MAGNETS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

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https://nationalmaglab.org/education/
magnet-academy/history-of-electricity- WHAT ARE MAGNETS?
magnetism/museum/lodestone

➤ A magnet is an object that has the

ability to pull some metals towards
itself.
➤ Natural magnet: Lodestone
-Magnetite.
➤ It has two poles- north and south
poles
➤ Most magnets are arti cially made
from iron, cobalt, steel and nickel
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 PROPERTIES OF A MAGNET

➤ A FREELY SUSPENDED MAGNETS

COMES TO REST IN THE NORTH-
SOUTH DIRECTION.

➤ The end that points to north is

called ‘North seeking-pole
➤ The end that points to south is
called ‘South seeking-pole
➤ MAGNETS HAVE TWO-POLES

➤ The magnetic e ects are strongest

at the poles.
➤ Most of the iron lings are attracted
to the poles
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 ➤ LIKE POLES REPEL AND
➤ Law of magnets
➤ When the North Pole of a magnet
UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT
is brought closer to the north pole
of a freely suspended magnet, it
will repel.
➤ When the South Pole of magnet is
brought closer to the north pole of
a freely suspended magnet, it will
attract.
➤ Same is the case when we perform
the same activity with Magnetic
south pole.
 MAGNETIC AND NON-MAGNETIC MATERIALS- COMPARISON

MAGNETIC NON-MAGNETIC MATERIALS

➤ Metals like iron, cobalt, nickel ➤ Copper, glass, brass, wood etc
and steel-ferromagnetic ➤ Not attracted to the magnet
➤ Attracted to the magnet ➤ Domains of the magnetic eld
➤ Domains(forms tiny magnets-N- align themselves in a random
S) of the magnetic eld align manner sometimes cancel out
themselves in an orderly fashion each others e ect
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 MAGNETIC INDUCTION
➤ A paper clip is attracted to a magnet when the magnet
is brought closer to the clip.
➤ When this happens, the paper clip is said to have
become an ‘induced magnet’
➤ This clip in turn, will attract other paper clips.
➤ So, which of the poles in the clip is induced, when it is
attracted by the magnet, to become an induced
magnet? North Pole induced by
the south pole of the
magnet.

Such a magnet induced

in a clip is temporary
MAGNETISATION AND DEMAGNETISATION

➤ Take a bar magnet and cut it into THEORY OF MAGNETISM

three pieces, each piece will
become individual magnets with a
N- and S-pole.
➤ Break it further, then each smaller
piece of it will become a magnet.
➤ We can conclude that a magnet is
made up of number of such ‘tiny
magnets’ or ‘magnetic domains’
Magnetic domain

Before magnetisation After magnetisation

During magnetisation, these domains become aligned

 MAGNETISATION - METHODS
Stroking
➤ An unmagnetised steel bar can be
magnetised by stroking the steel bar
with a pole of the permanent magnet ,
from one end to the other(single
direction).
➤ The stroking magnet should be lifted
su ciently high above the steel bar,
This will become the south pole of the
between the successive strokes.
newly created magnet-Opposite to the
striking pole of the permanent
Magnet.
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Electrical method- direct curent

➤ A large current owing through

the coils of wire( a solenoid),
produces a strong magnetic eld
➤ This magnetic eld aligns the
domains in the steel bar
➤ After a period of time the steel
will be magnetised.
➤ The poles are decided by direction
of current owing at the ends: To remember:
➤ Clockwise: that end is the south Magnetisation for
pole
creating permanent
➤ Anticlockwise: that will be a magnets always use
north pole
steel or ferrite
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 Direction by right hand grip rule

