Sheet (1)

2.1- The impeller of a centrifugal pump has backward-facing blades

inclined at 30° to the tangent at impeller outlet. The blades are 20 mm in
depth at the outlet, the impeller is 250 mm in diameter and it rotates at 1450
rpm. The flow rate through the pump is 0.028 m 3/s and a slip factor of 0.77
may be assumed. Determine the theoretical head developed by the impeller,
and the number of impeller blades.

2.2- An impeller with an eye radius of 51 mm and an outside diameter of

406 mm rotates at 900 rpm. The inlet and outlet blade angles measured from
the radial flow direction are 75° and 83° respectively, while the blade depth
is 64 mm. Assuming zero inlet whirl, zero slip and an hydraulic efficiency of
89 per cent, calculate
(a) the volume flow rate through the impeller,
(b) the stagnation and static pressure rise across the impeller,
(c) the power transferred to the fluid and
(d) the input power to the impeller.

2.3-The basic design of a centrifugal pump has a dimensionless specific

speed of 0.075 rev. The blades are forward facing on the impeller and the
outlet angle is 120° to the tangent, with an impeller passage width at outlet
equal to one-tenth of the diameter. The pump is to be used to pump water a
vertical distance of 35 m at a flow rate of 0.04 m 3/s. The suction and delivery
pipes are each of 150 mm diameter and have a combined length of 40 m with
a friction factor of 0.005. Other losses at pipe entry, exit, bends, etc., are

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three times the velocity head in the pipes. If the blades occupy 6 per cent of
the circumferential area and the hydraulic efficiency (neglecting slip) is 76
per cent, what must be the diameter of the pump impeller?

2.4-The inner and outer diameters of an axial flow pump are 0.75 and 1.8 m
respectively. Fixed stator blades lie downstream of the rotor with an inlet
angle of 40° (at the mean diameter) measured from the direction of blade
motion. The rotor blade outlet angle (at the mean diameter) also measured
from the direction of blade motion is 30° and the rotor rotates at a speed of
250 rpm. If the whirl velocity upstream from the rotor is zero at all radii,
determine

(a) the axial velocity if the flow onto the stator blade occurs at zero
incidence,
(b) the rotor torque if the axial velocity is constant across the flow
annulus, and
(c) the root and tip rotor blade angles for zero incidence and zero
inlet whirl.
2.5 A twelve-bladed axial flow fan has a hydraulic efficiency of 0.92, a
mean radius of 0.93 m and rotates at 450 rpm. Air enters the blades axially at
a speed of 40 m/s and the head developed across the blades is 35 m of air. If
the chord length at the mean radius is 0.33 m, find the blade angles at inlet
and outlet if the blades may be considered to act as isolated aerofoils. If the
blades are aerofoils with the following characteristics, find also the angle of
incidence of the blades and the blade stagger angle. All calculations are to
be carried out at the mean radius.

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Angle of -4 -2 0 4 8 12
Lift coefficient
incidence (deg) -0.18 -0.02 0.13 0.46 0.77 1.025

2.6 The characteristics of a 0.7 m diameter centrifugal pump impeller

running at 750 rpm are as follows:
Q (m3/min) 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
H (m) 40 40.6 40.4 39.3 38.0 33.6 25.6 14.5 0
(%) 0 41 60 74 83 83 74 51 0

(a) If the pump is initially used to transfer water from one reservoir
to another at the same level, determine the pump operating point if the head
lost to frictional and other resistances is 35 m at 25 m3/min.
(b) The pump is then used to transfer water between two reservoirs
having difference in levels of 15 m through a pipe of 0.45 m diameter. If
the pipeline is 93 m long with a friction factor of 0.004 and pipe entry and
exit loss coefficients of 0.5 and 1.0 respectively, find the volume flow rate
and power absorbed.
(c) If the pump is now changed to one of 0.51 m diameter and the
motor is changed to one running at 975 rpm, what is the new volume flow
rate and power absorbed?

Sheet (2)
2.1 A single acting reciprocating water pump of 180 mm bore and 240 mm
stroke operates at 40 rpm. Determine the discharge if the slip is 8%. What is
the value of coefficient of discharge. If the suction and delivery heads are 6
m and 20 m respectively determine the theoretical power. If the overall
efficiency was 80%, what is the power requirement.

