Unit 3

MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Process behind every call
BASIC CELLULAR SYSTEMS
The two basic cellular systems are
Circuit-switched system
Packet-switched system

FEATURES CIRCUIT SWITCHING PACKET SWITCHING

Orientation Connection oriented Connectionless

Purpose Initially designed for Voice Initially designed for Data

communication Transmission
Flexibility Inflexible, because once a path is Flexible, because a route is
set all parts of a transmission created for each packet to travel
follows the same path to the destination

Order Message is received in the order, Packets of a message are

sent from the source received out of order and
assembled at the destination

Technology/ Circuit switching can be achieved Packet Switching has two

Approach using two technologies, either approaches Datagram Approach
Space Division Switching or and Virtual Circuit Approach
Time-Division Switching
Layers Circuit Switching is implemented at Packet Switching is implemented
Physical Layer at Network Layer

Resource Resource reservation is the feature There is no resource reservation

of circuit switching because path is because bandwidth is shared
fixed for data transmission. among users.

Wastage Wastage of resources are more in Less wastage of resources as

Circuit Switching compared to Circuit Switching

Reliability More reliable Less reliable

 GENERATIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES

• First Generation
• Second Generation
• Third Generation
• Fourth Generation
• Fifth Generation
 GENERATIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES

• First Generation
• Second Generation
• Third Generation
• Fourth Generation
• Fifth Generation
 First Generation
• It uses analog technology that were introduced
in the 1980s and continued until being
replaced by 2G digital telecommunications
It introduces the following mobile technologies
• Mobile Telephone System (MTS)
• Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS)
• Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
• Push to Talk (PTT)
Features
• Maximum speed of 1G is 2.4 Kbps
• Allows voice calls in 1 country
• Use analog signal
• Channel bandwidth 30khz
Disadvantage
• Poor Voice Quality
• Poor Battery Life
• Large Phone Size
• No Security
• Limited Capacity
 Second Generation
• Second Generation based on GSM.
• It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
• It uses digital signals for voice transmission.
• It make use of either CDMA or TDMA.
Features
• Lower power emissions
• Data speed was upto 64kbps
• Use digital signals
• Enables services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS(Multimedia
message) Provides better quality and capacity
Limitations
• Requires powerful digital signals to work the
mobile phones
• Unable to handle complex data such as
videos
 Third Generation
• It make use of TDMA and CDMA.
• It provides value added services like mobile
television, GPS (global positioning system),
live streaming and video conferencing.
• It is designed for multimedia communication
Features
• Fast data transfer rates
• Speed 2 Mbps
• Send/receive large email messages
• Provide seamless global roaming
Limitations
• Requires higher bandwidth
• Cost is high
 Fourth Generation
• It is an all IP-based integrated system will be
capable to provide 100 Mbps for high
mobility and 1 Gbps.
• The user services include IP telephony,
ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming
services and High Definition Television
(HDTV) streamed multimedia.
Feature
• Capable of provide 10Mbps-1Gbps speed
• High quality streaming video
• Combination of Wi-Fi and Wi-Max
• High security
• Low cost per-bit
Limitations
• Battery uses is more
• Hard to implement
• Need complicated hardware
• Expensive equipment required to implement
next generation network
 Fifth Generation
• 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher
multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency,
more reliability, massive network capacity,
increased availability, and a more uniform user
experience to more users.
• Higher performance and improved efficiency
empower new user experiences and connects new
industries.
• Increased data transmission capability 1 Gbps
• Connectivity to a large number of devices due to
the IoT.
• Period of establishment 2016 to 2020.
Introduction to Cellular Systems
Cellular network is an underlying technology
for mobile phones, personal communication
systems, wireless networking etc
The technology is developed for mobile radio
telephone to replace high power
transmitter/receiver systems.
Cellular networks use lower power, long
range and more transmitters for data
transmission.
Shape of Cells
The coverage area of cellular networks are
divided into cells, each cell having its own
antenna for transmitting the signals.
Each cell has its own frequencies. Data
communication in cellular networks is served
by its base station transmitter, receiver
and its control unit
The shape of cells can be hexagon
Frequency Reuse
Frequency reusing is the concept of using the same radio frequencies
within a given area, that are separated by considerable distance, with
minimal interference, to establish communication.
Frequency reuse offers the following benefits −
Allows communications within cell on a given frequency
Limits escaping power to adjacent cells
Allows re-use of frequencies in nearby cells
Uses same frequency for multiple conversations
10 to 50 frequencies per cell
For example, when N cells are using the same number of frequencies
and K be the total number of frequencies used in systems. Then
each cell frequency is calculated by using the formulae K/N.
In Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) when K = 395 and N = 7, then
frequencies per cell on an average will be 395/7 = 56. Here, cell
frequency is 56.
Features of Cellular Systems
The features of cellular systems are as follows −
Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum.
Reuse of radio channel in different cells.
Enable a fixed number of channels to serve an
randomly large number of users by reusing the
channel throughout the coverage region.
Communication is always between mobile and base
station (not directly between mobiles).
Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio
channels within a small geographic area called a cell.
Neighboring cells are assigned different channel
groups.
BASIC CELLULAR SYSTEMS
The two basic cellular systems are
Circuit-switched system
Packet-switched system
GSM(Global System for Mobile
communication) (2G)