➤ The poles are decided by

gripping the solenoid with our
right hand;
➤ Curl the ngers around the
solenoid along the direction of
the current through the
solenoid.(as shown)
➤ Extend the thumb as shown .
➤ The extended thumb will point
to the direction of the north
pole.
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 DEMAGNETISING THE MAGNETS
➤ Heating:
➤ Strongly heating and letting it cool in the
East-West direction
➤ Magnet vibrates vigorously and magnetic
domains lose their alignment
➤ Hammering:
➤ Hammering a magnet placed in the east-west
direction
➤ Electrical method-AC current:
➤ Placing the solenoid in the east-west direction
and continuously passing an AC .
➤ Withdraw the magnet with the AC current
still on
MAGNETISING AND DEMAGNETISING
 MAGNETIC FIELDS

➤ A magnetic eld is the region

around a magnet, in which a
body of the magnetic material
experiences a magnetic force.
➤ Visualised as the magnetic
lines of force surrounding the
magnet.
➤ These lines give the strength
and the direction of the
magnetic eld
Magnetic field
➤ The direction of the magnetic
eld(lines) is always from north
to south(one or two magnets)
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MAGNETIC FIELD LINES BETWEEN THE MAGNETS
PLEASE NOTICE THE N-S DIRECTION OF THE FIELD LINES
TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT HARD AND SOFT MAGNETS
MAGNETS
➤ Both iron and steel are magnetic materials.

IRON STEEL

Iron is a soft Steel is a hard

magnet magnet
 COMPARING IRON AND STEEL AS A MAGNET

COMPARING HARD MAGNET AND SOFT MAGNET

 ELECTROMAGNETS
➤ As the name suggests, the electrical
method is used for creating the
magnetic e ect.
➤ But what is the di erence between
using a steel vs iron in this method?
We need to remember that any ➤ We can see that the iron used as a
connection between electricity core, loses the magnetic property,
and magnetism was established the moment the current is switched
by ‘Hans Christian Oersted’ when o !
he came across the phenomenon
of the compass de ecting when
➤ That is, it can be magnetised and
placed near the current carrying demagnetised by switching On and
conductor! switching O of the electric current
in the circuit.
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HOW ARE ELECTROMAGNETS CREATED?
➤ When electric current is passed
through a Copper wire wound over a
soft iron core, the iron gets
magnetised.
➤ This is a temporary magnet, that will
lose its e ect when the current is
switched o .
➤ The strength of the magnet depends on
two factors,
Number of turns of the coil on the
soft iron
Amount of current through the
conductor

Larger the number of turns of the coil and the amount of current through the
conductor , magnetic strength will be more!
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USES OF
ELECTROMAGNETS ELECTRIC BELL
➤ By passing the current through an
electromagnet, it attracts a soft iron
armature, attached to a hammer.
This hammer will hit the gong to
produce the sound

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nygn7wB7658

Soft iron armature

 Soft iron armature
RELAY SWITCH
➤ Based upon the principle of
electromagnets, it used
when we want one circuit
to control the other,
especially if the current and
the power are larger in the
second circuit.

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=Ca20ktPygY8
 REED SWITCH
➤ The switching mechanism is
comprised of two ferromagnetic
blades, separated by only a few
microns.
➤ When a magnet approaches these
blades, the two blades pull toward
one another.
➤ Once touching, the blades close the
normally open (NO) contacts,
allowing electricity to ow.

Reed switch

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTbv5szQNoA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOROheOdv4E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38ypyonVTFY
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SCRAP LIFTER

➤ Cranes that help separate the

magnetic materials from non-
magnetic materials in
scrapyards use electromagnets

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3mY44POVEo
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF A CURRENT
UNDERSTANDING ELECTROMAGNET
 STRENGTH OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD-OBSERVATIONS
➤ A current carrying conductor produces a magnetic eld around it.
➤ The strength of magnetic eld produced by a current carrying
conductor like a solenoid depends on

Magnitude of the current

Larger the magnitude of the current, stronger will be the

magnetic eld

More number of magnetic eld lines that are closer to one

another.

