Section 4-2 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current Sources

P 4.2-1

Solution:
KCL at node 1:

v v −v
1 1 2 −8 −8 − 4 1
0= + +i = + + i ⇒ − −1+ i = 0
16 12 16 12 2
⇒ i = 1.5 A
(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P 4.2-2

Solution:
KCL at node 1:
v −v v
1 2 1
+ +1 = 0 ⇒ 5 v − v = −40
40 10 1 2
KCL at node 2:
v −v v −v
1 2 2 3
+2= ⇒ − v + 3 v − 2 v = 80
40 20 1 2 3
KCL at node 3:
v −v v
2 3 3
⇒ − 3 v + 5 v = 60
+1 =
20 30 2 3
Solving gives v1 = 4 V, v2 = 60 V and v3 = 48 V.
P4.2-3

Solution:

KCL at node 1:
v1 v1 − v 2
− + = − 30mA
20 45

⇒ 5v1 + 4v 2 = 5.4
KCL at node 2:
v 2 − v1 v2
30mA = +
45 30

⇒ v1 + 3v 2 = 2.7

Solving gives v1 = 0.49V, v2 = 0.74 V.

P 4.2-4

Solution:
Node equations:
v 1 v 1 −v 2
−.006 + + =0
R1 1000
v 1 −v 2 v 2
− + − 0.010 = 0
1000 R 2
When v1 = 2 V, v2 = 4 V
2 −2 2
−0.006 + + = 0 ⇒ R1 = = 250 Ω
R1 1000 1
0.006 +
500
−2 4 4
− + − 0.010 = 0 ⇒ R 2 = = 500 Ω
1000 R 2 1
0.010 −
500

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P 4.2-5

Solution:
Node equations:
v1 v −v 2 v 1 −v 3
+ 1 + =0
500 100 300
v −v 2 v −v 3
− 1 − 0.001 + 2 =0
100 300
v −v 3 v 1 −v 3 v 3
− 2 − + =0
300 300 500
Solving gives:

v 1 = 0.255 V, v 2 = 0.332 V, v 3 = 0.223 V

Finally, v = v 1 − v 3 = 0.032 V
P 4.2-6

Solution:

12 Ω + ( 40 Ω & 10 Ω ) = 20 Ω

60 Ω & 120 Ω = 40 Ω

The node equations are

v1 − v 2 v1 − v 3
3 × 10−3 = + ⇒ 0.06 = 2v1 − ( v 2 − v 3 )
20 20
v1 − v 2 v 2 − v3
2 ×10−3 + = ⇒ 0.04 = −v1 + 3v 2 − 2v 3
20 10
v2 − v3 v1 − v 3 v3
+ = ⇒ 0 = − ( 2v1 + 4v 2 ) + 7v 3
10 20 40

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡.06 ⎤ ⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.244 ⎤

⎢ −1 3 −2 ⎥ ⎢v ⎥ = ⎢.04 ⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ v 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 0.228⎥
⎢⎣ −2 −4 +7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ v 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ v 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0.200 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦

(a) The power supplied by the 3 mA current source is ( 3 × 10−3 ) ( 0.244 ) = 0.732 mW. The power
supplied by the 2 mA source is ( 2 × 10−3 ) ( 0.228 ) = 0.456 mW.

v1 − v 2 0.244 − 0.228
(b) The current in the 12 Ω resistor is equal to the current i = = = 0.8 mA so the
20 20
power received by the 12 Ω resistor is ( 0.8 × 10 ) (12 ) = 7.68 ×10
−3 2 −b
= 7.68 μ W.

(checked: LNAP and MATLAB 5/31/04)

P 4.2-7

Solution
Apply KCL at node a to get

va va v a −v b 14 14 14 − 20 14 7
2= + + = + + = + − 3 ⇒ R = 9.3 Ω
R 4 2 R 4 2 R 2

Apply KCL at node b to get

v a −v b vb vb 14 − 20 20 20
is + = + = is + = + ⇒ is =8 A
2 8 8 2 8 8
 Section 4-3
4 Node Voltage
V Analysis
A off Circuits w
with Currrent and V
Voltage Sou
urces

P 4.3-1

Solution:

E
Express the branch
b voltag
ge of the voltage source in terms of iits node volttages:

2 ⇒ v a = −12 V
0 − v a = 12
K
KCL at node b:

v a −v b v −v c −12 − v b v −v c vb v −v c
+4= b ⇒ +4= b ⇒ −1− +4= b ⇒ 180 = 8 v b − 3 v c
12 20 12 20 12 20

v b −v c v c 9
K
KCL at node c: = ⇒ 16 v b − 166 v c = 20 v c ⇒ vb = vc
20
0 16 4

⎛9 ⎞
Finally: 180 = 8 ⎜ v c ⎟ − 3 v c ⇒ v c = 12 V
⎝4 ⎠

P 4.3-2

Solution:

E
Express the branch
b voltag
ge of each vo
oltage sourcee in terms off its node vooltages to gett:

v a = −18 V,
V v b = v c = v d + 12
K
KCL at node b:
v b −v a v b − ( −18
1 )
= 0.003 + i ⇒ = 0.003 + i ⇒ v b + 18 = 18 + 66000 i
6000 6000
KCL at the supernode corresponding to the 12 V source:
v
0.015 = d + i ⇒ 9 = v d + 6000 i
6000

so v b = 9 −v d ⇒ (v d + 12) = 9 −v d ⇒ 2v d = −3 ⇒ V=1.5V

9 −v d
Consequently v b = v c = v d + 12 = 10.5 V and i = = 1.75 mA
6000

P4.3-3.

Solution: First, label the node voltages. Next, express the resistor currents in terms of the node voltages.

Identify the supernode corresponding to the 24 V source

Apply KCL to the supernode to get

12 − ( v a − 24 ) v a − 24 va
+ 0.6 = + ⇒ 196 = 6 v a ⇒ v a = 32 V
10 40 40
⎛ 12 − ( v a − 24 ) ⎞ ⎛ 12 − ( 32 − 24 ) ⎞
The 12 V source supplies 12 ⎜ ⎟ = 12 ⎜ ⎟ = 4.8 W
⎜ 10 ⎟ ⎝ 10 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ va ⎞ ⎛ 32 ⎞
The 24 V source supplies 24 ⎜ −0.6 + ⎟ = 24 ⎜ −0.6 + ⎟ = 4.8 W
⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎠

The current source supplies 0.6 v a = 0.6 ( 32 ) = 19.2 W

P 4.3-4

Solution:

The power supplied by the voltage source is

⎛ v −v v −v ⎞ ⎛ 24 − 19.75 24 − 10.588 ⎞
( )
v a i 1 + i 2 = v a ⎜ a b + a c ⎟ = 24 ⎜
⎝ 8 12 ⎠ ⎝ 8
+
12
⎟⎠

= 24(0.53 + 1.117) = 24(1.647) = 39.54 W

P 4.3-5

Solution:
Label the voltage measured by the meter. Notice that this is a node voltage.

Write a node equation at the node at which

the node voltage is measured.

⎡18 − v m ⎤ v m v − 12
−⎢ ⎥ + + 0.003 + m =0
⎣ 9000 ⎦ R 4500

That is

3000
R=
5
−1
vm

(a) The voltage measured by the meter will be 4 volts when R = 6 kΩ.
(b) The voltage measured by the meter will be 1.7 volts when R = 1.2 kΩ.
P 4.3-6

Solution:

Apply KCL at nodes 1 and 2 to get

20 − v 1 v1 v 1 −v 2
= + ⇒ 23v 1 − 3v 2 = 300
2000 6000 10000
20 − v 2 v 1 −v 2 v
+ = 2 ⇒ -4v 1 + 19v 2 = 100
8000 10000 4000

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

⎡ 23 −3⎤ ⎡v 1 ⎤ ⎡300⎤
⎢ −4 19 ⎥ ⎢v ⎥ = ⎢100 ⎥ ⇒ v 1 = 14.11 V and v 2 = 8.23 V
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Then
v 1 −v 2 14.11 − 8.23
ib = = = 0.588 mA
1000 10000

Apply KCL at the top node to get

v 1 − 20 v 2 − 20 14.11 − 20 8.23 − 20
ia = + = + = −4.37 mA
2000 8000 2000 8000
P 4.3-7

Solution:
vo v o − v1 vo − v2 v1 v2
+ + =0 ⇒ vo = +
R3 R1 R2 R R R R
1+ 1 + 1 1 + 2 + 2
R 2 R3 R1 R 3
(a) When R 1 = 10 Ω, R 2 = 40 Ω and R 3 = 8 Ω
v1 v2
vo = + = 0.4v1 + 0.1v 2
1 5 1+ 4 + 5
1+ +
4 4
So a = 0.4 and b = 0.1.

