for the Greatest Common Divisor or GCD of all terms. The
GCD of two or more terms is equal to the product of the GCD of the coefficients multiplied by
any common variable factor raised to the least power it appears to.

Example 8

Factor the GCD out of each expression.

(a) 28x2 14x3 + 70x4

(b) 20x4 y 2 36x5 y 3

(c) 3(x + 1)3 (x 2)2 6(x + 1)2 (x 2)3

Factoring x2 + bx + c

I call these ”type 1 quadratics” or ”easy rs” because the leading coefficient is 1. Such quadratic
polynomials can be factored into the product of two binomials as follows

x2 + bx + c = (x + r)(x + s)

where r · s = c and r + s = b. In other words, we look for two integers whose product is c and
whose sum is b.

Note 3

Remember: Always look for the GCD first!

Careful: Not all quadratic polynomials can be factored.
Tip: If the leading coefficient is 1, factor it out as a GCD.

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.4. FACTORING

Example 9

Factor each expression completely.

(a) x2 2x 15

(b) 4x2 + 20x + 24

(c) x2 + 11x 30

Factoring ax2 + bx + c, a 6= 1

I call these ”type 2 quadratics” or ”long rs” because the leading coefficient is not 1. Such
quadratic polynomials can be factored using the grouping (or four terms) method. In this
method, we begin by computing the product ac. Next, we try to find two integers r and s such
that r · s = ac and r + s = b. Next, we rewrite the original quadratic but we replace bx with
rx + sx. This now gives us four terms which we factor by grouping.

Example 10

Factor each expression completely.

(a) 6x2 + 7x 3

(b) 30x2 y 2 27x2 y + 6x2

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.4. FACTORING

Special Factoring

Di↵erence of Squares: A2 B 2 = (A + B)(A B)

Di↵erence of Cubes: A3 B 3 = (A B)(A2 + AB + B 2 )

Sum of Cubes: A3 + B 3 = (A + B)(A2 AB + B 2 )

Example 11

Factor each expression completely.

(a) x2 49

(b) y 4 81

(c) x3 8

(d) 2t7 + 250t

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.5. RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

1.5 Rational Expressions

Rational Expression

Polynomial 1 P
= where Q 6= 0
Polynomial 2 Q

In other words, a rational expression is a polynomial divided by another nonzero polynomial.

So it’s a fraction!

Just as we do with numerical fractions, rational expressions can be simplified, multiplied, divided, added,
or subtracted. We also deal with complex rational expressions (similar to complex fractions).

Simplifying a Rational Expression

To simplify a single rational expression, we factor both the numerator and denominator sepa-
rately and then use the cancellation law:
a·c a
=
b·c b

Note 4
a+c a+c
Common Mistake: We only cancel out common factors: 6= Don’t do this!
c c

Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

To multiply two rational expressions, we factor both numerators and both denominators and
cancel any common factors.
a c ac
· =
b d bd

To divide two rational expressions, first we change the division to a product by flipping the
second rational expression. Then, we factor both numerators and both denominators and cancel
any common factors.
a c a d ad
÷ = · =
b d b c bc

Opposites

When simplifying rational expressions, we often run into factors that are opposites, that is, two
terms subtracted in opposite order. Opposites cancel out, but leave a ” 1” factor behind as
follows: ⇠
a b (b⇠⇠
⇠ a)
= = 1
b a b ⇠⇠
⇠ a

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.5. RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Example 12

Simplify each rational expression.

15x3 + 30x2 45x
(a)
5x3 45x

y2 3y + 2 2 y
(b) ÷ 2
y3 1 y +y+1

Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

To add or subtract rational expressions, we need the least common denominator (LCD).
Once we have it, we simply add or subtract the numerators while keeping the common denomi-
nator.
To find the LCD of two or more rational expressions, first factor all the denominators and then
form the product that includes any factor raised to the greatest number of times that it appears
in any factorization.
You could also use the shortcut to add or subtract two fractions but it doesn’t guarantee that
you’ll have an LCD.

Example 13

Add or subtract the rational expressions. Simplify the final answer.

2 4
(a) 2 +
x 9 2x + 6

13
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.5. RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS

x 1
(b)
x2 + 5x + 6 x2 +x 6

Simplifying Complex Rational Expressions

A complex rational expression is a rational expression that has one or more rational expressions
inside of it (fractions within fractions).
To simplify such expressions, first obtain a single rational expression in both the numerator and
the denominator of the complex rational expression. Then, divide the two rational expressions.
The shortcut to add or subtract two fractions is especially useful here.