Number of turns of the coil

Larger the number of turns of the coils , larger the strength of

the magnetic eld
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ELECTROMAGNETS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
MAGNETIC FIELD PATTERN AROUND A STRAIGHT WIRE

Current direction
 DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT WIRE

If a right handed screw moves

forwards in the direction of the
current (conventional),the direction
of the rotation of the screw gives
the direction of the field.
 OBSERVATIONS

➤ The direction of the magnetic eld of a current-

carrying wire is reversed , when the direction of the
current is reversed
➤ Thestrength of the magnetic eld of a current-carrying
conductor increases when the current is increased
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FIELD DUE TO A CIRCULAR COIL OR LOOP

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FIELD DUE TO A SOLENOID
FORCE ON A CONDUCTOR DUE TO MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELD
 FORCE ON CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR
➤ When a current carrying
conductor is placed in a
magnetic eld, the conductor
experiences a force.
➤ This e ect on the conductor
is called the motor e ect.
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 EXPLAINING THE MOTOR EFFECT
Magnetic field lines through the wire
➤ When the magnetic eld caused
due to the current in the wire,
interacts with the magnetic
eld created by the magnet, you
can see from both the pictures
that there are more lines below Magnetic field
the wire. lines due to the
wire
➤ This causes more force from
below like the stretched elastic
wires trying to straighten out.
➤ This will exert a force on the
wire causing it to move
upwards.
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DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF THE FORCE ON THE CONDUCTOR
MOTOR AND FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE
All the three fingers have to be kept The direction of the magnetic field-
perpendicular to each other North to South

The direction of the electric current-

positive to negative

Fleming’s Left hand rule

We can determine the force acting on

the current carrying conductor in a
magnetic field using
‘Fleming’s Left Hand Rule’
PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF A D.C.MOTOR
 WHAT IS A D.C.MOTOR?
➤ An important application of the turning
e ect on a current-carrying conductor in
a magnetic eld is the direct current
(d.c.)motor.

➤ It is used to convert electrical

energy to mechanical energy.
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UNDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURE OF A DC MOTOR

INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT OF A D.C.MOTOR

STRUCTURE OF MOTOR
 PARTS OF A DC MOTOR
➤ Rectangular wire coil ABCD
is mounted on an axle (dotted
line PQ) and rotates about PQ

➤ Coil mounted and positioned

between the poles of a
permanent magnet(NS)

➤ Two carbon brushes press ➤ Ends of the coil connected to a

lightly against the commutator split-ring commutator XY
 HOW DOES IT WORK?

➤ By Fleming’s left hand rule, a downward force acts on the wire

section AB and upward force on the section CD.
➤ The coil rotates in anti-clockwise direction
MOTOR MOVING IN THE CLOCKWISE DIRECTION
 RECTANGULAR COIL IN THE VERTICAL POSITION
Vertical position of the rectangular coil

➤ Rectangular wire coil ABCD is

in the vertical position

➤ It will cut o the current, as

the commutator XY is not in
contact with the carbon
brushes

➤ The momentum in the coil,

however, takes it past the
vertical position.
Split ring commutator not
in contact with the carbon
brushes
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POSITIONS OF THE SECTIONS AB AND CD REVERSED

➤ The direction of the current in

the coils AB and CD are
reversed.

➤ An upward force acts on section

AB and a downward force acts
on the section CD.

➤ Hence the coil continues to

rotate in the anti-clock wise
direction.
SPLIT RING COMMUTATOR

➤ The function of a split ring commutator is to reverse the direction

of the current in the coil every half a revolution.
➤ This happens when the commuter changes contact from one brush
to another.
➤ This is to ensure that the coil will always turn in one direction
INCREASING THE TURNING EFFECT OR THE FORCE ON THE COIL

➤ The turning- e ect on a current-carrying conductor can be increased

by

Inserting a soft iron core into the coil

Increasing the number of turns in the coil

Increasing the current in the coil

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WHAT HAPPENS TO A CHARGED PARTICLE IN AN ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC FIELD?
➤ We know that
Magnetic field
the current consists of moving charges-a direction-out the paper,
beam or a line of charged particles
towards you.
a current carrying conductor experiences
a force when placed in a magnetic eld

This means that we can examine the

force on a charged particle moving in a
magnetic eld

The direction of conventional current is

from positive to negative
What will be the direction of the
current?
➤ What will be the direction of the force on a positively or a negatively
charged particle due to a magnetic eld?