(b) When R 1 = R 2 and R 3 = R 1 & R 2 = R 1 / 2

v1 v2
vo = + = 0.25v1 + 0.25v 2
1+1+ 2 1+1+ 2
So a = 0.25 and b = 0.25.
(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)

P 4.3-8

Solution:
Express the voltage source voltages as functions of the node voltages to get

v 2 − v 1 = 10 and v 4 = 30

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the 5 V source to get

v 1 −v 3 v 2 − 30
2.5 = + ⇒ 260 = 5v 1 + 2v 2 − 5v 3
16 40
Apply KCL at node 3 to get

v 1 −v 3 v3 v 3 − 30
= + ⇒ − 15v 1 + 28v 3 = 300
16 80 24

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

⎡ −1 1 0 ⎤ ⎡v 1 ⎤ ⎡ 10 ⎤ ⎡v 1 ⎤ ⎡ 67.9⎤
⎢ 5 2 −5⎥ ⎢v ⎥ = ⎢ 260⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢v 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 77.9⎥
⎢⎣ −15 0 28 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣v 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 300 ⎥⎦ ⎢v 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 47.1⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦

So the node voltages are:

v 1 = 67.9 V, v 2 = 77.9V, v 3 = 47.1 V, and v 4 = 30 V

P 4.3-9

Solution:
Write a node equation to get

⎛ 24 − 9.0 ⎞ 9 9 − 12 15 9 3
−⎜ ⎟ + + =0 ⇒ − + − =0
⎝ R1 ⎠ R 3 R2 R1 R 3 R 2

15 9
Notice that is either 1.5 mA or 3 mA depending on whether R1 is 10 kΩ or 5 kΩ. Similarly, is
R1 R3
3
either 0.9 mA or 1.8 mA and is either 0.3 mA or 0.4 mA. Suppose R1 and R2 are 10 kΩ resistors and
R2
R3 is a 5 kΩ resistor. Then

15 9 9
− + − = −1.5 + 1.8 − 0.3 = 0
R1 R 3 R 2

It is possible that two of the resistors are 10 kΩ and the third is 5 kΩ. R3 is the 5 kΩ resistor.
P4.3-10

Solution: First, label the node voltages. Next, express the resistor currents in terms of the node voltages.

Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get

6(i1 − i2 ) + 12(i1 − i3 ) − 25 = 0
⇒ 18i1 − 6i2 − 12i3 = 25

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

6(i2 − i1 ) + 14i2 − 20 = 0
⇒ 20i2 − 6i1 = 20

Apply KVL to mesh 3 to get

12(i3 − i1 ) + 20 + 7i3 = 0
⇒ 12i1 − 19i3 = 20
Solving gives i1 = 2.13 A, i2 = 1.64 A, i3 = 0.29 A
So, the power supplied by 25 V source is
P = (25) (2.13)
= 53.25W
The power supplied by 20 V source for i2 = 1.64 A is
P = (20) (1.64)
= 32.8W
The power supplied by 20 V source for i3 = 0.29 A is
P = (20) (0.29)
= 5.8W
P 4.3-11

Solution:

Express the voltage source voltages in terms of the node voltages:

v 2 − v 1 = 12 and v 3 − v 1 = 18

Apply KVL to the supernode to get

v2 v1 v3
+ + =0 ⇒ 2v 2 + 5v 1 + 4v 3 = 0
15 6 7.5
So
( ) (
2 12 + v 1 + 5v 1 + 4 18 + v 1 = 0 ) ⇒ v1=−
96
11
V
The node voltages are
v 1 = −8.72 V
v 2 = 3.28 V
v 3 = 9.28 V
P4.3-12

Solution:

KCL at node 1:
v1 − v2 v1 v1
+ + =0 ⇒ 0.057v1 − 0.018v2 = 0
55 70 40

KCL at node 2:
v2 − v1 v −v
− 0.09 + 2 3 = 0 ⇒ 0.034v2 − 0.018v1 − 0.015v3 − 0.09 = 0
55 65

Here v3 = 50v, so the equation becomes

0.034v 2 − 0.018v1 − 0.84 = 0

Solving simultaneously, we get

v1 = 9.37 V
v 2 = 29.67 V
 Section
n 4-4 Nodee Voltage Analysis
A w
with Depen
ndent Sou
urces

P 4.4-1

S
Solution:
Express thhe resistor cuurrents in terrms of the
node voltaages:

v a − v c 8.6667 − 10
i 1= = = −0..6 A and
2 2
v − v c 2 − 110
i 2= b = = −2 A
4 4

Apply KCL
L at node c:

i 1 + i 2 = A i 1 ⇒ − 0.6 + ( −2) = A ( −0.6)

−2.6
⇒ A= = 4.3
−0.6

P 4.4-2

S
Solution:
Write andd solve a nodde equation:

v a − 12 v v − 4v a
+ a + a = 0 ⇒ v a = 224 V
2000 4000 60000

v a − 4v a
ib = = −12
1 mA
60000
P 4.4-3

S
Solution:

First expreess the contrrolling current in terms oof

the node vvoltages:
4 −v b
i =
a 8000
Write and solve a nodde equation:

4 −v b v ⎛ 4 −v b ⎞
− + b − 5⎜ = 0 ⇒ vb = 3 V
8000 4000 ⎝ 88000 ⎟⎠

P 4.4-4
S
Solution:
Apply
y KCL to thhe supernodee of the CCV
VS to get

8 − 15 21 − 15 3
18
+ − + i b = 0 ⇒ i b = 1.75 A
6 3 4

Next
15 − 18 ⎫
ia = = −1/ 2⎪ −3 V
6 ⎬ ⇒ r= =6
−1/ 2 A
r i a = 18 − 21 ⎪⎭

P 4.4-5

S
Solution:
First,, express thee controlling current of thhe CCVS in
v2
termss of the nodee voltages: i x =
4

Next,, express thee controlled vvoltage in teerms of the

node voltages:
v2 966
24 − v 2 = 3 i x = 3 ⇒v 2 = V
4 7

so ix = 24/7 A = 33.43 A.
P4.4-6

Solution:

v1 9.74
Using Ohm’s law, i b = = = 1.2175 A . Using KVL, the voltage across the CCVS is
8 8
r i b = v1 − v 2 = 9.74 − 6.09 = 3.65 V

r ib 3.65
Then r= = = 2.9979 V/A
ib 1.2175

Using KVL, v b = 12 − v1 = 12 − 9.74 = 2.26 V . Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the CCVS
to get
12 − v1 v1 v2 12 − 9.74 9.74 6.09
= + + g vb ⇒ = + + g vb ⇒ g v b = −1.6963 A
8 8 8 8 8 8
g v b −1.6963
Then g= = = −0.7506 A/V
vb 2.26
P 4.4-7

S
Solution:

L
Label the node voltages.

FFirst, v2 = 20
0 V due to th
he independeent voltage
ssource. Nex xt, express th
he controllin
ng current
oof the depend dent source in terms of the
t node
vvoltages:

v 3 −v 2 v 3 − 20
ia = =
32 32
N
Now the con
ntrolled voltaage of the deependent sou
urce can be eexpressed as

⎛ v 3 − 20 ⎞ 5
v 1 −v 3 = 8 i a = 8 ⎜ ⇒ v 1 = v 3 −5
⎝ 32 ⎟⎠ 4

A
Apply KCL to
t the supern
node corresp
ponding to th
he dependennt source to gget

v 1 −v 2 v1 v 3 −v 2 v3
+ + + =0
8 244 32 16

M
Multiplying by 96 and ussing v2 = 20 V gives

16v 1 + 9v 3 = 3000
S
Substituting the earlier expression fo
or v1

⎛5 ⎞
16 ⎜ v 3 − 5⎟ + 9v 3 = 300 ⇒ v 3 = 13.103 V
⎝4 ⎠

T
Then v1 = 11
1.379 V and ia = -0.2155 A. Applyin
ng KCL at noode 2 gives

v1 20 − v 1
=ib + ⇒ 2 i b = −60 + 4 v 1 = −600 + 4 (11.379)
24
24 8
S
So
i b = −0.6035.

