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9 views

Solved Problems

Uploaded by

H-22-Aryav Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A coffee shop owner claims that the average time customers wait in line is no more

than 5 minutes. To test this claim, you randomly sample 30 customers and record
their wait times (in minutes). The sample data yields the following summary
statistics:

Sample mean (x̄ ) = 5.8 minutes


Sample standard deviation (s) = 2.1 minutes
Sample size (n) = 30

Null hypothesis (H₀): μ ≤ 5 (The population mean wait time is less than or equal to
5 minutes)

Alternative hypothesis (H₁): μ > 5 (The population mean wait time is greater than 5
minutes)

t = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s / √n)


Where:

x̄ is the sample mean


μ₀ is the hypothesized population mean (5 minutes in this case)
s is the sample standard deviation
n is the sample size

t = (5.8 - 5) / (2.1 / √30) = 2.08

Since our calculated t-statistic (2.08) is greater than the critical t-value
(1.699), we reject the null hypothesis.

Alternatively, since our p-value (0.025) is less than α (0.05), we reject the null
hypothesis.

A fitness trainer wants to evaluate the effectiveness of a new 8-week training


program on her clients' 5km running times. She records the 5km running times (in
minutes) of 12 clients before and after the training program. The data collected is
as follows:

Client | Before Training | After Training


-------|-----------------|----------------
1 | 28.5 | 26.7
2 | 30.2 | 28.9
3 | 26.8 | 25.6
4 | 31.5 | 29.8
5 | 29.7 | 27.3
6 | 27.9 | 26.5
7 | 32.1 | 30.4
8 | 28.3 | 26.9
9 | 29.9 | 28.1
10 | 30.8 | 29.2
11 | 27.6 | 26.1
12 | 31.3 | 29.5

Client | Before (X₁) | After (X₂) | Difference (D = X₁ - X₂)


-------|-------------|------------|--------------------------
1 | 28.5 | 26.7 | 1.8
2 | 30.2 | 28.9 | 1.3
3 | 26.8 | 25.6 | 1.2
4 | 31.5 | 29.8 | 1.7
5 | 29.7 | 27.3 | 2.4
6 | 27.9 | 26.5 | 1.4
7 | 32.1 | 30.4 | 1.7
8 | 28.3 | 26.9 | 1.4
9 | 29.9 | 28.1 | 1.8
10 | 30.8 | 29.2 | 1.6
11 | 27.6 | 26.1 | 1.5
12 | 31.3 | 29.5 | 1.8

Null hypothesis (H₀): μd = 0 (There is no difference in mean running times before


and after the training program)

Alternative hypothesis (H₁): μd > 0 (The mean running time before the training
program is greater than after, indicating improvement)

Mean difference (d̄ ):


d̄ = ΣD / n = 19.6 / 12 = 1.633 minutes

Standard deviation of the differences (sd):


sd = √[Σ(D - d̄ )² / (n - 1)]

Difference (D) | D - d̄ | (D - d̄ )²
----------------|---------|----------
1.8 | 0.167 | 0.028
1.3 | -0.333 | 0.111
1.2 | -0.433 | 0.188
1.7 | 0.067 | 0.004
2.4 | 0.767 | 0.588
1.4 | -0.233 | 0.054
1.7 | 0.067 | 0.004
1.4 | -0.233 | 0.054
1.8 | 0.167 | 0.028
1.6 | -0.033 | 0.001
1.5 | -0.133 | 0.018
1.8 | 0.167 | 0.028
----------------|---------|----------
Σ(D - d̄ )² | 1.106

sd = √[1.106 / (12 - 1)] = 0.317 minutes

The formula for the t-statistic in a paired t-test is: t = d̄ / (sd / √n)
t = 1.633 / (0.317 / √12) = 17.85

df = 11 (n - 1)

Since our calculated t-statistic (17.85) is greater than the critical t-value
(1.796), we reject the null hypothesis.

Alternatively, since our p-value (< 0.005) is less than α (0.05), we reject the
null hypothesis.

