GTU Questions

Q.
explain concept of DLVO theory with energy curves and how it can be applied
in colloidal dispersion stability ?
The well-known DLVO theory was established by Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and
Overbeek in the 1940s (Derjaguin and Landau 1941, Verwey and Overbeek 1948)
and describes the case where van der Waals forces are present in combination
with electrostatic forces. The theory is based on the assumption that the
electrostatic double layer forces and the van der Waals forces are independent and
therefore can be superimposed or added at each interacting distance for two
particles.
IN COLLOIDAL DISPERSION , BROWNIAN MOTION CAUSE FREQUENT COLLISIONS BETWEEN PARTICLES, SUCH ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR Stability . 2 forces…
When attraction predominates ……

assignment portion as well
conclusions drawn..
STABILISATION
DLVO theory is a theory of colloidal dispersion stability in which zeta potential is used to explain
that as two particles approach one another their ionic atmospheres begin to overlap and a
repulsion force is developed.
Q.2. lyophobic and lyophilic colloids and explain association colloids.
What Are Lyophilic Colloids?

Lyophilic colloids are colloidal particles that are attracted to water molecules (hydrophilic). This
attraction allows the particles to remain suspended in water for long periods. Many common
substances, such as sugar and salt, are examples of lyophilic colloids. It means solvent loving.
dispersed particles have greater affinity to dispersion medium. Examples of lyophilic colloids
include gelatin, acacia, proteins (such as insulin), nucleic acids, albumin, rubber, and polystyrene.
What Are Lyophobic Colloids?

Lyophobic colloids are colloidal particles that are not attracted to water molecules (hydrophobic).
This means that they will quickly settle out of solution if left undisturbed. Many metals, such as gold
and silver, are examples of lyophobic colloids. It means solvent hating. Little interaction between
dispersed particles and dispersion medium. Methods of preparations. For example, water and
hydrophilic molecules prefer stronger hydrogen bonding, dipole–dipole interactions, and electrostatic
interactions, while lipids and hydrophobic molecules prefer weaker van der Waals interactions.
Difference Between Lyophilic And Lyophobic Colloids
One of the key differences between these two types of colloids is the way that they interact with
water molecules. Lyophilic colloids are attracted to water molecules, while lyophobic colloids are not.
This difference is what determines whether or not a substance will remain suspended in water. To
know the other differences, refer to the points mentioned below:
 Formation: Lyophilic colloids can be formed by adding the required substance to water. For
example, sugar can be added to water to form a lyophilic colloid. On the other hand, lyophobic
colloids are formed by adding the required substance to an organic solvent
 settling: Lyophilic colloids do not settle out of solution even when left undisturbed. This is
because they are attracted to water molecules and remain suspended in the liquid. Lyophobic
colloids, on the other hand, will settle out of the solution if left undisturbed. This is because they
are not attracted to water molecules and will eventually fall to the bottom of the container
 Particle Size: Lyophilic colloids tend to have larger particle sizes than lyophobic colloids.
This is because the particles are attracted to water molecules and can form large aggregates.
Lyophobic colloids, on the other hand, do not form large aggregates because the particles are not
attracted to each other
 Stability: Lyophilic colloids are more stable than lyophobic colloids. This is because the
particles are attracted to water molecules and will not settle out of the solution, the dispersion
medium forms a solvent sheath around colloids making them thermodynamically stable.
Lyophobic colloids, on the other hand, are not as stable because the particles are not attracted to
each other and will settle out of the solution, there is charge present on particles (like) causing
uniformity due to repulsion become stable.
 Affection from the heat: Lyophilic colloids are not affected by heat, while lyophobic colloids
are. This is because the particles in a lyophilic colloid are attracted to water molecules and will
not settle out of the solution even when heated. Lyophobic colloids, on the other hand, will settle
out of the solution when heated
 Molecular Distribution: Lyophilic colloids have a more uniform distribution of molecules than
lyophobic colloids. This is because the particles are attracted to water molecules and will remain
suspended in the liquid. Lyophobic colloids, on the other hand, have a less uniform distribution
of molecules because the particles are not attracted to each other and will settle out of the
solution
Now you know the key differences between lyophilic and lyophobic colloids.
bottom of the container.
These molecules exhibit both lyophilic and
ASSOCIATION COLLOIDS:
lyophobic properties, certain affinity for both polar and non-polar
solvents. Association, or amphiphilic colloids are formed by the
grouping or self-association of the dispersed phase, which is
amphiphilic.
Here the head is polar part and the hydrocarbon chain is tail.
They are also called surface Active agents.
 Micelle mech.
At low concentrations, amphiphiles exist separately as
(monomers subcolloidal in size) molecular dispersions or true
solutions which do not form a colloid. However, at higher
concentrations, self-association of several monomers, (monomer
aggregate themselves and are called as micelles) or
individual molecules occurs leading to micelle formation. Each
micelle may contain around 50 monomers and size may be about
50A. this size falls into colloidal range and are designated as
colloidal systems.
 The formation of the micelles occurs above a particular
temperature called the Kraft temperature (Tk) and
 The concentration at which micelles start forming is called
the critical micelle concentration. It is a range and has unit
such as w/w,
w/v %, moles/liter, moles/1000 g of solvent.
 Below CMC, surfactants get absorbed on air water interface.
In this process, at one particular conc interface gets
saturated, while bulk phase is saturated with monomers.
 The formation of micelles is spontaneous hence difficult to
differentiate the conc of saturated phase and micelle phase.
In bulk of soln, both are in dynamic equilibrium. This conc is
CMC. Beyond this addition increases the micelle formation.
 Ionic surfactants have higher CMC than non-ionic
surfactants.
 HLB value indicate that the surfactant is soluble in oil.
Selection of surfactants is important.
 EXAMPLES: SLS(anionic), Cetyl trimethly ammonium
bromide(cationic), Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether(nonionic),
Q.3 KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS.