F
Finally, the power
p suppliied by the deependent sou
urce is

( )
p = 8 i a i b = 8 ( −0.2155
0 ) ( −0.6035) = 1.044 W
P 4.4-8

Solution:
Apply KCL at node 2:

v 3 −v 2 −9 − ( 0)
i a + bi a = i b = = = −0.3 A
30 30
but
v 2 −v 1 0−8
ia = = = −0.13
60 60
so
A
(1 + b )( −0.13) = ( −0.3) ⇒ b =1.308
A

Next apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the voltage source.

v1 v3 8 −12
+ 1.308 i a + =0 ⇒ + 1.308 ( −0.13) + ⇒ R = 33.3 Ω
15 R 15 R

P 4.4-9

Solution:
(a) Express the controlling voltage of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages:

v a = 15 − v b
Apply KCL at node b to get

15 − v b vb 30 − 3v b
(
= A 15 − v b +) ⇒ A= = 0.026
150 300 (
300 15 − v b )
(b) The power supplied by the dependent source is

( )
− A v a v b = − ( 0.026 (15 − 18) ) (18) = 1.4 W
P 4.4-10

Solution:
This circuit contains two ungrounded voltage sources, both incident to node x. In such a circuit it is
necessary to merge the supernodes corresponding to the two ungrounded voltage sources into a single
supernode. That single supernode separates the two voltage sources and their nodes from the rest of the
circuit. It consists of the two resistors and the current source. Apply KCL to this supernode to get
v x − 30 v x
+ +6= 0 ⇒ v x = 10 V .
3 15

The power supplied by the dependent source is

( 0.1v ) ( −45) = −45 W .

x
P 4.4-11

Solution:

Express the voltages of the independent voltage sources in terms of the node voltages

v 1 − v 2 = 24 and v 4 − v 5 = 12

Express the controlling current of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages

v3
ix =
9

Express the controlled voltage of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages

⎛v 3 ⎞
v 2 − v 4 = 4i x = 4 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ − 9v 2 + 4v 3 + 9v 4 = 0
⎝ 9⎠

Apply KCL to the supernode to get

v 1 −v 3 v 4 −v 3 v5
+ + =1 ⇒ 20v 1 − 32v 3 + 12v 4 + 5v 5 = 60
3 5 12

Apply KCL at node 3 to get

v 3 −v 1 v 3 v 3 −v 4
+ + =0 ⇒ − 15v 1 + 29v 3 − 9v 4 = 0
3 9 5

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

⎡ 1 −1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡v 1 ⎤ ⎡ 24⎤
⎢ 0 ⎢ ⎥
0 0 1 −1⎥ ⎢v 2 ⎥ ⎢12 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −9 4 9 0 ⎥ ⎢v 3 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 20 0 −32 12 5 ⎥ ⎢v 4 ⎥ ⎢ 60⎥
⎣⎢ −15 0 29 −9 0 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢v 5 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥

The values of V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 were obtained by using MATLAB.
P 4.4-12

Solution:
Express the voltage source voltages in terms of the node voltages:

v 1 − v 2 = 16 and v 4 − v 3 = 32

Express the controlling current of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages:

v 2 −v 3 v 1 −v 3
ix = + = 0.1v 1 + 0.05v 2 − 0.15v 3
20 10

Express the controlled voltage of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages:

v 5 = 4i x = 0.4v 1 = 0.2v 2 − 0.6v 3 ⇒ 0.4v 1 + 0.2v 2 − 0.6v 3 − v 5 = 0

Apply KVL to the supernodes

v 1 −v 5 v 2 −v 4 v 2 −v 3 v 1 −v 3
+ + + =0 ⇒ 14v 1 + 7v 2 − 6v 3 − 5v 4 − 10v 5 = 0
4 8 20 10
v 4 −v 2 v3 v 3 −v 2 v 3 −v 1
+ + + =4 ⇒ − 8v 1 − 14v 2 + 17v 3 + 10v 4 = 320
8 16 20 10

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

⎡1 −1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡v 1 ⎤ ⎡ 16 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎢ ⎥
0 −1 1 0 ⎥ ⎢v 2 ⎥ ⎢ 32 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.4 0.2 −0.6 0 −1 ⎥ ⎢v 3 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 14 7 −6 −5 −10⎥ ⎢v 4 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ −8 −14 17 10 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣v 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣320⎥⎦

The values of V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 were obtained by using MATLAB.
P 4.4-13

Solution:

Express the controlling voltage and current of

the dependent sources in terms of the node
voltages:
v3 − v4
v a = v 4 and i b =
R2
Express the voltage source voltages in terms of
the node voltages:

v1 = V s and v 2 − v 3 = Av a = Av 4
Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the dependent voltage source
v 2 − v1 v3 − v4
+ = Is ⇒ − R 2 v1 + R 2 v 2 + R1 v 3 − R1 v 4 = R1 R 2 I s
R1 R2

Apply KCL at node 4:

v3 − v4 v3 − v4 v4 ⎛ R2 ⎞
B + = ⇒ ( B + 1) v 3 − ⎜⎜ B + 1 + ⎟ v4 = 0
R2 R2 R3 ⎝ R 3 ⎟⎠

Organizing these equations into matrix form:

⎡ 1 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 1 −1 −A ⎥ ⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡ V s ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢v ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢− R2 R2 R1 − R1 ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢v 3 ⎥ ⎢ R R I ⎥
⎢ ⎛ R 2 ⎞⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 2 s ⎥
⎢ 0 0 B +1 − ⎜ B +1+
⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ ⎢⎣v 4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
⎢⎣ ⎝ R 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
With the given values:
⎡ 1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡ 30 ⎤ ⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡ 25 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢v ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢v ⎥ ⎢
⎢ 1 −1 −10 ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ 68.95⎥⎥
= ⇒ =
⎢ −25 25 15 −15 ⎥ ⎢ v 3 ⎥ ⎢1125⎥ ⎢ v 3 ⎥ ⎢ 7.855⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 6 −7.714 ⎦ ⎢⎣v 4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣v 4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 6.11 ⎦
P 4.4-14

S
Solution:
Express thhe controllingg voltage annd current off
the dependdent sources in terms of the node
voltages:
v a = v 4 = 22.5 V
and
v 3 −v 4 −15 − 22.5
ib = = = 0.5 A
R2 75
Express thhe dependentt voltage souurce voltage
in terms off the node vooltages:

v 2 − v 3 = Av a = Av 4
so
v2 − v3 75 − ( −15 )
A= = = 4 V/V
v4 22.5

A
Apply KCL to
t the supern
node corresp
ponding to th
he dependennt voltage souurce

v 2 −v 1 v 3 −v 4 75 − 10 −15 − 222.5
+ =Is ⇒ + = 3.75 ⇒ R 1 = 115.3 Ω
R1 R2 R1 75

A
Apply KCL at node 4:

v 3 −v 4 v4 v 3 −v 4 −15 − 22.5
2 22.5 −15 − 222.5
= +B ⇒ = +B ⇒ B = 2.5 A/A
R2 R3 R2 755 30 75

P 4.4-15

SSolution:
21 − 12 21 − 12
2 −3 −3
aa. R 1 = = = 3 Ω and R 2 = = =2Ω
4 −1 3 2.5 − 4 −1.5

bb. The powerr supplied byy the voltagee source is 24(1 + 2.5 – 44) = – 12 W
W. The powerr supplied byy the 2.5-
urce is 2.5 ( −3 − 12) = −37.5
A current sou 3 W . Thee power suppplied by the 1-A currentt source is
−1( 21) = −21 W . The po A current souurce is 4 ( 21 − ( −3) ) = 966 W .
ower supplieed by the 4-A
P 4.4-16

S
Solution:

13 − ( −2.33)
i1 = = 1.7 A
9
and
10 .6
i2 = = 2.1 A
5

v 2 −v 1 10.6 − 13
1 v3 −2.333
aa. R 1 = = = 24 Ω and
a R2 = = = 7.8 Ω
2−i2 2 − 2.1 i 2 − 2 1.7 − 2

y the voltagee source is 13 ( 2.1 + 1.7 − 2) = 23.4 W . The power supplied by the
bb. The powerr supplied by
ccurrent sourcce is 2 (10.6 − ( −2.33) ) = 25.86 W

P
P4.4-17

S
Solution:

G
Given the no
ode voltages v 2 = 24 V, v 3 = 12 V and v 4 = 9 V

Av a 24 − 12 4V
A= = =
va 12 − 9 V
⎛ v 3 −v 4 ⎞ 15 ( 9)
R5 ⎜ =v 4 ⇒ R5 = = 455 Ω ,
⎝ 15 ⎟⎠ 12 − 9