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2.2 It is desired to have a discharge of water of 10 l/min using a
reciprocating pump running at 42 rpm. The bore to stroke ratio is to be 1 :
1.5. It is expected that the slip will be 12%. Determine the bore and stroke
for (a) single acting pump, and (b) double acting pump. If the total head is
30 m and the overall efficiency is 82%, determine the power required in both
cases.
2.3 A reciprocating pump with plunger diameter of 120 mm and 200 mm
stroke has both delivery and suction pipes of 90 mm diameter. The suction
length is 9 m and the delivery length is 18 m. The atmospheric head is 10.3
m of water head. Determine the suction head and the delivery head due to
acceleration at speeds 30, 40, 50, 60 rpm operating speeds.
2.4 In a reciprocating pump the bore is 180 mm and stroke is 280 mm. Water
level is 5 m from the pump level. The suction pipe is 110 m diameter and 9
m long. The atmospheric pressure head is 10.3 m water. Determine the
maximum speed if the head at pipe suction should not be less than 2.5 m
head of water. If the suction pipe diameter is increased 125 mm and length
reduced to 6 m, what will be the maximum speed ?

2.5 In a single acting reciprocating pump the bore and stroke are 90 and 160
mm. The static head requirements are 4 m suction and 15 m delivery. If the
pressure at the end of delivery is atmospheric determine operating speed.
The diameter of the delivery pipe is 90 mm and the length of the delivery
pipe is 22 m. Determine the acceleration head at = 30 from the start of
delivery.

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 Sheet (3)
3.1 A generator is to be driven by a small Pelton wheel with a head of 91.5m
at inlet to the nozzle and discharge of 0.04 m3/s. The wheel rotates at 720
rpm and the velocity coefficient of the nozzle is 0.98. If the efficiency of the
wheel (based on the energy available at entry to the nozzle) is 80 percent and
the ratio of bucket speed to jet speed is 0.46, determine the wheel-to-jet
diameter ratio at the centerline of the buckets, and the speed of the wheel.
What is the dimensionless power specific speed of the wheel?

3.2 A reservoir with a height of 280 m is connected to the power house of a

hydroelectric plant through three pipes each 2.5 km long and with friction
factor 0.006, in which the head loss is not to exceed 34m. It is a requirement
that a total shaft output of 18 MW be developed, and to achieve this it is
decided to install a number of single jet Pelton wheels,each with a
dimensionless specific speed not exceeding 0.23 rad. The ratio of bucket
speed to jet speed is 0.46, while the wheel speed is to be 650 rpm. If the
nozzles have a discharge coefficient of 0.94 and velocity coefficient of 0.96,
and assuming that each wheel has an overall efficiency of 87 percent, find:
a- the number of Pelton wheels required,
b- the wheel diameter
c- the jet nozzle diameter and
d- the diameter of the supply pipes

3.3 The buckets of a Pelton wheel deflect the jet through an angle of 170°,
while the relative velocity of the water is reduced by 12 percent due to
bucket friction. Calculate the theoretical hydraulic efficiency from the
velocity triangles for a bucket/jet speed ratio of 0.47. Under a gross head of

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600 m the wheel develops 1250 kW when the loss of head due to pipe
friction between the reservoir and nozzle is 48 m. The bucket circle diameter
of the wheel is 900 mm and there are two jets. The nozzle velocity
coefficient is 0.98. Find the speed of rotation of the wheel and the diameter
of the nozzles if the actual hydraulic efficiency is 0.9 times that calculated
above.
3.4 An electricity generating installation uses a Francis turbine with a
rotational speed of 1260 rpm. The net head across the turbine is 124 m and
the volume flow rate is 0.5 m3/s. The radius of the runner is 0.6m, the height
of the runner vanes at inlet is 0.03 m and the angle of the inlet guide vanes is
set at 72° from the radial direction. Assuming that the absolute flow velocity
is radial at exit, find the torque and power exerted by the water. Calculate
the hydraulic efficiency.

