Section 7-2: Capacitors

P 7.2-1
Solution:
1 t
v t   v  0  i   d
C 0
and q  Cv

 i   d .
t
In our case, the current is constant so
0

 Cv  t   Cv  0  i t

 t 
6

q Cv 0 18010  2010  5
6

 2.7 ms

i 30103

P 7.2-2
Solution:
12cos  2t 30   12  2  sin  2t  30   3cos  2t  120  A
d 1d 1
i t   C v t  
dt 8 dt 8

P 7.2-3
Solution:
1 t 1
v t   i   d  v  0    i   d 10
t

3

C 0 2 1012 0

0  t  2 109 is  t   0  v  t  
1 t
 0 d 10
3
 103
2 1012 0

2 109  t  3 109 is  t   4 106 A

12 2ns 
4 106  d  103  5 103   2 106  t
1
 v t  
t

2 10
In particular, v  3 109   5 103   2 106   3 109   103
3 109  t  5 109 is  t   2 106 A

12 3ns 
2 106  d  103  4 103  106  t
1
 v t  
t

2 10
In particular, v  5 109   4 103  106   5 109   103 V
5 109  t is  t   0  v  t  
1 t

2 1012 
5ns
0 d  103  103 V
P 7.2-4
Solution:
(a)  0 0t 2
d 
i (t )  C v(t )  0.1 2  t  6
dt 0
 6t
(b) 1 t
v  t    i   d  v  0   2 i   d
t

C 0 0

For 0 < t < 2, i(t) = 0 A so v  t   2 0 d  0  0 V

t

For 2 < t < 6, i(t) = 0.2 t  0.4 V so

  2 =0.2 t
t
v  t   2  0.2  0.4  d  0  0.2 2  0.8
t
2
 0.8 t  0.8 V
1

 
v(6)  0.2 62  0.8  6   0.8  3.2 V .

v  t   2 0.8 d  3.2  1.6 t  6.4 V

t
For 6 < t, i(t) = 0.8 A so
6

P 7.2-5
Solution:
v  t   v  0 
1 t
C  0
i    d   30  2.5  10 
4 t
0
 
6103 e 6 d 

 30  150 0 e 6 d 
t

t
 1 
 30  150   e 6   55 25e 6t V
 6 0

P 7.2-6
Solution:
 1 2e2t  103  25 1 2e2t   A
v 1
iR 
20010 3
40
iC  C
dv
dt  
 10106  2   10 e 2t   200 e 2 t  A

i  iR i C  200 e 2t  25  50 e 2t

 25  150e 2t A
P 7.2-7
Solution:
v  t   1 i  t  dt  2
t

2 for 0t 2
 1 4 dt  2  4  t  2   2  4t  6
t
for 2t 3
2

 1 4 dt  1 4 dt  2  4  4  t  3  2  4t  18
3 t
for 3t 4
2 3
3 4
 1 4 dt  1 4 dt  2  2 for t4
2 3

In summary
 2 0t 2
 4t  6 2  t  3

v t   
4t  18 3  t  4
 2 4t

P 7.2-8
Solution:
1 t
v t   v  0    0 i s t  dt
t

C 0
i s t dt  6  5

For 0  t  0.5  i s  t   8t for 0  t  0.5

t
 2 
v  t   6  5 8 d  6  40    6  20t 2
t

0
 2 0
1 1
For example v  0   6, v    4.75, v    1
4 2
For 0.5  t  1
v  t   1  5 4 d  1  20  t  05  20t  11
t

0.5

For example v  0.5  1, v 1  9

v  t   9  5 0 d  9
t
For 1  t
1

6  20t 2 0  t  0.5 s


In summary v  t    20t  11 0.5  t  1 s
 9 t 1 s

P 7.2-9
Solution:
Representing vs(t) using equations of the straight line segments gives

 0 t 1
 32t  32 1 t  2

vs t   
16t  64 2t 4
 0 4t
Use KCL to get
 0 t 1

16  32t  32 1 t  2
1 d vs t  
i t   v s t  
8

2 dt 5 8  64  16t 2t 4
 8
 t4
 0

 0 t 1
4t  12 1 t  2

i t   
 2t 2t 4
 0 t4

P 7.2-10
Solution:

1 d
iC t   v t 
40 dt

1
40

20e 2t 
 0.5e2t A for t  0
Apply KCL to get

i  t   4  iC  t   4  0.5e2t A for t  0
P 7.2-11
Solution:
Apply KCL to get
v t  d
i t    0.030 v  t   0
90 dt
5t
10  8e
i t   
90
d
 1 10

 0.030 10  8e5t    e5t A for t  0
dt 9 9

P 7.2-12
Solution:
1 t 1 t
  i   d  12
C t 0 1 0 s
v(t )  i s  d  v (t 0 ) 

3
t
v(t )  3 4 d  12  12 t  12 for 0  t  4 In particular, v(4) = 36 V.
0

v(t )  3  2  d  36  60  6 t for 4  t  10
t
In particular, v(10) = 0 V.
4

t
v(t )  3 0 d  0  0 for 10  t
10

P7.2-13
Solution:
The capacitor voltage is related to the capacitor current by
1 t
v t   i   d  v  0 
C 0
That is:
3.125 1.2 t
1 t
 3.75 e1.2 d  v  0  
3.75 1.2
 v 0   e  1  v  0
t
4  1.25 e1.2t  e
C 0 C  1.2  0 C
Equating the coefficients of e1.2t gives

3.125 3.125
12.5   C  0.25  250 mF
C 12.5
P7.2-14
Solution:

Apply KVL to the mesh to get

 1 t 
v  t   8i  t   vC  t   8i  t     i    d   v  0 
 0.1 0

That is,

 
v  t   8 3e 25t 
1 t 25
0.1 0
3e d   2

 24e 25t 
3
0.1 25
 
e 25t  1  2


 24e 25t  1.2 e 25t  1  2
 22.8e 25t  0.8 V for t  0

P7.2-15
Solution:

Apply KVL to the mesh to get

1 t 
v  t   R i  t   vC  t   R i  t     i   d  v  0  
C 0

That is

1 t 
 C 0

9.8e25t  0.6  R 5e 25t    5e 25 d   2 

 1  25t
 5Re25t 
5
C  25
 
e25t  1  2  5  R 
 
25 C 
e 
1
5C
2

Equating coefficients gives

1
0.6   2  C  0.08  80 mF
5C
 1   1 
and 9.8  5  R   5 R   5  R  0.5 R  2.46 
 
25 C   25  0.08 
P7.2-16
Solution:
Apply KCL at either node to get
3  4 e2 t
0.3  1.6 e2t 
R
C
d
dt

3  4 e2t 
2 t
3 4e 3 4 
   2  4 C e2 t     8 C  e2 t
R R R 
Equating coefficients:
3 4
0.3   R  10  and 1.6   8 C  C  0.25 F
R 10