40 − 366 400 − 24 24
ib = = 0.33 A and
a ic = − = 0.66 A
12 12 12

2
va 32
p4 = = = 0.66 W
15
5 15
P4.4-18

Solution:

The node equations are

35 − v1 v −v
+ 4v1 = 1 2 ⇒ 6(28 − v1 ) + 30(4v1 ) = 5(v1 − v2 ) ⇒ 168 = − 109v1 − 5v2
5 6

v1 − v2 v v
and = 4v1 + 2 + 5v3 = 4r1 + 2 + 5(v1 − v2 ) ⇒ 0 = 265v1 − 141.25v2
6 8 8
P4.4-19

Solution:
Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the horizontal voltage source to get

v1 va v3 − v 2 v 3 − ( v1 + 10 )
10
=
2
=
2
=
2
(
⇒ v1 = 5 v 3 − ( v1 + 10 ) ) ⇒ 50 = −6 v1 + 5 v 3

Looking at the dependent source we notice that

(
v 3 = 5 v a = 5 ( v 3 − v 2 ) = 5 v 3 − ( v1 + 10 ) ) ⇒ 50 = −5 v1 + 4 v 3

Using MATLAB to solve these equations:

Consequently v1 = −50 V and v 3 = −50 V

Then v 2 = v1 + 10 = −40 V
P4.4-20

Solution:
The node equations are:

24 − v 1 ⎛v 3 ⎞
= 4i a = 4⎜ ⎟ ⇒ 24 = v 1 + 4v 3 ⇒ 12 = v 1 + 4v 3
4 ⎝ 4⎠

v2 v 2 −v 3 ⎛ v 3 ⎞ v 2 v 2 −v 3
4i a = + ⇒ 4⎜ ⎟ = + ⇒ 0 = 2v 2 − 5v 3
4 4 ⎝ 4⎠ 4 4

v 2 −v 3 v3 v 2 −v 3 + 8 v3
+2= ⇒ = ⇒ 8 = −v 2 + 2v 3
4 4 4 4

Solving these equations using MATLAB gives

v 1 = 88 V, ,

v 2 = −40 V
and
v 3 = −16 V
 Section 4-5 Mesh Current Analysis with Independent Voltage Sources

P 4.5-1

Solution:
The mesh equations are
4 i 1 + 18 (i 1 − i 3 ) + 6 (i 1 − i 2 ) = 0
30 − 6 (i 1 − i 2 ) + 12 (i 2 − i 3 ) = 0
−12 (i 2 − i 3 ) − 18 (i 1 − i 3 ) − 42 = 0
or
28 i 1 − 6 i 2 − 18 i 3 = 0
−6 i 1 + 18 i 2 − 12 i 3 = −30
−18 i 1 − 12 i 2 + 30 i 3 = 42
so
i1 = 3 A, i2 = 2 A and i3 = 4 A.

P 4.5-2

Solution:
Top mesh:
8 (4 − 6) + R (4) + 20 (4 − 8) = 0
so R = 24 Ω.

Bottom, right mesh:

16 (8 − 6) + 20 (8 − 4) + v 2 = 0
so v2 = −112 V.

Bottom left mesh

−v 1 + 8 (6 − 4) + 16 (6 − 8) = 0
so v1 = −16 V.
P 4.5-3

S
Solution:
−6
Ohhm’s Law: i 2 = = −0.375
0 A
16
KV
VL for loop 11:
( )
R i 1 + 8 i 1 − i 2 + 6 + 18 = 0

KV
VL for loop 2
(
+ ( −6) − 6 − 8 i 1 − i 2 = 0 )
(
⇒ − 12 − 8 i 1 − ( −00.376) = 0 )
⇒ i 1 = −1.8
–1.8AA
R ( −1.9) + 8 ( −1.9 − ( −0.375) ) + 42 = 0 ⇒ R = 15.7 Ω

P 4.5-4

S
Solution:
K
KVL loop 1:

550 i a − 2 + 27
75 i a + 100 i a + 4 + 125 (i a − i b ) = 0
5550 i a −125 i b = −2

K
KVL loop 2:

−125(i a − i b ) − 4 + 125 i b + 125 i b + 8 + 225 i b = 0

−125 i a + 60
00 i b = − 4
⇒ i a = − 5.4 mA , i b = − 7.79 mA

P 4.5-5

S
Solution:
Mesh Eq
quations:

m
mesh 1 : 4i 1 + 4 (i 1 − i 2 ) + 10 = 0
m
mesh 2 : 4(i 2 − i 1 ) + 8 (i 2 − i 3 ) = 0
mesh 3 : − 10 + 8(i 3 − i 2 ) + 12i 3 = 0
m
Solving:
5
i = i2 ⇒ i = − = −0.147 A
34
P 4.5-6

Solution:
Replace series and parallel resistors with equivalent resistors:

60 Ω & 300 Ω = 50 Ω , 40 Ω + 60 Ω = 100 Ω and 100 Ω + 30 Ω + ( 80 Ω & 560 Ω ) = 200 Ω

so the simplified circuit is

The mesh equations are

200 i1 + 50 ( i1 − i 2 ) − 12 = 0
100 i 2 + 8 − 50 ( i1 − i 2 ) = 0
or
⎡ 250 −50⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡12 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.04 ⎤
⎢ −50 150 ⎥ ⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ −8⎥ ⇒ ⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ −0.04 ⎦

The power supplied by the 12 V source is 12 i1 = 12 ( 0.04 ) = 0.48 W . The power supplied by the 8 V
source is −8i 2 = −8 ( −0.04 ) = 0.32 W . The power absorbed by the 30 Ω resistor is
i12 ( 30 ) = ( 0.04 ) ( 30 ) = 0.048 W .
2

(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)

 Secction 4-6 Mesh
M Currrent Analy
ysis with V
Voltage an
nd Curren
nt Sources

P 4.6-1

S
Solution:
1
mesh 1: i1 = A
2
mesh 2: 1100 i 2 + 10 + 50i 2 = 0
⇒ i 2 = − 0.07 A
i b = i 1 − i 2 = 0.57 A

P 4.6-2

S
Solution:

mesh a: ia = − 0.25 A
mesh b: i b = − 0.4 A

v c = 125(i a − i b ) = 125(0.15) =188.7 V

P 4.6-3

S
Solution:

E
Express the current
c sourcce current ass a function of
o the mesh currents:
i1 − i2 = − 0.5
0 ⇒ i1 = i2 − 0.5
A
Apply KVL to the superm mesh:

45 i 1 + 30 i 2 + 10 = 0 ⇒ 45 (i 2 − 0.5) + 30i 2 = − 10
12.5
75 i 2 − 22.5 = − 10 ⇒ i 2 = = 0.17 A
75
i1 =−0.33 A and v 2 = 20 i 2 = 3.4 V
P 4.6-4

S
Solution:

EExpress the current

c sourcce current in
n terms
oof the mesh currents:
c

i b = i a − 0.03

A
Apply KVL to the superm
mesh:

300 i a + 150 (i a − 0.0

03) + 15 = 0
∴ i a = − 0.023 A = − 23 mA
v c = 150(i a − 0.03
3) = −7.95 V

P 4.6-5
S
Solution:

M
Mesh equatio
on for right mesh:
m
10 5
4 ( i − 2 ) + 2 i + 6 ( i + 3) = 0 ⇒ 12 i − 8 + 18 = 0 ⇒ i = − A=− A
12 6

(checked uusing LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.6-6

Solution: Label the resistor currents and the current source currrents in terms of the mesh currents:

a.) Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the current source to get

12 − 24 ( i 2 − i 3 ) 12 − 24 ( 0.8986 − ( −0.2899 ) )
R1 i1 + 12 + 24 ( i 2 − i 3 ) − 24 = 0 ⇒ R1 = = = 15 Ω
i1 −1.1014

Apply KVL to the rightmost mesh to get

−32 + 24 ( i 2 − i 3 ) −32 + 24 ( 0.8986 − ( −0.2899 ) )

R 3 i 3 + 32 − 24 ( i 2 − i 3 ) = 0 ⇒ R 3 = = = 12 Ω
i3 −0.2899

b.) I s = i 2 − i1 = 0.8986 − ( −1.1014 ) = 2 A

c.) Noticing that 12 V and i 2 adhere to the passive convention, the power supplied by the 12 V voltage
source is
−12 i 2 = −12 ( 0.8986 ) = −10.783 W .
P4.6-7