A researcher wants to compare the effectiveness of two different study methods on


exam scores. She randomly assigns 40 students to two groups: Group A uses a
traditional study method, while Group B uses a new interactive study method. After
a month of studying, all students take the same exam. The exam scores (out of 100)
for each group are summarized below:

Group A (Traditional Method):

Sample size (n₁) = 20


Sample mean (x̄ ₁) = 75.5
Sample standard deviation (s₁) = 8.2

Group B (Interactive Method):

Sample size (n₂) = 20


Sample mean (x̄ ₂) = 80.3
Sample standard deviation (s₂) = 7.9

Null hypothesis (H₀): μ₁ = μ₂ (There is no difference in mean exam scores between


the two study methods)

Alternative hypothesis (H₁): μ₁ ≠ μ₂ (There is a difference in mean exam scores


between the two study methods)

t = (x̄ ₁ - x̄ ₂) / √((s₁²/n₁) + (s₂²/n₂))

t = (75.5 - 80.3) / √((8.2²/20) + (7.9²/20)) = = -1.885

df = ((s₁²/n₁ + s₂²/n₂)²) / ((s₁²/n₁)²/(n₁-1) + (s₂²/n₂)²/(n₂-1))

df = ((3.362 + 3.1205)²) / ((3.362²/19) + (3.1205²/19)) = 38

For a two-tailed test with α = 0.05 and df = 38, the critical t-value is ±2.021
(from t-distribution table).

Since our calculated |t-statistic| (1.885) is less than the critical t-value
(2.021), we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

A local candy manufacturer claims that they produce an equal number of each color
of jelly beans in their mixed bags. To test this claim, a researcher randomly
selects a large bag of jelly beans and counts the number of each color. The results
are as follows:

Color Observed Frequency


Red 60
Orange 52
Yellow 43
Green 55
Blue 40
Assuming the manufacturer's claim is true, we would expect an equal number of each
color.

H₀: The distribution of jelly bean colors is uniform (equal for all colors).
H₁: The distribution of jelly bean colors is not uniform.

Total observed jelly beans: 60 + 52 + 43 + 55 + 40 = 250


Number of categories: 5
Expected frequency for each color (E) = 250 / 5 = 50

χ² = Σ [(O - E)² / E]

Color O E (O-E) (O-E)² (O-E)²/E


Red 60 50 10 100 2.0000
Orange 52 50 2 4 0.0800
Yellow 43 50 -7 49 0.9800
Green 55 50 5 25 0.5000
Blue 40 50 -10 100 2.0000

χ² = 2.0000 + 0.0800 + 0.9800 + 0.5000 + 2.0000 = 5.56


Degrees of freedom (df) = number of categories - 1 = 5 - 1 = 4

For α = 0.05 and df = 4, the critical χ² value is 9.49

Since our calculated χ² (5.56) is less than the critical value (9.49), we fail to
reject the null hypothesis.
A small study was conducted to investigate whether there is an association between
a new medication and the occurrence of a specific side effect. The researchers
recruited 40 participants and randomly assigned them to either the treatment group
(receiving the new medication) or the control group (receiving a placebo). After
the study period, they recorded whether each participant experienced the side
effect or not.
The results are as follows:
Group Side Effect No Side Effect
Treatment 5 15
Control 1 19

H₀: There is no association between the medication and the occurrence of the side
effect.
H₁: There is an association between the medication and the occurrence of the side
effect.

P(X = a) = [C(n1,a) * C(n2,b)] / C(N,n)

Where:
a = 5 (number of side effects in treatment group)
b = 1 (number of side effects in control group)
c = 15 (number without side effects in treatment group)
d = 19 (number without side effects in control group)
n1 = 20 (total in treatment group)
n2 = 20 (total in control group)
n = 6 (total with side effect)
N = 40 (total participants)

P(X = 5) = [C(20,5) * C(20,1)] / C(40,6)


= [15504 * 20] / 3838380
= 0.08

For a = 6:
P(X = 6) = [C(20,6) * C(20,0)] / C(40,6)
= [38760 * 1] / 3838380
= 0.01

p-value = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6)


= 0.0808 + 0.0101
= 0.0909

p-value (0.0909) > α (0.05)

Since the p-value (0.0909) is greater than the significance level (0.05), we fail
to reject the null hypothesis.

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