P7.2-17
Solution:
At t = 0.5 s
v  0.5  2  0.5  8.6  9.6 V
For 0.5  t  1.5
1 t
v t    9.6  8  t  0.5  9.6  8 t  5.6 V
0.25 0.5
2 d  9.6  8
t
0.5

At t = 1.5 s
v 1.5  8 1.5  5.6  17.6 V
For t  1.5
1 t
v t  
0.25 1.5
0 d  17.6  17.6
Checks:
1 d 1 d 1
At t = 1.0 s i t   v t   8 t  5.6  8  2 A 
4 dt 4 dt 4

At t = 0.5 s v  0.5  8  0.5  5.6  9.6 V 

P7.2-18
Solution:

1 t "area under the curve" "area under the curve"

v  t   v  0   i   d  v  0    30 
C 0 C 3.5 106

1
 
40 103 2 103  40
v  0.002   30  2 6
 30   18.6 V
3.5 10 3.5

(When calculating the value of v(0.002), “area under the curve” indicates the area under the
graph of i(t) versus t corresponding to the time interval 0 to 2 ms = 0.002 s.)

1
   
60 103 3 103  60 103 1103 
90  60 
v  0.004   30  2
6
 30   12.9 V
3.5 10 3.5

(When calculating the value of v(0.004), “area under the curve” indicates the area under the
graph of i(t) versus t corresponding to the time interval 0 to 4 ms = 0.004 s.)

1
    1
 
60 103 3 103  60 103 2 103  60 103 3 10 3   
v  0.008  30  2 2  55.7 V
3.5 106

(When calculating the value of v(0.008), “area under the curve” indicates the area under the
graph of i(t) versus t corresponding to the time interval 0 to 8 ms = 0.008 s.)
 Section 7-3: Energy Storage in a Capacitor

P 7.3-1
Solution:
 0 t 1

Given i  t   0.6  t  1 1  t  3
 1.2 t 3

The capacitor voltage is given by
1 t
v t   i   d  v  0   1.25  i   d  v  0 
t

0.8  0 0

v  t   1.25  0 d  0  0
t
For t  1
0

In particular, v 1  0. For 1  t  3

v  t   1.25  0.6   1 d  0
t

 1.25  0.3 2  0.6 

t

 1.25  0.3 t  0.6 t  0.9  V

2

 0.375  t 2  2 t  3 V

In particular, v  3  2.25 V. For 3  t

v  t   1.25  1.2 d  2.25

t

 1.6 3  2.25
t

 1.5 t  2.25  V
 1.5  t  1.5  V
Now the power and energy are calculated as
 0 t 1

p  t   v  t  i  t   0.225  t  1  t 2  2t  3 1  t  3

 1.8  t  1.5  3t
and


0 t 1

 t   0 p   d  0.06  t  2   t 3  2t 2  6t   5 1  t  3
t



 0.9  t 2  3t  3t
P 7.3-2
Solution:

 ic  0   0.3 A
 15106   10  2000  e2000t  0.3e2000t A  
dv
ic  C
 c
dt  i 15ms   2.81014 A
1
 t   Cv 2  t  and v  0   10  10e0  0   0   0
2
v 15103   10  10e30  10  9.36 1013  10  10   7.5104 J

P 7.3-3
Solution:

dvc
i(t )  C so read off slope of vc (t ) to get i(t )
dt
p(t )  vc (t ) i(t ) so multiply vc (t ) & i(t ) curves to get p (t )
P 7.3-4
Solution:
1 t 1 t  
vc  t   vc  0   id   v  0    60 cos10t   d 
4 0 c
4 0  6
 3  3  
 vc  0  sin   sin 10t  
 2 6 2  6
3 
Now since vc  t  ave  0  vc  0  sin  0
2 6
3  
 vc  t   sin 10t   V
2  6
1 2
 Wmax  Cv 

4 106 1.5
 4.5  J
 2

2 cmax 2
First non-negative t for max energy occurs when :
  
10t    t   0.1047 s
6 2 30

P 7.3-5
Solution:

Max. charge on capacitor  Cv  15106  9  135 C 
6
q 13510
t   9 sec to charge
i 15106
1 1

stored energy W  Cv 2  15106  9  607.5 J
2 2
2


P 7.3-6
Solution:
We have v(0 )  v(0 )  3 V

i (t ) dt  vc (0)  5  0 3 e5t dt  3  3  e5t 13  3 e5t V, 0t 1

1 t
vc  t   
t

C 0

a) v(t )  vR  t   vc  t   5 i  t   vc  t   15 e5t  3 e5t  18 e5t V, 0  t  1


 W (t ) t 0.2 s  6.65 J
W  t   1 Cvc2  t   1  0.2  3e5t   0.9e10t J  
2
b)
2 2 W  t  t 0.8 s  2.68 kJ

P7.3-7
Solution:
It has been assumed that the independent voltage source is given by V , the resistance in series
with the source voltage by R1 and the resistance parallel to the capacitor by R2 .

Apply nodal analysis at node ‘a’ for the RC circuit shown below:

V t   V V t 
 i t   0
R1 R2

Also, the current i  t  through the capacitor is:

d
i t   C V  t 
dt 

d V t   V V t 
Substitute C V  t   for i  t  in equation  i t    0,
dt R1 R2

V t   V d V t 
 C V  t    0
R1 dt R2

Here, C is the capacitance of the capacitor.

The resistance R1 has the same magnitude as resistance R2 , and can be represented by R in
V t   V d V t 
equation  C V  t     0,
R1 dt R2

V t   V d V t 
 C V  t    0
R dt R
d V 2
C V  t     V  t 
dt R R
1
 V  2V  t  
R
Assume X  t   V  2V  t  such that d  X  t   2d V  t  . Substitute the same in the equation
above,

 C 1
   d  X  t    X  t  dt
 2 R
d  X  t   2
 dt
X t  RC

Integrate both sides under the limits,

X t 
d  X  t   2
t


X  t0 
X t 

RC 0
dt

 2 
X t 
ln X  t  X  
 t0   RC 
t
 
ln X  t   ln X  t0   2t / RC
X t 
 e 2t / RC
X  t0 

X  t   X  t0  e2t / RC

Here, X  t0  represents the value of X  t  at t  0 s .