➤ The Fleming’s Left Hand rule or the motor rule gives the answer for this !
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Force

Electrons

Magnetic field
FORCE ON A BEAM OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
Maltese tube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzcApoeuG-s

Fleming’s left hand rule and

force on the charges
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZ4Is24fX_8
POSITIVE CHARGE MOVING IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

NEGATIVE CHARGE MOVING IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

Can you think of a positively charged particle and a negatively charged
particle that you have learnt so far?
How do you think they would behave in this kind of a magnetic eld?

What if these particles were to move through an electric eld?

What is the direction of the current in each of these cases?

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Force on a charged particle based on exam question
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qO_F4pEm6LM
APPLICATIONS OF THE MOTOR EFFECT-MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER
(AMMETER , VOLTMETER)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdAb3hUDTRY
PARTS AND WORKING OF A MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER
A galvanometer is used for detecting and giving the direction of a very small
current(mA or μA) or small p.d.s(mV)

It has

A coil with a soft iron cylinder is pivoted between the (concave) poles of a
permanent magnet to produce radial magnetic eld.

A radial eld is one where all the magnetic eld lines are directed
towards the centre of the cylinder

Hair springs above and below the coils-the current enters and leaves the
meter through it

When there is current in the circuit, a (force) couple acts on the coil
causing it to rotate.

The complete rotation is stopped by the spring (to control the de ection)

Greater the current, greater the de ection

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MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER - WORKING PRINCIPLE-1
SENSITIVITY OF THE GALVANOMETER
Sensitivity of the galvanometer can be increased by
More turns in the coil
A stronger magnet
Weaker hair springs or a wire suspension
As a pointer a long beam of light re ected from a mirror the coil
The last two are used in light beam meters that has a full scale de ection
of few microamperes (1μA = 10-6 A)
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AMMETER AND SHUNT
Ammeter= Galvanometer + Shunt connected
parallel to the galvanometer
Ammeter is placed in series with the circuit
Must be of very low resistance- otherwise changes
the current to be measured
Shunt takes most of the current(almost zero
resistance)
 VOLTMETER AND MULTIPLIER

Voltmeter is a galvanometer with very

high resistance

Otherwise this will change the current and

the p.d of the circuit

Voltmeter= Galvanometer +
multiplier(high resistance in series to the
Appliance galvanometer)

This allows all the current on the circuit to

R
Voltmeter
G ow through the appliance or the resistor

Voltmeter is placed in parallel with the

device across which the voltage drop is to
be measured .
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 MULTIMETER
A multimeter is a device that is used to
measure
a.c. or d.c. currents
Voltages
Resistance

It allows us to chose the range within which

we are going to measure the quantities

We do this by choosing the quantity((milli,

micro..Volts) voltage or (milli,micro..ohms)
resistance or (milli, micro.Amps.) current.

Connect it as we do for an ammeter or

voltmeter as the case may be
DIGITAL AND ANALOG MULTIMETER
Digital Multimeter Analog Multimeter
Constructed from ICs Constructed from Galvanometer
Advantage of the digital
Multimeter- least affects the
circuit and very accurate
MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER - WORKING PRINCIPLE-2
Construction of ammeter, voltmeter
relay-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdAb3hUDTRY https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=n9renPKEtUc

Working of galvanometer Simple reed switch

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kLvQpKuyWs
v=a1BUN9LMul4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9UsFIH-NiE
 So far, it was about using electrical
energy to create a mechanical energy
using magnetism!
But, can we use the mechanical energy to
produce electrical energy?