Example 14

Simplify each of the following rational expressions.

1 1
(a) a b
1 1
a2 b2

1 1
(b) x + 3 6
x 3

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.6. RATIONALIZATION

1.6 Rationalization
In Calculus, evaluating limits will sometimes require us to remove radicals in either the numerator or the
denominator of a fraction. This process is called rationalizing the numerator or rationalizing the
denominator. We accomplished this by multiplying the fraction by a fraction that is equivalent to 1 in
such a way as to remove the radicals. Only square roots are covered here.

Case 1 - One Term

p
The numerator or denominator to be rationalized is of the form a b.
p
b
In this case, we multiply the fraction by p .
b

Example 15
3
Rationalize the denominator of p .
2

Case 2 - Two Terms

p p
The numerator or denominator to be rationalized is of the form a b ± c d. In this case, we
multiply and divide the expression by something called the conjugate.
p p p p
The conjugate of a b + c d is a b c d, and vice–versa. Multiplying conjugates always
eliminates the radical(s). Here’s how it works:
p p p p p p
(a b + c d) · (a b c d) = (a b)2 (c d)2 = a2 b c2 d (No radicals!)

Example 16
p p
3 5 2 3
Rationalize the numerator of .
11

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.7. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

1.7 Introduction to Functions

Definition 6: Function

A relation is a rule or correspondence between two variables. One of the variables takes on the
values in a set, let’s call it set A, while the other variable takes on values in a set called B.
A function is a relation such that for every value in set A, there corresponds exactly one value
in set B.
Furthermore,

• The variable corresponding to set A is called the independent variable and this set is called
the domain of the function.

• The variable corresponding to set B is called the dependent variable and this set is called
the range of the function.

Function Notation & Terminology

We write
y = f (x)
where
• This is read ”y equals f of x”.
• f is the name of the function.
• y is the dependent variable (y and f (x) are essentially the same thing).
• x is the independent variable.
• The domain of the function f is the set of all x–values (or input values) for which the
function is defined.
• If a particular value of x is allowed in f (or is in the domain of f ), then we say that
f is defined at x. Otherwise, we say that f is undefined at x.
• The range of the function f is the set of all y–values (or output values) that the function
takes on.

Note 5

Recall: A function can be undefined (no output) for several reasons such as division by zero, the even root
of a negative number, the logarithm of a number less than or equal to zero, etc...

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 Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.7. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

Now we look at a list of basic functions and their features. It is very important to recognize each of these
and know their graphs. It will make much of the work that is to come easier for you.

Constant Function f (x) = c Linear Function f (x) = x

Domain: ( 1, 1) Domain: ( 1, 1)
Range: {c} Range: ( 1, 1)
y intercept: (0, c) y intercept: (0, 0)
x intercept: (0, 0)

Quadratic Function Cubic Function

f (x) = x2 f (x) = x3
Domain: ( 1, 1) Domain: ( 1, 1)
Range: [0, 1) Range: ( 1, 1)
y intercept: (0, 0) y intercept: (0, 0)
x intercept: (0, 0) x intercept: (0, 0)

Reciprocal Function Absolute Value Function

1
f (x) = f (x) = |x|
x
Domain: ( 1, 0) [ (0, 1) Domain: ( 1, 1)
Range: ( 1, 0) [ (0, 1) Range: [0, 1)
y intercept: none y intercept: (0, 0)
x intercept: none x intercept: (0, 0)
V.A.: x = 0
H.A.: y = 0

Square Root Function Exponential Function

p
f (x) = x f (x) = ex
Domain: [0, 1) Domain: ( 1, 1)
Range: [0, 1) Range: (0, 1)
y intercept: (0, 0) y intercept: (0, 1)
x intercept: (0, 0) x intercept: none
H.A.: y = 0

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 Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.7. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

Logarithmic Function Sine Function

f (x) = ln x f (x) = sin x
Domain: (0, 1) Domain: ( 1, 1)
Range: ( 1, 1) Range: [ 1, 1]
y intercept: none y intercept: (0, 0)
x intercept: (1, 0) x intercepts: (k⇡, 0)
V.A.: x = 0 k2Z
period: 2⇡