3.5 An inward flow radial turbine has an overall efficiency of 74 percent.

The net head H across the turbine is 5.5 m and the required power output is
125 kW. The runner tangential velocity is 0.97(2gH)0.5 while the flow
velocity is 0.4(2gH)0.5. If the speed of the runner is 230 rpm with hydraulic
losses accounting for 18 percent of the energy available, calculate the inlet
guide vane exit angle, the inlet angle of the runner vane, the runner diameter
at inlet and the height of the runner at inlet. Assume that the discharge is
radial.

3.6 A Francis turbine has a diameter of 1.4 m and rotates at 430 rpm. Water
enters the runner without shock with a flow velocity (Cr1) of 9.5 m/s and
leaves the runner without whirl with an absolute velocity of 7 m/s. The
difference between the sum of the static and potential heads at entrance to

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the runner and at the exit from the runner is 62m. If the turbine develops
12250 kW and has a flow rate of 12 m 3/s of water when the net head is 115
m, find:
a- the absolute velocity of the water at entry to the runner and the angle
of the inlet guide vanes,
b- the entry angle of the runner blades and
c- the head lost in the runner.

3.7 An in ward flow vertical shaft reaction turbine runs at a speed of 375
rpm under an available net total head from inlet flange to tailrace of 62m.
The external diameter of the runner is 1.5m and the dimensionless power
specific speed based on the power transferred to the runner is 0.14 rev.
Water enters the runner without shock with a flow velocity of 9 m/s and
leaves the runner without whirl with an absolute velocity of 7 m/s. It
discharges to the tailrace with a velocity of 2.0 m/s. The mean height of the
runner entry plane is 2m above the tailrace level while the entrance to the
draft tube is 1.7m above the tailrace. At entrance to the runner the static
pressure head 35 m above atmospheric pressure, while at exit from the
runner the static pressure head is 2.2 m below atmospheric pressure.
Assuming a hydraulic efficiency of 90 percent, find
a- the runner blade entry angle,

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 b- the head lost in the volute casing and guide vanes, in the runner and in
the draft tube.
c- the draft tube entry diameter.

3.8 An axial flow hydraulic turbine has a net head of 23 m across it, and,
when running at a speed of 150 rpm, develops 23 MW. The blade tip and
hub diameters are 4.75 and 2.0 m respectively. If the hydraulic efficiency is
93 percent and the overall efficiency is 85 percent, calculate the inlet and
outlet blade angles at the mean radius assuming axial flow at outlet.

3.9 A Kaplan turbine operating under a net head of 20m develops 16000 kW
with an overall efficiency of 80 percent. The diameter of the runner is 4.2 m
while the hub diameter is 2m and the dimensionless power specific speed is
3 rad. If the hydraulic efficiency is 90 percent, calculate the inlet and exit
angles of the runner blades at the tip and at the hub if the flow leaving the
runner is purely axial.

3.10 An axial flow turbine with tip and hub diameters of 2.0 and 0.8
respectively rotates at 250 rpm. The turbine is fitted with fixed stator blades
upstream of the rotor and at the mean diameter these are set at 42 to the

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direction of the blade rotation. Also, at the mean diameter and measured
from the direction of blade rotation, the blade angle at inlet is 148.
a- assuming a constant axial velocity across the annulus, what is the flow
rate for which the angle of incidence of the rotor blades is zero?
b- Determine the outlet angle of the rotor blade if the whirl component at
outlet is zero.
c- Calculate the theoretical power output if the whirl at inlet and outlet is the
same at all radii.

3.11 A hydraulic turbine is designed to run at 300 rpm under a net head of
50 m and to produce 2 MW of power. The runner outlet velocity of the fluid
is expected to be 10.4 m/s and it is proposed to situate the runner outlet at a
height of 6m above the tailrace. The atmospheric pressure is equivalent to
10.3 m of water and the saturation pressure of water is 4 kPa. Determine:
a- whether cavitation is likely occur,
b- the limiting height of the runner outlet if cavitation is to be just avoided
and
c- the head loss between runner outlet and tailrace when cavitation is just
about to occur.
Critical cavitation parameters are given below:
Ns(rev) 0 0.049 0.096 0.144 0.192 0.24
c 0 0.04 0.1 0.18 0.28 0.41

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