IN N.B
Q.4 Applications od colloidal soln.
A colloid is used as thickening agents in industrial products such as

lubricants, lotions, toothpaste, coatings, etc. In the manufacture of
paints and inks, colloids are useful.
Organic Chemistry
Ques. 1 what is racemic mixture? Enlist

methods 7 explain in detail.
A mixture containing two enantiomers in
equal proportions will have zero optical
rotation, as the rotation due to one
isomer will be canceled by the rotation
due to the other isomer. Such a mixture
is known as a racemic mixture or
racemic modification.
Enantiomers have identical chemical and
physical properties
RESOLUTION: the process of seperation
of pure enantiomer from their racemic
modification is called resolution.
NEED FOR RESOLUTION OF RACEMIC
MIXTURE:
CETRIZINE
Levocetirizine has been found to be less
sedating than
Cetirizine
Levodopa (L-dopa) is used in treatment
of Parkinson’s disease, its D-form causes
serious side effects, such as
granulocytopenia.
Methods for resolution of mixtures:
 MECHANICAL SEPERATIO N
 PREFRENTIAL CRYSTALLIZATION
 BIOCHEMIC AL SEPERATIO N BY
DIASTEREO MERS
 PRECIPITATION
 CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPERATION
 KINETIC METHOD
1. Mechanical method: This involved

mechanical separation of the crystal of
one enantiomers from the other in
racemic mixture based on difference in
their shapes. Crystal of the two forms
have different shapes separated by
magnifying lens and forceps. This
methods is time consuming and every
compound cannot be crystallized at
room temperature.
2. Preferential crystallization: This

method involve seeding of a saturated
solution of the racemic mixture with a
pure crystal of one the two
enantiomers. The solution now become
supersaturated with respect to the
added enantiomers, It begins to
crystallize out.
Eg. Harda obtained free from amino acid by
adding corresponding d/l isomers of amino
acid
3. Biochemical method: It was

introduced by PASTEUR in 1858.This
method is based on fact that when
certain microorganisms like bacteria,
fungi, yeast, moulds etc. are grown in
dilute solution of racemic mixture, they
eat up one enantiomer rapidly than
other.
Example: the mould penicillium glaucum
preferentially destroys the (+) isomer of
racemic ammonium tartrate leaving (-)
ammonium tartrate in solution.
4. Chromatographic separation: The

racemic mixture can be separated by
chromatography on an optically active
support. The diastereomeric adsorbates
which are formed have different
stabilities. Thus one enantiomer will be
held more tightly than the other and
would be eluted first.
5. Kinetic method: This method is based

on the fact that one of the enantiomer
of racemic mixture reacts faster than
other with optically active compound.
E.g. menthol reacts faster with (+) mandelic
acid than with (-) mandelic acid. Thus with
difference in kinetics of reaction, racemic
mixture can be seperated.
6. Precipitation method: This method is

based on formation of precipitate by
reaction between any reagent and
racemic mixture.
Example: (+) & (-) narcotine when
dissolved in HCL, precipitates (+)
narcotine.
Ques. 2 Stereo selective and stereo

specific reactions.
Given a single, stereoisomerically
pure starting material, a
stereospecific mechanism will give
100% of a particular stereoisomer (or
no reaction), although loss of
stereochemical integrity can easily
occur through competing mechanisms
with different stereochemical
outcomes. A stereoselective process
will normally give multiple products
even if only one mechanism is
operating on an isomerically pure
starting material.

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Q.

When attraction predominates ……

Q.2. lyophobic and lyophilic colloids and explain association colloids.

What Are Lyophilic Colloids?

What Are Lyophobic Colloids?

Q.3 KINETIC PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS.

A colloid is used as thickening agents in industrial products such as

Ques. 1 what is racemic mixture? Enlist

Methods for resolution of mixtures:

1. Mechanical method: This involved

2. Preferential crystallization: This

3. Biochemical method: It was

4. Chromatographic separation: The

5. Kinetic method: This method is based

6. Precipitation method: This method is

Ques. 2 Stereo selective and stereo

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