Solution: Express the currents to the supermesh to get

i1 − i 3 = 0.006

Apply KVL to the supermesh to get

15 ( i 3 − i 3 ) + ( 3) i 3 − 9 + ( 3) ( i1 − i 2 ) = 0 ⇒ 18i1 − 3 i 2 − 12 i 3 = 9

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

6i 2 + 12 ( i 2 − i 3 ) + ( 3) ( i 2 − i1 ) = 0 ⇒ ( −3) i1 + 21i 2 − 12i 3 = 0
Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

⎡ 1 0 −1 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.006 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡ 2.312 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢18 −3 12 ⎥ ⎢i 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 9 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢i 2 ⎥ = ⎢1.648 ⎥
⎢⎣ −3 21 −12 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣i 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢ i 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2.306 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦

P4.6-8

Solution: Express the currents to the supermesh to get

i1 − i 2 = 7

Apply KVL to the supermesh to get

(i1 ) (14 + 21) + 10i2 = 0

⇒ (35)i1 + 10i2 = 0
⇒ i2 = − 5.44 A

Therefore,

i1 = 7 + i2
= 7 − 5.44
= 1.56 A
P 4.6-9

S
Solution:

3 3
E
Express the current
c sourcce current in = i 1 − i 2 ⇒ i1 = + i 2 .
n terms of thee mesh curreents:
4 4
⎛3 ⎞
AApply KVL to the supermmesh: −9 + 4i1 + 3 i 2 + 2 i 2 = 0 ⇒ 4 ⎜ + i 2 ⎟ + 5 i 2 = 9 ⇒ 9 i 2 = 6
⎝4 ⎠
2 4
ng is 2 i 2 = V
sso i 2 = A and the volttmeter readin
3 3

P
P4.6-10

S
Solution: No
otice that thee current sou
urce are each
h in a single mesh. Conseequently, i1 = 2.4 A and
i2 = 1.2 A. Label the resiistor currentss in terms off the mesh cuurrents:

A
Apply KVL to mesh 3 to
o get
12 i 3 + 15 − 16 (1.2 − i 3 ) − 18 ( 2.4 − i 3 ) = 0 ⇒ 446 i 3 = 47.4 ⇒ i 3 = 1.00304 A

A
Apply KVL to the rightm
most mesh to
o get
v o − 15 − 12 i 3 = 0 ⇒ v o = 15 + 12 (1.0304 ) = 277.3648 V
P4.6-11

Solution:

Node equations:

Apply KCL at node 1,

v1 v1 − v2
−6 + + 0 ⇒ 5v1 − 2v2 = 216
12 18

Apply KCL at node 2,

v2 − v1 v2
+ − 4 = 0 ⇒ 8v2 − 5v1 = 360
18 30

Solving gives,

v1 = 81.6V
v2 = 96V

The power supplied by 6A current source is,

P = (6) (81.6)
= 489.6W

The power supplied by 6A current source is,

P = (4) (96)
= 384W
 Section 4-7 Mesh Current Analysis with Dependent Sources

P4.7-1
Solution:
First, label the mesh currents, taking advantage of the current sources. Next, express the resistor currents
in terms of the mesh currents:

4000 i a + 2000 ( 6 i a ) − 2 = 0 ⇒ i a =
1
Apply KVL to the left mesh: = 0.125 mA
8
The 2 A voltage source supplies 2 i a = 2 ( 0.125 × 10−3 ) = 0.25 mW
The CCCS supplies ( 5 i a ) ⎡⎣( 2000 ) ( 6 i a )⎤⎦ = ( 60 ×10 )( 0.125 ×10 )
3 −3 2
= 0.9375 × 10 −3 = 0.9375 mW

P 4.7-2
Solution:
Express the controlling current of the dependent source as a function of the mesh current:
ib = .06 − ia

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

−100 (0.06 − i a ) + 50 (0.06 − i a ) + 250 i a = 0 ⇒ ia = 10 mA

Finally: vo = 50 i b = 50 (0.06 − 0.01) = 2.5 V

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P 4.7-3

Solution:
Express the controlling voltage of the dependent source as a function of the mesh current:

vb = 100 (.006 − ia )
Apply KVL to the right mesh:

−100 (.006 − ia ) + 3 [100(.006 − ia ) ] + 250 ia = 0 ⇒ ia = −24 mA

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P 4.7-4

S
Solution:

1 3 ( i1 − i2 ) = 0 ⇒ 30 × 103 i1 − 20 × 1003 i2 = 3
Apply KVL to left mesh : − 3 + 10 ×103 i1 + 20 ×10
A (1)
Apply KVL to right messh : 5 ×103 i1 + 100 × 103 i2 + 20 × 103 ( i2 − i1 ) = 0 ⇒ i1 = 8i2
A ( 2)
Solving (1) & ( 2 ) simulttaneously
6 3
S ⇒ i1 = mA, i2 = mA
55 2220
P ode =
Power deliveered to catho ( 5 i1 ) ( i2 ) + 100 ( i2 )2
( 55
5 )( 220 )
+ 100 ( 3
220 )
2
= 5 6 3 = 0.026 m
mW

∴ Energy in
n 24 hr. = ( 2.6 ×10−5 W ) ( 24 hr ) (3600
3 s ) = 2.25 J
hr
P4.7-5

Solution:

Express the controlling voltage of the dependent source as a function of the mesh current.
v a = 40 i 2
Apply KVL to mesh 1:
⎛ 40i1 ⎞
16 ( i1 − 4 ) + 40i1 + 4 ⎜ i1 − ⎟=0
⎝ 2 ⎠
⇒ −20i1 − 64 = 0
⇒ i1 = − 3.2 A

Therefore, the power supplied is,

P = 3.2(40 × 3.2) (3.2)

= 409.6W
P 4.7-6

Solution:
Express va and ib, the controlling voltage and current of the dependent sources, in terms of the mesh
currents
v a = 5 ( i 2 − i 3 ) and i b = −i 2

Next express 20 ib and 3 va, the controlled voltages of the dependent sources, in terms of the mesh
currents
20 i b = −20 i 2 and 3 v a = 15 ( i 2 − i 3 )
Apply KVL to the meshes
−15 ( i 2 − i 3 ) + ( −20 i 2 ) + 10 i1 = 0
− ( −20 i 2 ) + 5 ( i 2 − i 3 ) + 20 i 2 = 0
10 − 5 ( i 2 − i 3 ) + 15 ( i 2 − i 3 ) = 0

These equations can be written in matrix form

⎡10 −35 15 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 45 −5 ⎥ ⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 10 −10 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ i 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −10 ⎥⎦

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

i1 = −1.25 A, i 2 = +0.125 A, and i 3 = +1.125 A

(checked: MATLAB & LNAP 5/19/04)

P 4.7-7

Solution:
Label the mesh currents:

Express ia, the controlling current of the CCCS,

in terms of the mesh currents

i a = i 3 − i1

Express 2 ia, the controlled current of the

CCCS, in terms of the mesh currents:

i 1 − i 2 = 2 i a = 2 ( i 3 − i 1 ) ⇒ 3 i1 − i 2 − 2 i 3 = 0

Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the CCCS:

80 ( i1 − i 3 ) + 40 ( i 2 − i 3 ) + 60 i 2 + 20 i1 = 0 ⇒ 100i1 + 100i 2 − 120i 3 = 0

Apply KVL to mesh 3

10 + 40 ( i 3 − i 2 ) + 80 ( i 3 − i1 ) = 0 ⇒ -80 i1 − 40 i 2 + 120 i 3 = −10

These three equations can be written in matrix form

⎡ 3 −1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ i 1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢100 100 −120 ⎥ ⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −80 −40 120 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ i 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −10 ⎥⎦

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

i1 = −0.2 A, i 2 = −0.1 A and i 3 = −0.25 A

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

v b + 40 ( i 2 − i 3 ) + 60 i 2 = 0 ⇒ v b = −40 ( −0.1 − ( −0.25 ) ) − 60 ( −0.1) = 0 V

So the power supplied by the dependent source is p = v b ( 2i a ) = 0 W .