Cosine Function Tangent Function

f (x) = cos x f (x) = tan x
Domain: ( 1, 1) Domain: R except
k⇡
Range: [ 1, 1] x= 2 , k = ±1, ±3, ±5 . . .
y intercept: (0, 1) Range: ( 1, 1)
x intercepts: ( k⇡
2 , 0) y intercept: (0, 0)
k = ±1, ±3, ±5 . . . x intercepts: (k⇡, 0), k 2 Z
k⇡
period: 2⇡ V.A.: x = 2 , k = ±1, ±3, . . .
period: ⇡

Domains

The (implied) domain of a function is the set of all real numbers for which the function is defined.
In other words, it’s the set of all x values such that f (x) exists.
The functions that we encounter most often are the ones we just went through. Being able to
quickly obtain their domains is very important.
Here are some tips worth remembering:
• Polynomials, exponentials, sine, and cosine have a domain of R.
• To find the domain of a rational function, find the zeros of the denominator. The domain is
R except for those zeros.
• To find the domain of a square root function, we need to make sure that the radicand
(expression inside the root) is greater than or equal to zero. The domain is the solution to
the inequality “radicand > 0”.
• To find the domain of a logarithmic function, solve the inequality “inside > 0”.

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Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.7. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

Example 17

Find the domain of each function.

(a) f (x) = 13 x7 4x5 + x(x 1)

7 t
(b) g(t) =
t2 + 2t 15

p
(c) h(n) = 3 2n

(d) f (x) = ln(7x + 3)

Piecewise Defined Functions

We will be dealing with these types of functions frequently. The most famous piecewise function
is probably the absolute value function. It is defined as follows:
⇢
x, x > 0
f (x) = |x| =
x, x < 0

The graph of this function has already been covered.

In general, we need to be able to evaluate piecewise defined functions whether they are given to us graph-
ically or algebraically.

19
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.7. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

Example 18
8
>
> x2 + 1, x<0
>
>
>
>
< x+3
Given the function f (x) = , 0 6 x 6 5 , evaluate f ( 1), f (0), f (4), f (5), f (7), and f (8).
>
> x 4
>
>
>
>
:
ln(x 7), 7<x

Intercepts

The intercepts of a function are when its graph intersects the axes.

The y intercept of a function f is the point (0, y), that is, where its graph crosses the y axis.
Algebraically, we find it by evaluating f (0). A function can have at most one y intercept.

The x intercept(s) of a function f is/are the point(s) (x, 0), that is, where its graph crosses
the x axis. Algebraically, we solve the equation f (x) = 0. A function can have any number of
x intercepts

Example 19

Find the intercepts of the function f (x) = 5(2 x)(1 + x)2 .

20
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.8. ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

1.8 Algebra of Functions

Functions, just like numbers and variables, can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. These are
called combinations of functions. In the table below, suppose that f and g are two functions with domains
A and B, respectively.

Operation Domain

Sum (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) A\B

Di↵erence (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) A\B

Product (f g)(x) = f (x) · g(x) A\B

✓ ◆ A\B
f f (x)
Quotient (x) = (excluding any x values
g g(x)
such that g(x) = 0)

Example 20
p p
Let f (x) = 2 + x and g(x) = 3 x. Find f + g, f g, f g, and f /g along with the domain of each.

21
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.8. ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

It’s also very important to be able to evaluate combinations of functions algebraically, using a table of
values, or from graphs.

Example 21

Let f (x) = x 4 and g(x) = x2 x + 2. Evaluate (f + g)(0), (f g)(1), (f g)(2), (f /g)( 1), and (g/f )(4).

Example 22

Given the table of values below, evaluate (f + g)( 1), (f g)(0), (f g)(1), and (f /g)(3).

x –1 0 1 3
f (x) 2 –1 3 32
g(x) –5 –3 7 –4

Example 23

Using the graph below, evaluate (f + g)( 5), (g f )(5), (f g)(0), (f /g)( 3) and (g/f )(0).

22
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.8. ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

There is an important expression called the di↵erence quotient that we will need to use later on in the
course. It is also referred to as the Newton quotient or the average rate of change.

Di↵erence Quotient

Given a function f , the di↵erence quotient is given by

f (x + h) f (x) f (x) f (a)

or
h x a

Given a particular function, we will want to construct this quotient and then simplify it. The given function
is usually one of the following three types: polynomial, rational, or square root. How we simplify the di↵er-
ence quotient depends on the given function but the goal is always the same: cancel the h or the x a in the
denominator.