It is a digital cellular technology used for

transmitting mobile voice and data services
GSM is at present being used in India.
An important characteristic of the GSM
system is that it provides data services in
addition, to voice services, and yet is
compatible to 1G systems.
Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
Bearer services
Bearer services give the subscribers the capability to send and receive
data to/from remote computers or mobile phones.

bearer services are also known as data services .

These services also enable the transparent transmission of data between

GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN, etc. at rates from 300 bps to
9600 bps.

These services are implemented on the lower-three layers of the OSI

reference model.

It supporting SMS, e-mail, voice mailbox, and Internet access, this

service provides the users with the capability to execute remote
applications.

GSM supports data transfer rates of up to 9.6 kbps.

Bearer services permit either transparent or
non-transparent, and either synchronous or asynchronous
modes of data transmission.

The transparent bearer services use the functions of the

physical layer of transmission of data leading to constant
delay and throughput if no transmission errors occur.
There is a mechanism called FEC (Forward Error
Correction) to increase the quality of data transmission.

The non-transparent bearer services use protocols of the

second and third layers to implement error correction and
flow control. They use transparent bearer services in
addition to a Radio Link Protocol (RLP). This protocol
comprises mechanisms of high level data link control.
Conferencing : It allows a mobile subscriber to establish a
multiparty conversation, i.e., a simultaneous conversation between
three or more subscribers to setup a conference call. This service is
only applicable to normal telephony
Call Waiting : This service notifies a mobile subscriber of an
incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can answer,
reject, or ignore the incoming call
Call Barring : Stop incoming calls from undesired numbers.
Call Hold : This service allows a subscriber to put an incoming call
on hold and resume after a while. The call hold service is applicable
to normal telephony
Call Forwarding : Call Forwarding is used to divert calls from the
original recipient to another number. It is normally set up by the
subscriber himself. It can be used by the subscriber to divert calls
from the Mobile Station when the subscriber is not available, and so
to ensure that calls are not lost
BTS(Base Transceiver System)
tower
Authentication
The purpose of authentication is to protect the network
against unauthorized use.

In the GSM context, it helps protect the GSM subscribers by

denying the possibility for intruders to impersonate
authorized users.

A GSM network operator can verify the identity of the

subscriber.

Authentication can be achieved in a simple way by using a

password such as Personal Identification Number (PIN). This
method is not very secure in GSM networks as an attacker
can "listen" the PIN and easily break the code.
Confidentiality
A GSM network protects voice, data and sensitive
signalling information (e.g. dialed digits) against
eavesdropping on the radio path.

It is achieved by using encryption techniques by

the GSM designers.