(checked: LNAP 6/7/04)

P 4.7-8

Solution:
The controlling and controlled currents of the CCCS, i b and 40 i b, are the mesh currents. Apply KVL to
the left mesh to get
1000 i b + 2000 i b + 300 ( i b + 40i b ) − v s = 0 ⇒ 15300i b = v s
The output is given by v o = −3000 ( 40 i b ) = −120000 i b
vo 120000
(a) The gain is =− = −7.84 V/V
vs 15300
vs
(b) The input resistance is = 15300 Ω
ib
(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

P 4.7-9

Solution:
Express the controlling voltage and current of the dependent sources in terms of the mesh currents:
v a = 20 ( i1 − i 2 ) = 20 ( −1.375 − ( −2.5 ) ) = 22.5
and
i b = i 3 − i 2 = −3.25 − ( −2.5) = −0.75 A
Express the current source currents in terms of the mesh currents:
i 2 = −2.5 A
and
i 3 − i1 = B i b ⇒ − 1.375 − ( −2.5) = B ( −0.75) ⇒ B = 2.5 A/A

Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the dependent current source

0 = 20 i 3 + Av a + 50 i b + v a − 10 = 20 ( −3.25) + A ( 22.5) + 50 ( −0.75) + 22.5 − 10 ⇒ A = 4 V/V

(Checked using LNAP 9/29/04)

P 4.7-10

Solution:
va
Label the node voltages as shown. The controlling currents of the CCCS is expressed as i = .
28
va va − vb va
The node equations are 12 = + +
28 4 14
va − vb va vb
and + =
4 14 8
va 84
Solving the node equations gives v a = 84 V and v b = 72 V . Then i = = =3A .
28 28

(checked using LNAP 6/16/05)

P4.7-11

Solution:
Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get

2 i1 + 4 i a + 2 ( i1 − i 2 ) − 12 = 0 ⇒ 2 i1 + 4 ( i 2 + 1) + 2 ( i1 − i 2 ) − 12 = 0 ⇒ 8 = 4 i1 + 2 i 2

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

2 i 2 + 2 ( i 2 + 1) − 2 ( i1 − i 2 ) = 0 ⇒ − 2 = −2 i1 + 6 i 2

Solving these equations using MATLAB we

get

i1 = 1.8571 A and i2 = 0.2857 A

 Section 4.8 The Node Voltage Method and Mesh Current Method Compared

P 4.8-1

Solution:
(a) Apply KVL to meshes 1 and 2:

32i1 − v s + 96 ( i1 − i s ) = 0
v s + 30i 2 + 120 ( i 2 − i s ) = 0
150i 2 = +120i s − v s
4 vs
i 2 = is −
5 150
1
v o = 30i 2 = 24i s − v s
5
So a = 24 and b = -.02.

(b)
Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to
the voltage source to get

va − (vs + vo ) va − vo vs + vo vo
+ = +
96 32 120 30
So
vs + vo vo vs vo
is = + = +
120 30 120 24
Then
1
v o = 24i s − v s
5

So a = 24 and b = -0.2.
(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)
P 4.8-2

Solution:
(a) Label the reference node and node voltages.

v b = 120 V

due to the voltage source.

Apply KCL at the node between the resistors to get

vb − va va
= ⇒ v a = 20 V
100 20
Then
i a = 0.2 ( 20 ) = 4 A

and the power supplied by the dependent source is

p = v bi a = (120 )( 4 ) = 480 W

(b) Label the mesh currents. Express the controlling

voltage of the dependent source in terms of the mesh
current to get
v a = 20 ( i 2 − i1 )

Express the controlled current of the dependent source

in terms of the mesh currents to get

−i1 = i a = 0.2 ⎡⎣ 20 ( i 2 − i1 ) ⎤⎦ = 4i 2 − 4i1 ⇒ i1 = 4 / 3i 2

Apply KVL to the bottom mesh to get

100 ( i 2 − i1 ) + 20 ( i 2 − i1 ) − 120 = 0 ⇒ i 2 − i1 = 1
So
i 2 − 4 / 3i 2 = 2 ⇒ i 2 = −2 A ⇒ i 1 = −4 A
Then
v a = 20 ( −3 − ( −4 ) ) = 20 V and i a = 0.2 ( 20 ) = 4 A

The power supplied by the dependent source is

p = 120 ( i a ) = 120 ( 4 ) 480 W

 Section 4.9 Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB

P4.9-1

Solution: First, express the resistor currents in terms of the node voltages:

v1  v 2 v1  v 3
Apply KCL at node 1 to get 5    0.7 v1  0.2 v 2  0.5 v 3  5
5 2
v1  v 2 v2 v2  v3
Apply KCL at node 2 to get     0.2 v1  0.55 v 2  0.25 v 3  0
5 10 4
v2  v3 v1  v 3
Apply KCL at node 3 to get   3   0.5 v1  0.25 v 2  0.75 v 3  3
4 2
 0.7 0.2 0.5   v1   5 
In matrix form:  0.2 0.55 0.25 v    0 
   2  
 0.5 0.25 0.75   v 3   3

Solving using MATLAB: v1  28.1818 V, v 2  20 V and v 3  21.4545

P4.9-2

Solution:
The figure below shows the assumed direction of current entering or leaving nodes 1, 2 and 3
respectively.

KCL at node 1 gives:

v1  25 V v1  v3 v1  v2
  0
35  60  30 
1  v1  25 V v1  v3 v1  v2 
   0
5 7  12  6 
v1  25 V v1  v2 v1  v3
  0
7 6 12 
72v1  1800 V  84v1  84v2  42v1  42v3  0

198v1  84v2  42v3  1800  0

99v1  42v2  21v3  900  0 …… (1)

KCL at node 2 gives:

v1  v2 v v v
 2  2 3
30  35  50 
1  v2 v2  v3  v1  v2  
     0
5  7  10   6   
v2 v2  v3  v1  v2 
  0
7  10   6  
60v2  42v2  42v3  70v1  70v2  0

172v2  42v3  70v1  0

86v2  21v3  35v1  0 …… (2)
KCL at node 3 gives:

v1  v3 v2  v3 v3  20 V
 
60  50  20 
1  v1  v3 v2  v3  v3  20 V  
     0
5  12  10   4   
v1  v3 v2  v3  v3  20 V 
  0
12  10   4  
40v1  40v3  48v2  48v3  120v3  2400  0

40v1  208v3  48v2  2400  0

20v1  104v3  24v2  1200  0 …… (3)

Equations (1), (2), (3) for a system of linear equations, and can be solved to obtain the solution for v1 ,
v2 , and v3 as:

6070
v1   V
849
 7.14 V
385
v2   V
849
 0.45 V
8540
v3  V
849
 10.0 V

The negative sign highlights the fact that the direction of the associated current is to be reversed.
Therefore, the voltages at node 1, node 2 and node 3, with the assumed directions is, 7.14 V , 0.45 V
, and 10.0 V respectively.
P4.9-3

Solution: Label the label the mesh currents. Then, label the element currents in terms of the mesh
currents:

Notice that the 2 A source on the outside of the circuit is in mesh 3 and that the currents 2 A and i 3 have
the same direction. Consequently
i3  2 A
Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get
25  i1  i 3   9  i1  i 2   8 i1  0

In this equation 25  i1  i 3  is the voltage across the 25  resistor (+ on the left), 9  i1  i 2  is the
voltage across the 9  resistor (+ on top) and 8i1 is the voltage across the 8  resistor (+ on bottom).
Substituting i 3  2 A and doing a little algebra gives

42 i1  9 i 2  50
Next, apply KVL to mesh 2 to get
14  i 2  i 3   24  9  i1  i 2   0

In this equation 14  i 2  i 3  is the voltage across the 14  resistor (+ on the left), 24 is the voltage source
voltage and 9  i1  i 2  is the voltage across the 9  resistor (+ on top). Substituting i 3  2 A and doing
a little algebra gives
9 i1  23 i 2  24  14  2   4
The simultaneous equations can be written in matrix form

42 i1  9 i 2  50  42 9  i1  50
      
9 i1  23 i 2  4  9 23  i 2   4 
We can use MATLAB to solve the matrix equation:

 i1  1.3401
Then i    
 2  0.6983
That is, the mesh currents are i1  1.3401 A and i 2  0.6983 A .