Equate X  t  with V  2V  t  in equation X  t   X  t0  e2t / RC ,

V  2V  t   V  2V  t0  e2t / RC

No voltage appear across the capacitor at t  0 s , therefore V  t0   0 . Substitute the same in the
equation above,

V  2V  t   Ve2t / RC
V
V t   1  e2t / RC 
2

(a)

The energy stored in the capacitor at any time t is:

 1
U  CV 2  t 
2

V
Substitute 1  e2t / RC  for V  t  ,
2

2
1 V 
U  C  1  e 2t / RC  
2 2 
1 2
 CV 2 1  e2t / RC 
8

At steady state t   , the energy stored in capacitor is:

1 2
U   CV 2 1  e 
8
1
 CV 2
8

Substitute 4 F for C , and 22 V for V ,

1  106 F 
U   4 F     22 V 
2

8  1 F 
 2.42 104 J

Therefore, the energy stored in the capacitor in steady state, when the switch is closed is
2.42 104 J .

(b)

When the switch is open, no current flows through resistor R2 , and the circuit reduces to a series
RC circuit, with instantaneous voltage as:

V  t   V 1  et / RC 

The energy stored in the capacitor at any time t is:

 1
U  CV 2  t 
2

Substitute V 1  et / RC  for V  t  ,

1
 
2
U  C V 1  e t / RC 
2
1 2
 CV 2 1  e t / RC 
2

At steady state t   , the energy stored in capacitor is:

1 2
U   CV 2 1  e  
2
1
 CV 2
2

Substitute 4 F for C , and 22 V for V ,

1  106 F 
U   
   22 V 
2
4 F
2  1 F 
 9.68 104 J

Therefore, the energy stored in the capacitor in steady state, when the switch is opened is
9.68 104 J .
 Section 7-4: Series and Parallel Capacitors

P 7.4-1
Solution:
3μ F 6μ F=9μF
9μ F⋅6μ F
9μ F in series with 6μ F= =3.6μ F
9μ F+ 6μ F
d
i (t ) =3.6μF (9 cos 100t ) = (3.6 ×10−6 )(9)(100)(− sin100t )A =−3.24 sin 100t mA
dt

P 7.4-2
Solution:
4 μ F×4 μ F
4 μ F in series with 4 μ F = = 2 μF
4 μ F+4 μ F
2 μF 2 μF = 4 μF
4 μ F in series with 4 μ F = 2 μ F
d
i (t ) =(2×10−6 ) (5+3 e −250t ) = (2×10−6 ) (0+ 3(−250) e −250t ) A = −1.5 e −250t mA
dt

P 7.4-3
Solution:
C ⋅C C
C in series with C = =
C +C 2
C 5
C C = C
2 2

5 C⋅ 5 C 5
C in series with C = 2 = C
2 C+ 5 C 7
2
⎛5 ⎞ d ⎛5 ⎞
(25×10−3 ) cos 250t = ⎜ C ⎟ (14sin 250t ) = ⎜ C ⎟(14)(250) cos 250t
⎝ 7 ⎠ dt ⎝7 ⎠
so 25×10 = 2500 C ⇒ C = 10×10 = 10 μF
−3 −6
P7.4-4
Solution
n:
The 16 F capacitor iss in series wiith a parallell combinatioon of 4 F andd 12 F capaccitors. The
capacitan
nce of the eq
quivalent cap pacitor is

16 ( 4 + 12 )
=8 F
16 + ( 4 + 12 )

The 30 F capacitor iss in parallel with

w a short circuit, whicch is equivallent to a shoort circuit. Affter
making these simpliffications, wee have

Then
10 (12 + C + 8 )
8 = C eq = ⇒ C = 20 F
10 + (12
2 + C + 8)

(Chhecked usingg LNAP 6/226/04)

P 7.4-5
Solutionn:
1
Ceq = = 14.3 F
1 1 1 1
+ + +
70 25 + 20
2 40 50 + 70
P 7.4-6
Solutionn: First

Then
1
0 = C eq =
50 ⇒ C = 90 mF
1 2 2
+ +
C 5C 5C

(Chhecked usingg LNAP 6/226/04)

P 7.4-7
Solutionn:
1
(a) The 6 mF capaccitor is w1 =
T energy sttored in the 60 ( 0.060 ) 3..62 = 0.3888 W and the
2
1
en
nergy stored m capacitor is w 2 =
d in the 20 mF ( 00.020 ) 3.62 = 0.1296 J .
2
(b) One
O second after
a the swittch opens, th
he voltage accross the cappacitors is
3 e −2.5 = 0.29
3.6 955 V . Theen w1 = 2.62 20 mJ and w 2 = 0.873 mJJ.

Next C eq = 0.06 + 0.02 = 80 mF.

m
1
(c) w eq = ( 0.088) 3.62 = 0.51184 J = w1 + w 2
2
1
(d) w eq = ( 0.088 )( 0.2955 ) = 3.493 mJ = w1 + w 2
2

P 7.4-8
Solutionn:
dv1 dv2 i i C
v1 = v2 ⇒ = ⇒ 1 = 2 ⇒ i1 = 1 i2
dt dt C1 C2 C2
⎛C ⎞ C2
KCL: i = i1 + i2 = ⎜ 1 + 1⎟ i2 ⇒ i2 = i
⎝ C2 ⎠ C1 + C2
 Section 7-5: Inductors

P 7.5-1
Solution:
di
Find max. voltage across coil:  250 150(400) cos 400t  V
v (t )  L
dt
15106
 v max  15106 V thus have a field of V / m  7.5106 V/m
2
which exceeds dielectric strength in air of 4 106 V/m
 We get a discharge as the air is ionized.

P 7.5-2
Solution:
di
vL  R i  (0.2) (4et  4tet )  20(4tet )  0.8 et  79.2t e t V
dt

P 7.5-3
Solution:
d
v(t )  (300  103 ) (150  103 )sin(500t  30)  (0.3)(0.15)(500) cos(500t  30)
dt
 22.5 cos(500t  30)

P 7.5-4
Solution:
1
 v ( ) d
t
iL (t )   2 10 6
5 103 0 s

for 0 t  1  s vs (t )  4 mV
1  4103 
0
t
iL (t )  4 10 3
d  210 6
  3 
t  210 6 0.8 210 6 A
5103  510 
 4103 
3 
1106    210 6   106 A 1.2 A
6
iL (1μs)  
 510  5
for 1 s t  3  s vs (t )  1 mV
1103
3 1 s   (t 1106 )  10 6  0.2 t 10 6  A
1 t 6 6
iL (t )  110 3
d  10 6
 3
510 5 510 5
 110 3

iL ( 3 s )    3
310 6   110 6  1.6 μA
 510 
for 3 s  t vs (t )  0 so iL (t ) remains  1.6 μA
P 7.5-5
Solution:
In general

v(t )   4 10  i
3
s (t )   6 103 
d
dt
is (t )