Example 24

Given each function, construct the di↵erence quotient using the first definition/formula and simplify it.

(a) f (x) = x2 3x + 1

x
(b) f (x) =
x+1

23
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.8. ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

p
(c) f (x) = 2 x

Example 25

Given each function below, construct the di↵erence quotient using the second definition/formula.

(a) f (x) = x2 3x + 1. For any a.

x
(b) f (x) = . Using a = 1.
x+1

p
(c) f (x) = 2 x. Using a = 2.

24
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.8. ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

Aside from being added, subtracted, multiplied and divided (combinations), functions can also be ”plugged”
into each other. This is called a composition.

Composition of Function

The composite function f g is defined as

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))

where x is in the domain of g and g(x) is in the domain of f .

An easy way to find the domain of a composition is to find it before simplification. This will be explained
through the following example.

Example 26
p
Given the functions f (x) = x + 2 and g(x) = x2 3, find (f g)(x), (g f )(x), (f f )(x), (g g)(x), and
the domain of each composition.

Example 27

Using the graph below, evaluate (f g)( 2), (g f )( 3), and (g g)(4).

25
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.8. ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

Example 28

Given the table of values below, evaluate (f g)(0), (g f )(3), and (h g f )(1).

x –1 0 1 3
f (x) 2 –1 3 –1
g(x) –5 3 7 0
h(x) –2 –3 –6 –4

It will be very important for you later on in the course to be able to decompose a function. Here’s an
example to help illustrate what this means.

Example 29

Find functions f (x) and g(x) such that h(x) = (f g)(x). Answers may vary*.
(a) h(x) = (2x 3)10

p
(b) h(x) = x3 1

1
(c) h(x) =
x+3

Example 30

Find functions f (x), g(x), and h(x) such that F (x) = (f g h)(x) = sin(e2x+1 ). Answers may vary*.

26
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.9. TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

1.9 Transformations of Functions

A Summary of Transformations
p
Consider the basic or known function y = f (x). For example y = x2 or y = x.

Vertical Translations: if c > 0:

! the graph of y = f (x) + c is the graph of y = f (x) shifted up c units.
! the graph of y = f (x) c is the graph of y = f (x) shifted down c units.

Horizontal Translations: if c > 0:

! the graph of y = f (x c) is the graph of y = f (x) shifted right c units.
! the graph of y = f (x + c) is the graph of y = f (x) shifted left c units.

Reflections

! The graph of y = f (x) is the graph of y = f (x) reflected about the x axis.
! The graph of y = f ( x) is the graph of y = f (x) reflected about the y axis.

Vertical Stretching/Shrinking

! If |c| > 1, then y = cf (x) is the graph of y = f (x) stretched vertically by a factor of c.
! If 0 < |c| < 1, then y = cf (x) is the graph of y = f (x) shrunk vertically by a factor of 1c .

Horizontal Stretching/Shrinking

! If |c| > 1, then y = f (cx) is the graph of y = f (x) shrunk horizontally by a factor of c.
! If 0 < |c| < 1, then y = f (cx) is the graph of y = f (x) stretched horizontally by a factor of 1c .

Example 31

Sketch the graph of each of the following piecewise functions.

8
>
> 3 x, x< 1
<
(a) f (x) = 2 x , 2 1<x63
>
>
:
ln(x 3), 3<x
8p
>
> x, x60
<
(b) f (x) = |x 1|, 0<x<2
>
>
:
2x 5, 2<x

27
Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.10. EXERCISES

1.10 Exercises
1. Perform each operation. Simplify your final answer when possible.

3 4 15 3/7 6/11
a) 7 · b) · c) d)
14 5 8 6/21 3/55
✓ ◆
2 1 3 5 2 5 1 2 3
e) f) + g) 3 h) +
3 5 7 14 9 6 3 7 4

2. Simplify each of the following expressions leaving no radicals nor negative exponents.
✓ ◆ 2
2 1y3z2 3 100a3 b7 c 2
a) 3xy 2 z 3 2x b)
10ab6 c 1
p
4 ⇣p ⌘p x
a3 b5 a 1/3 b p
x
c) p3
d) x
ab