Data on the radio path is encrypted between the

Mobile Equipment (ME) and the BTS against
eavesdropping.
Anonymity
GSM protects against someone tracking the
location of a user or identifying calls made to (or
from) the user by eavesdropping on the radio path.

It is achieved by allocating Temporary Mobile

Subscriber Identity (TMSIs) instead of permanent
identities.

This helps to protect against tracking a user's

location and obtaining information about a user's
calling pattern.
Protocols of GSM
GSM Architecture is a layered model that is
designed to allow communication between
two different systems.
Lower layers and upper layers
Each layer suitable notifications to ensure the
transmitted data has been formatted,
transmitted and received accurately
GSM protocol layers
Mobility management (MM)
Communication Management (CM)
Radio Resource (RR)
Base Transceiver Station Management
(BTSM)
Link Access Protocol for the ISDN
D-Channel (LAPD):
Base Station System Application Part
(BSSAP):
SS7
GSM PROTOCOL LAYERS FOR
SIGNALING
MS and BTS between Um interface
BTS and BSC between Abis interface
BSC and MSC between A interface
Advantages of GSM
Improved spectrum efficiency
International roaming
Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs)
High-quality speech
Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) and other telephone company
services
Support for new services
GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) (2.5G)
✔GPRS when integrated with GSM, significantly improves and
simplifies Internet access.

✔GSM uses a billing system based on the time (duration) of

connection, whereas GPRS uses a billing system based on the
amount of transmitted data rather than the duration of the
connection.

✔So, users can remain continuously connected to the system,

and yet get charged only for the amount of transmitted data.
GPRS Services
GPRS offers end-to-end packet-switched data transfer
services which can be categorized into the following two
types:
(i) Point-to-Point (PTP) service
(ii) Point-to-Multipoint (PTM) service.
(i) Point-to-Point (PTP) service
The PTP service is between two users and can either be
connectionless or connection-oriented.

(ii)Point-to-Multipoint (PTM) service

The PTM is a data transfer service from one user to multiple
users.
Again, there are two types of PTM services.
❑ multicast PTM where the data packets are broadcast in a
certain area
❑ group call PTM where the data packets are addressed to
a group of users.
GPRS architecture works on the same procedure like
GSM network but has additional entities that allow
packet data transmission.

This data network overlaps a second-generation GSM

network providing packet data transport at the rates
from 9.6 to 171 kbps.

Along with the packet data transport the GSM network

accommodates multiple users to share the same air
interface resources concurrently.
GPRS(General Packet Radio
Services) - Architecture
GPRS(General Packet Radio
Services) - Architecture
GPRS architecture introduces two new network elements, called

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

A SGSN is essentially a router.
All SGSN are integrated into a standard GSM architecture and also define many new
interfaces.

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

The GGSN is the interworking unit between the GPRS network and the external packet
data network (PDN).

The GGSN contains routing information for GPRS users, performs address connection
and tunnells data to a user through encapsulation.

The GGSN is connected to an external network and it transfers packets to the SGSN
through an IP-based GPRS backbone network.
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) helps support MS.

The SGSN is connected to BSC through frame relay and it is at the same
hierarchy level as the MSC.

The GPRS Register (GR) is a part of HLR which stores all the relevant
GPRS data.

In a part of HLR which stores all the relevant data of GPRS in a mobile IP
network, GGSN and SGSNs can be compared with home agent and
foreign agent respectively.

The data packets are transmitted to the BSS and finally to the MS
through the GGSN and SGSN.

The MSC as we have already discussed is responsible for data transport

in the traditional circult-switched GSM.
Advantages and limitations of
GPRS
The main advantages of GPRS includes machine to machine data
communication, lower service charges, compatible with e-mail,
broadcast services, and web browsing.

The high speed packet-switched communication supported by GPRS

enabled applications providing many innovative web-based services,
e-commerce, and advertising.
limitations of GPRS
Reduced cell capacity: GPRS affects the capacity of an existing cell. The
radio resource gets deployed for both voice and GPRS call.