P4.9-4

Solution: Label the label the mesh currents. Then, label the element currents in terms of the mesh
currents:
Notice that the 0.4 A source on the inside of the circuit is in both mesh 1 and mesh 3. Mesh current i1 is
directed in the same way as current source current but the mesh current i 3 is directed opposite to the
current source current. Consequently
i1  i 3  0.4 A
The current source is in both mesh 1 and mesh 3 so we apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to
the current source (i.e. the perimeter of meshes 1 and 3). The result is

10 i 3  19  i1  i 2   10 i1  0

In this equation 10i 3 is the voltage across the horizontal 10  resistor (+ on the left), 19  i1  i 2  is the
voltage across the 19  resistor (+ on top) and 10i1 is the voltage across the vertical 10  resistor (+ on
bottom). Substituting i 3  i1  0.4 and doing a little algebra gives

39 i1  19 i 2  4

Next, apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

22 i 2  10  19  i1  i 2   0

In this equation 22i 2 is the voltage across the 22  resistor (+ on the left), 10 is the voltage source
voltage and 19  i1  i 2  is the voltage across the 19  resistor (+ on top). Doing a little algebra gives
19 i1  41i 2  10

To summarize, the circuit is represented by the simultaneous equations:

39 i1  19 i 2  4  39 19  i1   4 
      
19 i1  41i 2  10  19 41  i 2  10
Comparing these equations to the given equations shows
a11  39 , a12  19 , a 21  19 and a 22  41 .
P4.9-5

Solution: First, label the mesh currents and then label the element currents:

Notice the 2.4 A source in both mesh 2 and mesh 3. We have

i 3  i 2  2.4 A
Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get
40 i1  5  i 3  i1   5  i 2  i1   0  50 i1  5 i 2  5 i 3  0

Identify the supermesh corresponding to the 2.4 A current source:

Apply KVL to the supermesh to get

5  i 2  i1   5  i 3  i1   24  40 i 2  0   10 i1  45 i 2  5 i 3  24

Writing the mesh equations in matrix form gives

 0 1 1   i1   2.4 
 50 5 5 i    0 
  2  
 10 45 5  i 3   24
Solving using MATLAB:

That is, the mesh currents are i1  0.1 A, i 2  0.7 A and i 3  1.7 A.
The 24 V source supplies 24 i 3   241.7   40.8 W
The power supplied by the current source depends on vs, the voltage across the current source. Apply
KVL to mesh 3 to get
5  i 3  i1   24  v s  0  v s  5 1.7  0.1  24  32 V

The current source supplies 2.4 vs  2.4  32   76.8 W

P4.9-6

Solution: Determine the value of the mesh currents i1 and i 2 .

Replace series resistors with an equivalent resistor and series voltage sources with and equivalent
voltage source to get

Apply KVL to mesh 1 16 i1  8  i1  i 2   9  0  24 i1  8 i 2  9

Apply KVL to mesh 2 4 i 2  5 i1  8  i1  i 2   0   3 i1  12 i 2  0

 24 8  i1  9 
In matrix form  3 12  i   0
  2  
Solving using MATLAB

So the mesh currents are i1  0.4091 A and i 2  0.1023 A

P4.9-7

Solution: Determine the value of the node voltages, v1 and v2.

Replace parallel resistors with an equivalent resistor and parallel sources with and equivalent current
source to get

v1 v1  v 2
Apply KCL at node 1 2.5   0
4.44 2
v1  v 2 v2
Apply KCL at node 2  1.5 v1 
2 4
 1 1 1 
 4.44  2 
2   v1   2.5
   
1 1  v 2   0 
In matrix form
 1  1.5  
 2 2 4 
Solving using MATLAB

So the node voltages are v1  4.1111 V and v 2  10.9630 V

 Section 4.11 How Can We Check … ?

P 4.11-1

Solution:
vb − va 1 v −v
− + b c = 0
Apply KCL at node b: 4 2 5
−4.8 − 5.2 1 − 4.8 − 3.0
− + ≠0
4 2 5

The given voltages do not satisfy the KCL equation at node b. They are not correct.

P 4.11-2

Solution:
⎛v −v ⎞ v
−⎜ b a ⎟ − 2 + a = 0
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
Apply KCL at node a:
⎛ 20 − 4 ⎞ 4
−⎜ ⎟−2+ = −4≠ 0
⎝ 4 ⎠ 2

The given voltages do not satisfy the KCL equation at node a. They are not correct.

P 4.11-3

Solution:
⎛ 12 − 7.5 ⎞ 7.5 7.5 − 6
Writing a node equation: −⎜ ⎟+ + =0
⎝ R1 ⎠ R3 R2
4.5 7.5 1.5
So − + + =0
R1 R3 R2
There are only three cases to consider. Suppose R1 = 5 kΩ and R 2 = R 3 = 10 kΩ. Then

4.5 7.5 1.5 −0.9 + 0.75 + 0.15

− + + = = 0
R1 R3 R2 1000
This choice of resistance values corresponds to branch currents that satisfy KCL. Therefore, it is indeed
possible that two of the resistances are 10 kΩ and the other resistance is 5 kΩ. The 5 kΩ is R1.
P 4.11-4

Solution: Applying KVL to each mesh:

Top mesh: 10 (2 − 4) + 12(2) + 4 (2 − 3) = 0

Bottom right mesh 8 (3 − 4) + 4 (3 − 2) + 4 = 0

Bottom, left mesh: 28 + 10 (4 − 2) + 8 (4 − 3) ≠ 0

(Perhaps the polarity of the 28 V source was entered incorrectly.)

KVL is not satified for the bottom, left mesh so the computer analysis is not correct.
 Desig
gn Problem
ms

DP 4-1

Solution
n:
Model th
he circuit as:

(a) We
W need to keep
k v2 acrooss R2 in the range 4.8 ≤ v2 ≤ 5.4

⎧0.3 A displaay is active

F I =⎨
For
⎩ 0.1 A display is not activee

v2 − 15 v2
K
KCL at a: + +I =0
R1 R2
A
Assumed thaat maximum I results in minimum
m v2 and visa-veersa.
T
Then
⎧4.8 V when I = 0.33 A
v2 = ⎨
⎩5.4 V when I = 0.1 A

Substitutte these corresponding values

v of v2 and
a I into thee KCL equattion and solvve for the ressistances
4 − 15 4.8
4.8 8
+ + 0.3 = 0
R1 R2
5 − 15 5.4
5.4 4
+ + 0.1 = 0
R1 R2
⇒ R1 = 7.89
9 Ω, R2 = 4.83
4 Ω

(b) 15 − 4.8
IR = = 1.2292 A ⇒ PR = (1..292)2 (7.89)) = 13.17 W
1max
1 7.89
7 1max

IR =
5..4
= 1.118 A ⇒ PR =
( 55.4 )2 = 6.003 W
2max
2 4.883 2max 4.83
maaximum suppply current = I R = 1.292 A
1max
(c) No; if the supply voltage (15V) were to rise or drop, the voltage at the display would drop
below 4.8V or rise above 5.4V.

The power dissipated in the resistors is excessive. Most of the power from the supply is
dissipated in the resistors, not the display.

DP 4-2

Solution:
Express the voltage of the 8 V source in terms of its node voltages to get vb − va = 8 . Apply KCL
to the supernode corresponding to the 8 V source:

va − v1 va vb vb − ( −v 2 )
+ + + = 0 ⇒ 2 va − v1 + 2 vb + v 2 = 0
R R R R
⇒ 2 va − v1 + 2 ( va + 8 ) + v 2 = 0
⇒ 4 va − v1 + v 2 + 16 = 0
v1 − v 2
⇒ va = −4
4
Next set va = 0 to get
v1 − v 2
0= − 4 ⇒ v1 − v 2 = 16 V
4

For example, v1 = 18 V and v2 = 2 V.

DP 4-3
Solution
n:
(a)

Apply KC
CL to left mesh:
m −5 + 50 i1 + 300 (i1 − I ) = 0

Apply KC
CL to right mesh:
m ( R + 2) I + 300 (I − i1 ) = 0

150
Solving for
f I: I=
1570
1 + 35 R
We desirre 50 mA ≤ I ≤ 75 mA so 0 Ω, then I = 29.59 mA ⇒ l amp so the lamp wiill not
o if R = 100
light.