3. Expand and simplify each expression.

a) 3x3 x+1 ( x3 + x 4) b) (5x + 1)(3 x) c) (x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 )

d) (4a + 3)2 e) (1 5b)2 f ) (ab + 3)(ab 3)

x+y y )x y
g) (x + 2y)3 h) (a2 2b)3 i) (ax+y ) (ax

4. Factor completely each expression.

a) 15x3 y 2 25x2 y 3 + 5x2 y 2 b) 4(x 1)3 (x + 2)2 8(x 1)2 (x + 2)3

c) y 2 5y 14 d) 2a5 + 18a4 36a3

e) 12x2 + 5x 2 f ) 6x2 (x + 1)2 21x(x + 1)2 + 9(x + 1)2

g) y 2 25 h) x8 1

i) 2t4 2000t j) x9 + 8y 3

28
 Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.10. EXERCISES

5. Simplify each rational expression.

12x 3x3 2y 2 5y 3 4y 2 1 3 6
a) b) ÷ 2 c) +
x3 4x2 + 4x y 3 27 y + 3y + 9 x2 1 3x 3

1 1 x+h x 1 x x
+
d) 2 x h 2 x e) 3 + x+h 3+x f) x 1+x
h h 1+x x
+
x 1 x

6. Rationalize the numerator of each expression.

p p p p p p
2 3+3 2 5+x+h 5+x 1 3(x + h) 1 3x
a) b) c)
6 h h

7. Find the domain of each function.

5 x
a) f (x) = (3x + 1)2 (x 2) b) g(x) =
x2 10x + 16
p
c) h(t) = 7 2t d) f (x) = ln(4x 3)

8 p
>
> x + 1, x6 1
>
>
>
>
< x+2
8. Given the function f (x) = , 1 < x < 5, evaluate f ( 1), f (0), f (3), f (4), f (5), and f (8).
> x 3
>
>
>
>
>
:
2 + x, 5<x

9. Find the intercepts of each function.

a) f (x) = 2(1 + x)(3 x)2 b) g(x) = log2 (x + 8) c) h(x) = 3x+2 27

10. In each case, find f + g, f g, f g, f /g, and g/f along with the domain of each.
p p
a) f (x) = x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 3x 10 b) f (x) = 7 x, g(x) = 6+x

11. Let f (x) = x + 3 and g(x) = x2 6x 7. Evaluate (f + g)( 1), (g f )(1), (f g)(0), (f /g)(2), and
(g/f )( 3).

12. Given the table of values below, evaluate (f + g)( 3), (f g)(2), (f g)(5), and (f /g)(7).

x –3 2 5 7
f (x) –2 1 4 9
g(x) 5 –7 –1 3

29
 Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.10. EXERCISES

13. Using the graph below, evaluate (f + g)( 4), (g f )(3), (f g)(0), (f /g)( 2) and (g/f )(5).

f (x+h) f (x)
14. Given each function, construct the di↵erence quotient h and simplify it.

3x p
a) f (x) = x2 + 4x 5 b) f (x) = c) f (x) = 1 2x
1 x

f (x) f (a)
15. Given each function, construct the di↵erence quotient x a and simplify it.

3x p
a) f (x) = x2 + 4x 5, a = 1 b) f (x) = ,a = 2 c) f (x) = 1 2x, a = 4
1 x

1 3
16. Given the functions f (x) = and g(x) = , find (f g)(x), (g f )(x), (f f )(x), (g g)(x), and
x+1 x
the domain of each composition.

17. Using the graph below, evaluate (f g)(1), (g f )(3), (f f )( 4) and (g g)(5).

30
 Calculus I for Commerce/Social Science 1.10. EXERCISES

18. Given the table of values below, evaluate (f g)( 2), (g f )(2), and (h g f )(0).

x –2 0 2 3
f (x) 2 2 0 –1
g(x) 3 3 –2 0
h(x) 17 –3 –6 –4

19. In each case, find functions f (x) and g(x) such that h(x) = (f g)(x). Answers may vary*. You should
avoid choosing f (x) = x or g(x) = x.
✓ ◆3
1+x
a) h(x) = b) h(x) = ln(x2 + 7) c) h(x) = esin x
2 x

p
20. Find functions f (x), g(x), and h(x) such that F (x) = (f g h)(x) = cos ex . Answers may vary*. You
should avoid choosing f (x) = x, g(x) = x or h(x) = x.

21. Sketch the graph of each of the following piecewise functions.

8 8
>
> |x + 2|, x6 1 >
> ex , x<0
< <
a) f (x) = 3 x, 1<x<3 b) f (x) = 4 x2 , 06x62
>
> >
>
: :
(x 3)2 , 3<x ln(x 2), 2<x

31