Transit delay: GPRS packets can get lost because packets are vulnerable
to corruption as these are sent over wireless link. Whenever packets are
lost, these trigger retransmission, and contribute to the overall transit
delay.

No store: SMS services typically provided store and forward services.

However, the GPRS standard has no support for any storage
mechanism.
GPRS APPLICATION
Communications
E-commerce
Value-added services
Location-based applications
 GPRS - Protocol Stack
• The flow of GPRS protocol stack and
end-to-end message from MS to the GGSN is
displayed in the below diagram. GTP is the
protocol used between the SGSN and GGSN
using the Gn interface. This is a Layer 3
tunneling protocol.
The process that takes place in the application looks
like a normal IP sub-network for the users both inside
and outside the network.

The vital thing that needs attention is, the application

communicates via standard IP, that is carried through
the GPRS network and out through the gateway GPRS.

The packets that are mobile between the GGSN and

the SGSN use the GPRS tunneling protocol, this way
the IP addresses located on the external side of the
GPRS network do not have deal with the internal
backbone. UDP and IP are run by GTP.
SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol
(SNDCP) and Logical Link Control (LLC) combination
used in between the SGSN and the MS. The SNDCP
flattens data to reduce the load on the radio channel.
A safe logical link by encrypting packets is provided
by LLC and the same LLC link is used as long as a
mobile is under a single SGSN.

In case, the mobile moves to a new routing area that

lies under a different SGSN; then, the old LLC link is
removed and a new link is established with the new
Serving GSN X.25. Services are provided by running
X.25 on top of TCP/IP in the internal backbone.
UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is
a (third generation 3G) mobile communication technology
developed based on 3GPP standards.

UMTS operates by utilizing a broader radio spectrum,

allowing for the transmission of more data at higher speeds
Features of UMTS

Features of UMTS
UMTS could be a component created by 3GPP.
It employments wideband code division multiple access
(W-CDMA) discuss interface.
It gives transmission of content, digitized voice, video and
multimedia
It gives tall transmission capacity to portable operators.
It gives a tall information rate of 2Mbps.
For High-Speed Downlink Parcel Get to (HSDPA) handsets,
the data-rate is as tall as 7.2 Mbps within the downlink
connection.
It is additionally known as Flexibility of Mobile Multimedia
Access (FOMA).
Advantages of UMTS

UMTS could be a successor to 2G based GSM advances counting GPRS and

EDGE . Gaining a 3rd title 3GSM since it could be a 3G relocation for GSM

Support 2Mbit/s information rates.

Higher Information rates at lower incremental costs.

Benefits of programmed universal wandering also necessarily security and

charging capacities, permitting administrators emigrate from 2G to 3G where
as holding numerous of their existing back-office frameworks

Gives administrators the adaptability to present unused mixed media

administrations to trade clients and buyers

This not as it were gives client a valuable phone but moreover deciphers higher
incomes for the administrator.
Disadvantages of UMTS

It is more expensive than GSM.

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System has poor
video experience.
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System still not
broadband.
Applications of UMTS

Streaming / Download (Video, Audio)

Videoconferences.
Fast Internet / Intranet.
Mobile E-Commerce (M-Commerce)
Remote Login
Background Class applications
Multimedia-Messaging, E-Mail
FTP Access
Mobile Entertainment (Games)
Comparison of GSM and UMTS
Features GSM UMTS
Circuit-switched and
Network Architecture Circuit-switched
packet-switched

Wideband CDMA
Radio Access Technology FDMA and TDMA
(W-CDMA)

Bandwidth 200 kHz 5 MHz

Up to 2 Mbps for HSDPA; up

Data Rate Up to 384 kbps
to 7.2 Mbps for HSDPA

Applications Voice and SMS Multimedia applications

Automatic international
Roaming Support Limited
roaming

Video Quality Poor Improved compared to GSM

Cost Affordable More expensive than GSM

Broadband Not broadband Offers broadband capabilities