 1.5103  d
For 0.5<t <1 s is (t )  1  6 
t  1.5  103 t  is (t ) = 1.5  103 .
 110  dt

Consequently
v(t )  (4 103 ) 1.5103  t  6 103 1.5103    6106 t  9  V
d
For 1s <t < 2s is (t ) = 1.5 mA  is (t )  0. Consequently
dt
  
v(t ) = (4  103 ) 1.5103 + 6103  0 = 6 V 
 0.5103  d 0.5103
For 2s< t < 3s is (t ) = 6  103   t  is (t ) =   103 .
 0.5106  dt 0.510 6

Consequently
v(t ) =  4103  6103 103 t   6 103  103   18   4106  t
d
When 3s <t < 4s is (t ) =  0.5 103 and is (t ) = 0. Consequently
dt
v(t ) =  4103  0.5103   2 V

 0.5103  d
When 4s< t < 5s is (t ) =  6 
t  4 103  is (t ) = 1103
 0.510  dt
v(t )   4 103 103 t  4 103    6 103 103   10   4 106  t
d
When 5s < t , then is (t )  1mA  is (t )  0. Consequently
dt
v(t )   4 103 1103   4V.
P 7.5-6
Solution:
(a)  0 0t 2
d 
v(t )  L i (t )  0.1 2  t  6
dt 0
 6t
(b) 1 t
i  t    v   d  i  0   2 v   d
t

L 0 0

For 0 < t < 2, v(t) = 0 V so i  t   2 0 d  0  0 A

t

For 2 < t < 6, v(t) = 0.2 t  0.4 V so

  2 =0.2 t
t
i  t   2  0.2  0.4  d  0  0.2 2  0.8
t
2
 0.8 t  0.8 A
2

 
i(6)  0.2 62  0.8  6   0.8  3.2 A .
For 6 < t, v(t) = 0.8 V so
i  t   2 0.8 d  3.2  1.6 t  6.4  A
t

P 7.5-7
Solution:
1 t
i t  
150 0
0 dt  0.03  0.03 for 0  t 1

so i 1  0.03

1 t 4  t  1
i t    4 d   0.03   0.03 for 1 t  3
150 1 150
so i  3  0.023

1 t 2  t  3
i t    2 d   0.023   0.023 for 3t 9
150 3 150
so i  9  0.057

1 t
i t  
150  9
0 d   0.057  0.057 for t 9
P 7.5-8
Solution:
 1 t2
 t
  2 d  1   t  2   1  t  1 2t 4
1 t 
i  t    v  t  dt  1  
2 1 t 1
 
0
d  3   t  5 4t 6
 2 4 2
 2 6t

P 7.5-9
Solution:
1 t t
i t    d  0.025   0.025 for 0  t 1
200 0 200

1 t 2  t  1
i t    2 d  0.02   0.02 for 1 t  4
200 1 200

1 t t 4
i t    d  0.01   0.01 for 4t 9
200 4 200

i  t   0.015  15 mA t 9

P 7.5-10
Solution:

d
vL  t   0.3 i t  +
dt
𝑣𝐿 (t)
 9.6e8t V for t  0 –

Use KVL to get

 
v  t   18  9.6e8t  18  9.6e8t V for t  0

P 7.5-11
Solution:
Apply KVL to get
v  t   9i  t   7.5
d
dt
 
i  t   9 3  2e3t  7.5d
dt
  
3  2e3t  27 1  e3t V for t  0
P 7.5-12
Solution:
1 t 1 t
i(t )   v s   d  i (t 0 )   v s   d  12
L t0 1 0
3
t
i(t )  3 4 d  12  12 t  12 for 0  t  4 In particular, i(4) = 36 A.
0

i(t )  3  2  d  36  60  6 t for 4  t  10
t
In particular, i(10) = 0 A.
4
t
i(t )  3 0 d  0  0 for 10  t
10

P7.5-13
Solution:
The inductor current is related to the inductor voltage by

1 t
i t   v   d  i  0 
L 0
That is

i t  
1 t

3 0
15e4 d   4 
15 4 t
3  4
 
e 0  4  1.25 e4t  1  4  5.25  1.25e4t A for t  0

P7.5-14
Solution:
Apply KCL at either node to get

v t  v t   1 t 
i t    i L t      v   d  i  0  
R R L 0

That is
4 e20 t 1 t 20 4 e20 t
1.2 e 20 t
 1.5 
R
  4 e d  3.5 
L 0 R

4
L  20 
 e20 t  1  3.5

 4 1  20 t 1
  e   3.5
 R 5L  5L
Equating coefficients gives
1
1.5   3.5  L  0.1 H
5L
and
4 1 4 1 4
1.2      2  R 5 
R 5 L R 5  0.1 R
P7.5-15
Solution:
At t = 0.2 s
i  0.2  5  0.2  4.6  3.6 A
For 0.2  t  0.5
1 t
i t    3.6  10  t  0.2   3.6  10 t  5.6 A
2.5 0.2
25 d  3.6  10
t
0.2

At t = 0.5 s
i  0.5  10  0.5  5.6  0.6 A
For t  0.5
1 t
i t  
2.5 0.5
0 d  0.6  0.6

Checks:
At t = 0.2 s i  0.2   10  0.2   5.6  3.6 A 

d d
For 0.2  t  0.5 v  t   2.5 i  t   2.5 10 t  5.6   2.5 10   25 V 
dt dt

1 0.5
0.6   3.6   i  0.5  i  0.2   25 d  10  0.5  0.2   3 A
2.5 0.2


P7.5-16
Solution:
1 t "area under the curve" "area under the curve"
i t   i  0   v   d  i  0    0.045 
L 0 L 0.250

20  0.001
i  0.001  0.045   0.125 A  125 mA ,
0.250

1
20  0.002   20  0.002 
i  0.004   0.045  2  0.285 A  285 mA
0.250

1
20  0.002   20  0.002   0
i  0.006   0.045  2  0.285 A  285 mA
0.250
P7.5-17
Solution:
i  t    0.3cos  2t      0.3 2 sin  2t   0.6sin  2t 
d d
First,
dt dt

The voltage of an inductor is proportional to the derivative of the current. The constant of
d
proportionality is the inductance. We see that v a  t  is proportional to i  t  and the constant of
dt
proportionality is positive. Consequently, element a is the inductor. Then

va  t  10sin  2t 
L   16.7 H
d
i t  0.6sin  2t 
dt
0.3sin  2 
    0.3cos  2  d  2  0.15sin  2 
t t
Next   i  d  