(b) From
m the equation for I, we see that decreeasing R inc reases I:

try R = 50 Ω ⇒ I = 45 mA
A (won't lightt)

try R = 25Ω ⇒ I = 61 mA ⇒ will lighht

Now cheeck R±10% to see if the lamp
l will lig
ght and not bburn out:

−10% → 22.5Ω → I = 63.633 mA ⎫ lamp will

⎬
+10% → 27.5Ω → I = 59.233 mA ⎭ stay oon

DP 4-4

Solution
n:

Equivalent resistancee: R = R1 || R 2 || ( R 3 + R 4 )
 R
Voltage division in the equivalent circuit: v1 = ( 25 )
10 + R
We require vab = 10 V. Apply the voltage division principle in the left circuit to get:

10 =
R4
v1 =
R4
×
(
R1 R 2 ( R3 + R4 ) )
× 25
R3 + R4 (
R3 + R4 10 + R1 R 2 ( R3 + R4 ) )
This equation does not have a unique solution. Here’s one solution:

choose R1 = R2 = 25 Ω and R3 + R4 = 20 Ω

then 10 =
R4
×
(12.5 20 ) × 25 ⇒ R = 18.4Ω
20 10 + (12.5 20 )
4

and R3 + R4 = 20 ⇒ R3 = 1.6 Ω
DP 4-5

Solution
n:
A
Apply KCL too the left meesh:

(R 1 + R 3 ) i1 − R 3 i2 − v1 = 0

A
Apply KCL too the left meesh:

− R 3 i1 + (R 2 + R 3 ) i2 + v2 = 0

Solving for
f the mesh
h currents usiing Cramer’s rule:

⎡v1 − R3 ⎤ ⎡ ( R1 + R 3 ) v1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢− R
⎢⎣ −v2 ( R 2 + R 3 ) ⎦⎥ − v2 ⎥⎦
and i2 = ⎣
3
i1 =
Δ Δ
where Δ = ( R1 + R 3 ) ( R 2 + R 3 ) − R 3
2

Try R1 = R2 = R3 = 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω. Then Δ = 3 MΩ. Thee mesh curreents will be given by

i =
[ 2v1 − v2 ] 10000 and i 2 =
[ −2v2 + v1 ] 10000 ⇒ i = i1 − i2 =
v1 + v2
6 6
1 3 × 10 3 ×10 3000
me values off the source voltages:
Now cheeck the extrem

if v1 = v2 = 1 V ⇒ i = 2 mA okaay
3
if v1 = v2 = 2 V ⇒ i = 4 mA okaay
3
 Chapter 4 Exercises

Exercise 4.2-1 Determine the node voltages, va and vb, for the
circuit of Figure E 4.2-1.

Answer: va = 3 V and vb = 11 V

Figure E 4.2-1
Solution:
v v −v
a a b
KCL at a: + + 3 = 0 ⇒ 5 v − 3 v = −18
3 2 a b
v −v
b a
KCL at b: − 3 −1 = 0 ⇒ v − v = 8
2 b a
Solving these equations gives: va = 3 V and vb = 11 V

Exercise 4.2-2 Determine the node voltages, va

and vb, for the circuit of Figure E 4.2-2.

Answer: va = –4/3 V and vb = 4 V

Figure E 4.2-2
Solution:
v v −v
a a b
KCL at a: + + 3 = 0 ⇒ 3 v − 2 v = −12
4 2 a b
v v −v
b a b
KCL at b: − −4 = 0 ⇒ − 3 v + 5 v = 24
3 2 a b
Solving: va = −4/3 V and vb = 4 V
Exercise 4.3-1 Find the node voltages for the
circuit of Figure E 4.3-1.

Hint: Write a KCL equation for the supernode

corresponding to the 10-V voltage source.
Answer:
vb + 10 vb
2+ + = 5 ⇒ vb = 30 V and va = 40 V
20 30
Figure E 4.3-1
Solution:
Apply KCL to the supernode to get

v + 10 v
2+ b + b =5
20 30
Solving:

v = 30 V and v = v + 10 = 40 V
b a b

Exercise 4.3-2 Find the voltages va and vb for the circuit of Figure E 4.3-2.

(vb + 8) − ( −12) vb
Answer: + = 3 ⇒ vb = 8 V and va = 16 V
10 40

Figure E 4.3-2
Solution:

( vb + 8) − ( −12) + vb = 3 ⇒ v = 8 V and v = 16 V
10 40 b a
Exercise 4.4-1 Find the node voltage vb for the circuit
shown in Figure E 4.4-2.

Hint: Apply KCL at node a to express ia as a function of

the node voltages. Substitute the result into
vb = 4ia and solve for vb.
6 v v
Answer: − + b − b = 0 ⇒ vb = 4.5 V
8 4 12
Figure E 4.4-2
Solution:
Apply KCL at node a to express ia as a function of the node voltages. Substitute the result into vb = 4 ia
and solve for vb .
6 vb ⎛ 9 + vb ⎞
+ =i ⇒ v = 4i = 4 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ v = 4.5 V
8 12 a b a ⎜ 12 ⎟ b
⎝ ⎠

Exercise 4.4-2 Find the node voltages for the circuit

shown in Figure E 4.4-2.

Hint: The controlling voltage of the dependent source

is a node voltage, so it is already expressed as a function
of the node voltages. Apply KCL at node a.

va − 6 va − 4va
Answer: + = 0 ⇒ va = −2 V
20 15
Figure E 4.4-2
Solution:
The controlling voltage of the dependent source is a node voltage so it is already expressed as a function
of the node voltages. Apply KCL at node a.

v −6 v −4v
a + a a = 0 ⇒ v = −2 V
20 15 a
EExercise 4.55-1 Determ mine the
vvalue of the voltage
v meaasured by
tthe voltmeterr in Figure E 4.5-1.
A
Answer: –1 V

Figure E 4.5-1
S
Solution:

M
Mesh equatio
ons:
−12 + 6 i + 3 ⎛⎜ i − i ⎞⎟ − 8 = 0 ⇒ 9 i − 3 i = 20
1 ⎝ 1 2⎠ 1 2

8 − 3 ⎛⎜ i − i ⎞⎟ + 6 i = 0 ⇒ − 3 i + 9 i = −8
⎝ 1 2⎠ 2 1 2

S
Solving thesee equations gives:
g
13 1
i = A and i = − A
1 6 2 6

T
The voltage measured
m by i 6 i2 = −1 V.
y the meter is V
E
Exercise 4.6
6-1 Determ
mine the value of the volttage measureed by the volltmeter in Fiigure E 4.6-11.
H
Hint: Writte and solve a single messh equation to
t determinee the current in the 3-Ω rresistor.
A
Answer: –4 V

Figure E 4.6-1
S
Solution:

⎛ 3⎞ −12
1
M
Mesh equatio
on: 9 + 3 i + 2 i + 4 ⎜ i + ⎟ = 0 ⇒ ( 3 + 2 + 4 ) i = −9 − 3 ⇒ i = A
⎝ 4⎠ 9
T
The voltmeteer measures 3 i = −4 V

E
Exercise 4.6
6-2 Determ
mine the value of the currrent measureed by the am
mmeter in Figgure E 4.6-2..
H
Hint: Writte and solve a single messh equation.
A
Answer: –3.6
67 A

Fig
gure E 4.6-2
S
Solution:
−33 2
M
Mesh equatio
on: 15 + 3 i + 6 ( i + 3) = 0 ⇒ ( 3 + 6 ) i = −155 − 6 ( 3) ⇒ i= = −3 A
9 3
 PSpice Problems

SP 4-1

Solution: The PSpice schematic after running a “Bias Point” simulation:

SP 4-2

Solution: The PSpice schematic after running a “Bias Point” simulation:

From the PSpice output file:

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS
NAME CURRENT

V_V1 -3.000E+00
V_V2 -2.250E+00

V_V3 -7.500E-01

The voltage source labeled V3 is a short circuit used to measure the mesh current. The mesh
currents are i1 = −3 A (the current in the voltage source labeled V1) and i2 = −0.75 A (the current
in the voltage source labeled V3).
SP 4-3

Solution: The PSpice schematic after running a “Bias Point” simulation:

The PSpice output file:

**** INCLUDING sp4_2-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source SP4_2
V_V4 0 N01588 12Vdc
R_R4 N01588 N01565 4k
V_V5 N01542 N01565 0Vdc
R_R5 0 N01516 4k
V_V6 N01542 N01516 8Vdc
I_I1 0 N01565 DC 2mAdc
I_I2 0 N01542 DC 1mAdc

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS

NAME CURRENT

V_V4 -4.000E-03
V_V5 2.000E-03
V_V6 -1.000E-03

From the PSpice schematic: va = −12 V, vb = vc = 4 V, vd = −4 V. From the output file: i = 2 mA.
SP 4-4

Solution: The PSpice schematic after running a “Bias Point” simulation:

The PSpice output file:

VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS
NAME CURRENT

V_V7 -5.613E-01
V_V8 -6.008E-01

The current of the voltage source labeled V7 is also the current of the 2 Ω resistor at the top of
the circuit. However this current is directed from right to left in the 2 Ω resistor while the current
i is directed from left to right. Consequently, i = +5.613 A.