The voltage of a capacitor is proportional to the integral of the current. The constant of
proportionality is the reciprocal of the capacitance. We see that v b  t  is proportional to

 i   d
t
and the constant of proportionality is positive. Consequently, element b is the
capacitor. Then
1 vb  t  10sin  2t  1
   66.7  C   0.015 F
0.15sin  2t 
 i   d
t
C 66.7
Finally, the voltage of element c is proportional to the current and the constant of proportionality
v t 
is positive. Consequently, element c is the resistor and R  c  33.3  .
i t 
 Section 7-6: Energy Storage in an Inductor

P 7.6-1
Solution:

⎧0 t<0
d ⎪
v( t ) =100×10 −3
i ( t ) = ⎨0.4 0≤ t ≤1
dt ⎪0
⎩ t>1

⎧0 t <0
⎪
p ( t ) = v( t ) i ( t ) = ⎨1.6t 0≤t ≤1
⎪0 t >1
⎩

⎧ 0 t <0
t ⎪
W( t ) = ∫ 0
p(τ ) dτ = ⎨0.8t 2
⎪ 0.8
0<t <1
⎩ t >1

P 7.6-2

Solution:
⎡ d ⎤
p (t ) = v (t ) i (t ) = ⎢5 (4sin 2t ) ⎥ (4sin 2t )
⎣ dt ⎦
= 5 (8cos 2t ) (4sin 2t )
= 80 [2 cos 2t sin 2t ]
= 80 [sin(2t + 2t ) + sin(2t − 2t )] = 80 sin 4t W
t t 80
W(t ) = ∫ p(τ ) dτ = 80∫ sin4τ dτ = − [cos 4τ |t0 ] = 20 (1 − cos 4t )
0 0 4

P 7.6-3
Solution:
1 t 6
i (t ) =
25×10−3 ∫ 0
6 cos 100τ dτ + 0 = −3
(25×10 )(100)
[sin 100τ | 0t ] = 2.4sin100 t

p(t ) = v(t ) i (t ) = (6 cos100 t )(2.4 sin100t ) = 7.2 [ 2(cos100 t )(sin100 t ) ]

= 7.2 [sin 200 t + sin 0] = 7.2 sin 200 t
t t 7.2
W(t ) = ∫0 p (τ ) dτ = 7.2 ∫0 sin 200τ dτ = − ⎡⎣ cos 200τ |t0 ⎤⎦
200
= 0.036[1 − cos 200t ] J = 36 [1 − cos 200t ] mJ
P 7.6-4
Solution:
⎧ 0 t <0 ⎧ 0 t <0
⎪ 2t 0<t <1 ⎪
di 1 di ⎪ ⎪ 1 0<t <1
v (t ) = L = and i ( t ) = ⎨ ⇒ v( t ) = ⎨
dt 2 dt ⎪−2( t − 2 ) 1<t < 2 ⎪−1 1<t < 2
⎪ 0 t >2 ⎪⎩ 0 t >2
⎩

⎧ 0 t <0
⎪2t 0<t <1
⎪
p (t ) = v (t ) i (t ) = ⎨
⎪2( t − 2 ) 1<t < 2
⎪ 0 t >2
⎩

W ( t ) = W ( t0 ) + ∫ tt p( t ) dt
0

i (t ) = 0 for t < 0 ⇒ p ( t ) = 0 for t < 0 ⇒ W ( t0 ) = 0

t
0 < t < 1: W ( t ) = ∫ 2 t dt = t
0
2

t
1<t < 2 : W ( t ) = W (1) + ∫ 2 ( t − 2 ) dt = t
1
2
− 4t + 4
t >2 : W (t ) = W ( 2) = 0
 Section 7-7: Series and Parallel Inductors

P 7.7-1
Solution:
12 × 6
12 H 6 H = = 4 H and 4 H + 4 H = 8 H
12+6
1 t 6
i (t ) =
8 ∫ 0
6 cos100τ d τ =
8×100
⎡⎣sin100τ |t0 ⎤⎦ = 0.0075sin100t A = 7.5sin100t mA

P 7.7-2
Soluton:

6 mH + 6 mH = 12 mH , 12 mH 12 mH =
(12×10 ) ×(12×10 ) = 6 mH
−3 −3

12 ×10−3 +12 ×10−3

and 4 mH + 4 mH = 8 mH
d
v(t ) = (12 ×10−3 ) (5+ 3e −250t ) = (12 ×10−3 )(0 + 3(−250)e −250t ) =−9e −250t V
dt

P 7.7-3
Solution:
L⋅ L L L 5
L L = = and L + L + = L
L+ L 2 2 2
⎛5 ⎞ d ⎛5 ⎞
25cos 250 t = ⎜ L ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ dt
(( )
14×10−3 ) sin 250 t = ⎜ L ⎟(14×10−3 )(250) cos 250 t
⎝2 ⎠
25
so L = = 2.86 H
5 −3
(14×10 ) (250)
2

P 7.7-4
Solution:
⎛ L×2 L ⎞
⎜ + L⎟× L
The equivalent inductance is: ⎝ L+2L ⎠ 21
+2L = L
⎛ L×2 L ⎞ 8
⎜ + L⎟ + L
⎝ L+2L ⎠
1 t 8 4
Then i (t ) = ∫ 4 cos ( 3τ ) dτ = × sin ( 3t ) = 127 sin ( 3t ) mA
21 −∞ 21× 4 3
L
8
(Checked using LNAP 6/26/04)
P 7.7-5
Solutionn:
The 30 H inductor is in series with a parallel combinationn of 30 H annd 70 H induuctors. The
inductancce of the equ
uivalent indu
uctor is

7 × 30
70
30 + = 51 H
7 + 30
70

The 40 H inductor is in parallel with

w a short circuit,
c whicch is equivallent to a shorrt circuit. Affter
making these simpliffications, wee have

Then
1 1 1 1 1
28 = Leq
e = 20 + ⇒ + + = ⇒ L = 13.88 H
1 1 1 30 L 51 8
+ +
30 L 51

P 7.7-6
Solutionn:
25 × 20 50 × 70
Leq = 70 + + 40 + = 70 + 111.1 + 40 + 299.2 = 150.3 H
25 + 20 50 + 70

P 7.7-7
Solutionn:
First
Then
n

⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞
⎜ L ⎟ × ⎜ L + 2 L ⎟ 12
5 ⎠ ⎝5
12 = L eq =⎝ ⎠ = L ⇒ L = 35 mH
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 35
⎜ L⎟ + ⎜ L + 2 L⎟
⎝5 ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠

(Chhecked usingg LNAP 6/226/04)

P 7.7-8
Solution:
1
(a) The energy stored by the 0.5 H inductor is w1 = ( 0.5) ( 0.82 ) = 0.16 J and the energy stored
2
1
by the 2 H inductor is w 2 = ( 2 ) ( 0.82 ) = 0.64 J .
2
(b) 200 ms after the switch opens the current in the inductors is 0.8e −0.4 = 0.536 A . Then
1 1
w1 = ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5362 ) = 71.8 mJ and w 2 = ( 2 ) ( 0.5352 ) = 287.3 mJ.
2 2
Next, L eq = 2 + 0.5 = 2.5 H .
1
(c) w eq = ( 2.5 ) ( 0.82 ) = 0.8 J = w1 + w 2
2
1
(d) w eq = ( 2.5 ) ( 0.5362 ) = 359.12 mJ = w1 + w 2
2

P 7.7-9
Solution:
1 t 1 t
i1 = ∫ v dt + i1 ( t0 ) , i2 = ∫ v dt + i 2 ( t0 ) but i1 ( t0 ) = 0 and i 2 ( t0 ) = 0
L1 t 0 L 2 t0
1 t t ⎛1 1 ⎞ t 1 t
i = i1 + i2 =
∫ t v dt + ∫ t v dt = ⎜ + ⎟ ∫ t v dt = ∫ v dt
L1 0 0 ⎝ L1 L2 ⎠ 0 LP t 0
1 t 1
∫ t v dt
i L 0 L1 L2
∴1 = 1 = =
i 1 t 1 1 L1 + L2
∫ t v dt +
LP 0 L1 L2

P7.7-10
Solution:
30 (10) ( 60 + 40)( 30) = 23.08 mH
(a) Ceq = + 30 = 37.5 μF (b) Leq =
30 + 10 ( 60 + 40) + 30
(c) Req =
(10 + 8)(10) = 6.4 kΩ
(10 + 8) + 10
P7.7-11
Solution:
(a) Ceq =
(10 + 20)(15) = 10 μF (b) Leq =
( 30)( 6) + 10 = 15 mH
(10 + 20) + 15 30 + 6

(c) Req =
( 30)( 40) + 16 = 33.14 kΩ
30 + 40
 Section 7-8: Initial Conditions of Switched Circuits

P 7.8-1
Solution:

Then
i L  0   i L  0   0 and v C  0   v C  0   12 V
Next

P 7.8-2
Solution:

Then
     
i L 0  i L 0  1 mA and v C 0  v C 0  9 V  
Next
P 7.8-3
Solution:

Then
i L  0   i L  0   0 and v C  0   v C  0   0 V
Next
P7.8-4
Solution:
The circuit is at steady state immediately before the switch opens. We have
The inductor acts like a short circuit so v L  0    0 .
Noticing that the 80 Ω and 20 Ω are connected in parallel
and using voltage division:
4 4
v R 0    24   24  4.8 V
4   80 || 20  4  16
Using current division:
 20  24 1  24 
i L  0        0.24 A
 80  20  4   80 || 20  5  4  16 
The inductor current does not change instantaneously so i L  0    i L  0   i L  0  . Immediately
after the switch opens we have:

v R  0    4 i L  0   4  0.24   0.96 V

Using KVL:
v R  0    v L  0    80 i L  0   24  0
0.96  v L  0    80  0.24   24  0
v L  0    3.84 V

v  t   75  82 e7 t  R  5  2 e 7 t   L 5  2 e7t 
d
dt
 R  5  2 e7 t   L   7  2 e7 t   5 R   2 R  14 L  e7 t

Equation coefficients gives 75  5 R  R  15  and

82  30
and 82  2 R  14 L  30  14 L  L  8 H
14
P7.8-5
Solution:
The circuit is at steady state immediately before the switch opens. We have
The capacitor acts like an open circuit so
iC 0   0 .
The capacitor voltage is equal to the voltage
source voltage:
v C  0   20 V

The capacitor does not change instantaneously so v C  0    v C  0   v C  0  . Immediately after

the switch opens we have:
Applying KCL at the top node of the capacitor,
we see that:
v C  0
iC 0   0
20
v C  0
iC 0     1 A
20
P7-8.6
Solution:
The capacitor voltage and inductor current don’t
change instantaneously and so are the keys to
solving this problem.

Label the capacitor voltage and inductor current

as shown.

Before t = 0, with the switch closed and the circuit at

steady state, the inductor acts like a short circuit and
the capacitor acts like an open circuit.

18
i 3  0   i  0    1.33 A
13.5

v 4  0   v  0    9i  0    12 V

v1  0    0 V and i 2  0    0 A
The capacitor voltage and inductor current don’t change instantaneously so

v  0    v  0    8 V and i  0    i  0    1.33 A

After the switch opens the circuit looks like this:

From KCL:
i 3  t   0 A and i 2  t   i  t 
From KVL:
v1  t   9i  t   v  t 
From Ohm’s Law:
v 4  t   9i  t 

At t  0 
i 3  0    0 A and i 2  0    i  0    1.33 A
v1  0    v  0    9i  0    12  9 1.333  0 V
v 4  0    9i  0    12 V
P 7.8-7
Solution:

The capacitor voltage and inductor current don’t

change instantaneously and so are the keys to
solving this problem.

Label the capacitor voltage and inductor current as

shown.

Before t = 0, with the switch closed and the circuit at

steady state, the inductor acts like a short circuit and
the capacitor acts like an open circuit.

i 2 0   0

12
i 0    1.333 A
9

v1  0    0 V

v 0   6 i 0   8 V

After the switch opens we model the open switch as

a large resistance, R.

From KVL:

 
12  3 i  t   i 2  t   v1  t    R  6  i  t 
and
v1  t    R  6  i  t   6 i 2  t   v  t 

The capacitor voltage and inductor current don’t

change instantaneously so

v 0   v 0   8 V
and
 i  0    i  0    1.333 A

At t  0 

 
12  3 i  0    i 2  0    v1  0     R  6  i  0   
 4
  v1  0    R and i 2  0    0
v1  0     R  6  i  0    6 i 2  0    v  0    
3

As expected lim v1  0     .
R

P 7.8-8
Solution:

The capacitor voltage and inductor current don’t

change instantaneously and so are the keys to
solving this problem.

Label the capacitor voltage and inductor current as

shown.

Before t = 0, with the switch open and the circuit at

steady state, the inductor acts like a short circuit and
the capacitor acts like an open circuit.

24
i 2 0   i 0    0.4 A
60

v1  0    0 V

v  0    15 i  0    v1  0    v  0    6 V

v 3  0    15 i  0    6 V
The capacitor voltage and inductor current don’t change instantaneously so

v  0    v  0    6 V and i  0    i  0    0.4 A
After the switch closes the circuit looks like this:

From Ohm’s Law:

v t 
i 2 t   
30
From KVL:
v1  t   v 3  t   24
From KCL:
v1  t  v 3 t 
  i t 
10 15
At t  0 
v 0 
i 2 0     0.2 A
30

v1  0    v 3  0    24 

v1  0   v 3  0     v1  0    7.2 V and v 3  0    16.8 V
  i  0  
10 15 
P7.8-9
Solution:
Because
 This circuit has reached steady state before
the switch opens at time t = 0.
 The only source is a constant voltage source.

At t=0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and

the inductor acts like a short circuit. From the
circuit
37.5 37.5
i1  0      1.25 A,
6   30 ||120 6  24
 120 
i L  0    i  0    1 A,
 30  120  1
vC  0   30iL  0   30 V
and
vR  0   6i1  0   7.5 V

The capacitor voltage and inductor current don’t

change instantaneously so

v C  0    v C  0   30 V and
i L 0    i L 0   1 A

Apply KCL at the top node to see that

i1  0    i L  0    1 A
From Ohm’s law
vR  0    6i1  0    6 V
(Notice that the resistor voltage did change instantaneously.)
P7.8-10
Solution:
Because
 This circuit has reached steady state before the switch closes at time t = 0.
 The only source is a constant voltage source.
At t=0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.

35
From the circuit iL 0    0.5 A , v R  0    40 i L  0    20 V ,
30  40
And v C  0    v R  0    20 V
The capacitor voltage and inductor current don’t change instantaneously so
v C  0    v C  0    20 V and i L  0    i L  0    0.5 A

 40 
v R  0    40   i L  0    10 V
 40  40 
(Notice that the resistor voltage did change instantaneously.)
Section
n 7-9: Operrational amplifier Circuits an
nd Linear Differentiial Equatiions

P 7.9-1
Solutionn:

P 7.9-2
Solutionn:
P 7.9-3
Solutionn:
 Section 7.11 How Can We Check…?

P 7.11-1
Solution:
We need to check the values of the inductor current at the ends of the intervals.
1
at t = 1 0.05 =? − + 0.13 = 0.11 ( No!)
50
3 ? 3 − 0.23
at t = 3 − + 0.13=
50 100
0.07 = −0.2 ( No!)
9 ? 0.065
at t = 9 − 0.23 =
100
−0.14 = 0.065 ( No!)
The given equations for the inductor current describe a current that is continuous, as
must be the case since the given inductor voltage is bounded.

P 7.11-2
Solution:
We need to check the values of the inductor current at the ends of the intervals.
1 1
− + 0.0375 =? − + 0.045 ( No!)
300 150
4 ? 4 − 0.045
− + 0.045 = ( No!)
150 150
The equation for the inductor current indicates that this current changes
instantaneously at t = 4s. This equation cannot be correct.
 Design Problems

DP 7-1
Solution:
d i (t )
a) v ( t ) = −13.5 e −4.5t is proportional to i(t) so the element is a capacitor. C = = 0.3 F.
dt d
v (t )
dt
d v (t )
b) i ( t ) = −13.5 e −1.5t is proportional to v(t) so the element is an inductor. L = = 0.3 H .
dt d
i (t )
dt
v (t )
c) v(t) is proportional to i(t) so the element is a resistor. R = = 2 Ω.
i (t )
DP 7-2
Solution
n:
(a)
31cos ( 2t + 45° ) = 1.131 ⎡⎣cos ( 45° ) cos ( 2t ) − sin ( 445° ) sin ( 2t ) ⎤⎦
1.13
= 0.8 coss 2 t − 0.8 sin
n 2t
The first term is prop
portional to the
t voltage. Associate
A it with the ressistor.
The noticcing that
t t
∫ v (τ ) dτ = ∫
−∞
∞ −∞
4 cos 2 t dτ = 2 sin 2t
d d
v ( t ) = 4 cos 2 t = −8 sin 2 t
dtt dt
associatee the second term with a capacitor to get the minu nus sign. Theen
4 cos 2 t 4 cos 2 t
R= = = 5 Ω and
i1 (t ) 0.8 cos 2 t
i2 (t ) −0.8 sinn 2 t
C= = = 0.1 F
d − 8 sin 2 t
4 cos 2t 2
dt
(b)
1.131coos ( 2t − 45° ) = 1.131 ⎡⎣cos ( −45° ) cos ( 2t ) − sin ( −4 5° ) sin ( 2t ) ⎤⎦
= 0.8 cos 2 t + 0.8 sin 2t
The first term is prop
portional to the
t voltage. Associate
A it with the
resistor. Then
T noticin
ng that
t t
∫ v (τ ) dτ = ∫
−∞ −∞
4 cos 2 t dτ = 2 sin 2t
d d
v ( t ) = 4 co
os 2 t = −8 sin
n 2t
dt dt
associatee the second term with an
n inductor to
o get the pluss sign. Thenn
4 cos 2 t 4 cos 2 t
R= = = 5 Ω and
i1 (t ) 0 cos 2 t
0.8
t

L=
∫ −∞
−
4 cos 2 t dτ
=
2 sin 2 t
= 2.5 H
i2 (t ) 0.8 sin 2 t
DP 7-3
Solution
n:
a)

11.31cos ( 2t + 45 c ( 45° ) coss ( 2t ) − sin ( 445° ) sin ( 2t ) ⎤⎦

5° ) = 11.31 ⎡⎣cos
= 8 cos 2 t − 8 sin 2 t
The first term is prop
portional to the
t voltage. Associate
A it with the ressistor. The nooticing that
t t
∫ i (τ ) dτ = ∫
−∞
∞ −∞
−
4 cos 2 t dτ = 2 sin 2t
d d
i ( t ) = 4 cos
c 2 t = −8 ssin 2 t
dt dt
associatee the second term with ann inductor to o get the minnus sign. Theen
v (t ) 8 cos 2 t v2 (t ) −8 sin 2 t
R= 1 = = 2 Ω and L = = =1H
d
4 cos 2 t 4 cos 2 t 4 cos 2 t −8 sin 2 t
dt
b)

11.31ccos ( 2t + 45° ) = 11.31 ⎡⎣ coos ( −45° ) coss ( 2t ) − sin ( −45° ) sin ( 2t ) ⎤⎦

= 8 cos 2 t + 8 sin 2 t
The first term is prop
portional to the
t voltage. Associate
A it with the ressistor. The nooticing that
t t
∫ i (τ ) dτ = ∫
−∞
∞ −∞
−
4 cos 2 t dτ = 2 sin 2t
d d
i ( t ) = 4 cos
c 2 t = −8 ssin 2 t
dt dt
associatee the second term with a capacitor to get the minu
nus sign. Theen
t

R= 1
v (t )
=
8 cos 2 t
nd C =
= 2 Ω an
∫−∞
4 cos 2 t dτ
=
2 sin 2 t
= 0.25
0 F
4 coss 2 t 4 cos 2 t v2 (t ) 8 sin 2 t
DP 7-4
Solutionn:
at t=0−

iL ( 0 − ) = 0
VB
By vooltage divisioon: vC ( 0− ) =
4
We reequire vC ( 0 ) = 3 V so VB = 12 V
−

at t=0+
dvC
Now w
we will checck
dt t = 0+

First: iL ( 0 + ) = iL ( 0 − ) = 0
and vC ( 0+ ) = vC ( 0 − ) = 3 V

VB − vC ( 0+ )
Apply KC
CL at node a:
a iL ( 0 +
) + i (0 ) =
C
+

3
1 −3
12
0 + iC ( 0+ ) = ⇒ iC ( 0 + ) = 3 A
3
dv
d C iC ( 0+ ) 3 V
Finally = = = 24
dt t = 0+ C 0.1255 s
as requireed.

DP 7-5
n:
Solution
1 1
We requiire L i L2 = C v C2 wheere iL and vC are the steaddy-state induuctor currentt and capacittor
2 2
v
A steady staate, i L = C . Then
voltage. At
R
2
⎛v ⎞ L L 10−2
L ⎜ C ⎟ = C vC2 ⇒ C= ⇒ R = = = 104 = 102 Ω
⎝R⎠ R2 C 10−6
 Chapter 7 Exercises

Exercise 7.2-1 Determine the current i(t) for t > 0 for the circuit of Figure E 7.2-1b when vs(t) is the
voltage shown in Figure E 7.2-1a.
Hint: Determine iC(t) and iR(t) separately, then use KCL.

vs(t)(V)
5
i(t)
4
iC(t) iR(t)
3
+
vs(t) – 1F 1Ω
2
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t (s)
(a) (b)
Figure E 7.2-1
⎧2t − 2 2 < t < 4
⎪
Answer: v(t ) = ⎨7 − t 4<t <8
⎪0 otherwise
⎩

Solution:
⎧ 2 2<t <4 ⎧2 t − 4 2 < t < 4
d ⎪ ⎪
i C ( t ) = 1 v s ( t ) = ⎨−1 4 < t < 8 and iR (t ) = 1 v s (t ) = ⎨ 8 − t 4<t <8
dt ⎪ 0 otherwise ⎪ 0
⎩ ⎩ otherwise
⎧2 t − 2 2 < t < 4
⎪
so i (t ) = i C ( t ) + i R ( t ) = ⎨ 7 − t 4<t <8
⎪ 0 otherwise
⎩
Exercise 7.3-1 A 200-μF capacitor has been charged to 100 V. Find the energy stored by the capacitor.
Find the capacitor voltage at t = 0+ if v(0–) = 100 V.
Answer: w(1) = 1 J and v(0+) = 100 V

Solution:
Cv 2 1
= ( 2×10−4 ) (100 ) = 1 J
2
W =
2 2
vc ( 0 ) = vc ( 0 ) = 100 V
+ −

Exercise 7.3-2 A constant current i = 2 A flows into a capacitor of 100μF after a switch is closed at t =
0. The voltage of the capacitor was equal to zero at t = 0–. Find the energy stored at (a) t = 1 s and (b) t =
100 s.
Answer: w(1) = 20 kJ and w(100) = 200 MJ

Solution:
(a) t
W ( t ) = W ( 0 ) + ∫ 0 vi dt
First, W ( 0 ) = 0 since v ( 0 ) = 0
1 t 4 t
Next, v( t ) = v( 0 ) + ∫ i dt = 10 ∫ 0 2 dt = 2×10 t
4

C 0

∫ ( 2×10 ) t ( 2 )dt
t
∴ W (t ) = 0
4
= 2 ×104 t 2
W (1s ) = 2 ×104 J = 20 kJ

(b) W (100s ) = 2 × 10 4 (100 )

2
= 2 × 108 J = 200 MJ
 6 mF 12 mF

Exercise 7.4-1 Find the equivalent capacitance

for the circuit of Figure E 7.4-1 9 mF 4 mF

Answer: Ceq = 4 mF Ceq

Figure E 7.4-1
Solution:

2 mF 1 3 mF
Exercise 7.4-2 Determine the equivalent
capacitance Ceq for the circuit shown in
Figure E 7.4-2. 1 mF 1 3 mF

Answer: 10/19 mF
2 mF 1 3 mF
Ceq

Figure E 7.4-2

Solution:
1 1 10 1 1 1 10
C eq1 = = , C eq2 = 1 + C eq1 = , C eq = = = = mF
1 1 1 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 9 19 19
+ + + + + +
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 2 2 C eq2 2 2 10 10
Exercise 7.5-1 Determine the voltage v(t) for t > 0 for the circuit of Figure E 7.5-1b when is(t) is the
current shown in Figure E 7.5-1a.
is(t)(V)
5 1H 1Ω
4
+ vL(t) – + vR(t) –
3
+ v(t) –
2
1
is(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t (s)
(a) (b)
Figure E 7.5-1b
Hint: Determine vL(t) and vR(t) separately, then use KVL.
⎧2t − 2 2 < t < 4
⎪
Answer: v(t ) = ⎨7 − t 4<t <8
⎪0 otherwise
⎩

Solution:
⎧ 2 2<t <4 ⎧2 t − 4 2 < t < 4
d ⎪ ⎪
v L ( t ) = 1 i s ( t ) = ⎨−1 4 < t < 8 and v R (t ) = 1 i s (t ) = ⎨ 8 − t 4<t <8
dt ⎪ 0 otherwise ⎪ 0
⎩ ⎩ otherwise

⎧2 t − 2 2 < t < 4
⎪
so v(t ) = v L ( t ) + v R ( t ) = ⎨ 7 − t 4<t <8
⎪ 0 otherwise
⎩
Exercise 7.7-1 Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit of Figure E 7.7-1.
Answer: Leq = 14 mH
3 mH

42 mH 3 mH
5 mH 4 mH

Figure E 7.7-1
Solution:
Exercise 7.7-2 Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit of Figure E 7.7-2.
2 mH

20 mH 4 mH 12 mH

Figure E 7.7-2

Ex. 7.7-2