Obasa's Blog - Ss2 Data Processing Note First Term (2019-2020 Session)
Obasa's Blog - Ss2 Data Processing Note First Term (2019-2020 Session)
Obasa's blog
A blog on Computer/Data Processing Education, Motivation for Students, Technology info, Business Ideas,
Job/Vacancy opportunities, General Information and News.
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
2 COMPUTER ETHICS
· Definition of Computer ethics
· Definition of computer room management ethics
· Computer ethics issues
· Responsible ways of using the Computer
· Ways of misusing the computer
3 SAFETY MEASURES
· Meaning of safety measures
· Safety measures to be taken when using computer
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1. Plagiarism – presenting someone’s work (hard copy, softcopy) as your own. My Archive
2. Copyright violation: violation of the legal rights to an original work (e.g. software, ebook etc.) ► 2023 (2)
is a common ethical dilemma in our society.
► 2022 (2)
3. Privacy infringement: having unauthorized access to data of an individual is a privacy
► 2021 (1)
infringement which is liable to jail term.
4. Netiquette: Netiquette is the short for “internet etiquette”. It is the set of social rules about ► 2020 (3)
the proper and polite way to communicate when using the internet. Some of the common ▼ 2019 (2)
guidelines here are:
▼ Sept 2019 (1)
a. Email – when using email, if you don’t know the source of the email, make sure you: SS2 DATA PROCESSING NOTE FIRST
TERM (2019-2020 SES...
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1. Eye strain and vision problem – continuous staring at the monitor without taking breaks can
cause eyestrain which weakens the sight.
Precautions/solution
Use anti-glare glasses to cover the monitor
Take regular short breaks from sitting in front of the computer
2. Low back pain – this is as a result of wrong sitting posture adopted when you use the computer.
The risk increases when this happens regularly over a long period.
Precaution/solution
1. Use a proper chair that support your back and lower back
2. Sit up straight. Do not slouch
3. Regular exercises at least five times a week to strengthen your back muscle
4. Using a lumbosacral belt as a precautionary and preventive measure will help prevent this
problem
3. Carpal tunnel syndrome – regular typing and use of mouse over prolonged periods is a major risk
factor of the risk called Carpal tunnel syndrome. Tingling and numbness, pain and loss of strength of
the affect wrist, fingers and hands are symptoms.
Precautions/solution
1. Exercises for the wrist will help and take regular breaks
2. Do not hold the mouse tightly.
4. Cervical spondylosis (neck and shoulder problem) - reading from the monitor screen or typing
over a prolonged periods regularly is a risk factor that can over time cause cervical spondylosis
Precaution/solution
1. Wear a cervical collar during your computing hours, this will keep the neck and shoulder
muscles strong
2. Neck and shoulder exercise two to three times a day will keep the neck and shoulder muscles
strong
1. Flat file model: A flat data is a type of database that stores data in a single table. Flat file
databases are generally in plain-text form, where each line holds only one record. The fields in the
record are separated using delimiters such as tabs and commas
2. Hierarchical model: In this model, data is organised into a tree like structure. The data is stored
as records which are connected to one another through links. In a hierarchical model, each child
record has only one parent, whereas each parent record can have one or more children. At the top
of hierarchy there is only one entity which is called Root. In order to retrieve data from a
hierarchical database the whole tree needs to be traversed starting from the root node.
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3. Network model: In the network model, data records are organised in a graph, in which some
records can be accessed through several paths. This model organizes data using two fundamental
constructs, called records and sets. Records contain fields, and sets define one-to-many
relationships between records: one owner, many members.
4. Relational model: In this model, data record is organised in two-dimensional tables called
relations. The tables or relations are related to each other. Each table is made up of rows and
columns and a table stores records about a particular subject. Relational data models are used in
IBM’s DB2, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Paradox, FoxBase, Teradata).
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5. Entity-relationship model: this model is based on the notion of real world entities and
relationships among them. ER model is based on:
Entities and their attributes
Relationships among entities
Data modelling is the process of creating a data model for an information system by applying certain
formal techniques
Conceptual data model: This is the first stage of database design. A conceptual data model
identifies the highest-level relationships between different entities. In a conceptual data model, the
following steps are taken:
Logical data model: This is the second stage in database design. A logical data model describes the
data in as much details as possible, without regard to how they will be physically implemented in
the database. In a logical data model, the following steps are taken:
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Physical data model: Physical data model is the transformation of the logical database into the
actual database. Physical data model represents how the model will be built in the database. A
physical database model shows all table structures, including column name, column data type,
column constraints, primary key, foreign key and relationships between tables. The steps for
physical data model design are as follows:
Table
A table is the first and the most important object to be added to a database. It stores data about a
particular subject such as Authors or Books. It consists of records and fields. Each record contains
data about one instance of the table subject, such as a particular author. Each field contains data
about one aspect of the table subject, such as AuthorName, AuthorPhoneNumber, etc. A field is also
commonly called a column or an attribute. A record consists of field values.
Field property
Field property applies to a particular field in a table and defines one of the field’s characteristics or
an aspect of the field’s behavior.
Data types
A field data type indicates the kind of data that field stores or accepts. If the field name holds
numeric value, the data type will be Number. Some of the data types include text, autonumber,
number, memo, date/time, currency, Yes/No, Attachment, etc. Refer to your SS1 3rd term note
for the explanation.
Table relationships
Although each table stores data about a different subject, tables in a database store data about
subjects that are related to each other. Before storing data about different subjects in separate
tables, you need a way to link them together so that you can easily combine related data from
those separate tables. To connect the data stored in different tables, you create relationships. A
relationship is a logical connection between two tables that specify fields that the tables have in
common.
Key : A key is a minimal set of attributes whose values uniquely identify an entity in the set. A key
consists of one field, but may consist of more than one field (i.e. Composite key).
Primary key: A primary key consist of one or more fields that uniquely identify each record that you
store in the table. Consider the Student table; the AdmissionNumber field is the primary key of the
Student table.
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Foreign key: A foreign key contains values that correspond to values in the primary field of another
table. For example, consider the table information below:
Author (AuID, AuName, AuPhone, Address,)
Book (ISBN, title, PubName, Category, AuID, Price)
In the Author’s table information above, AuID field is the primary key but a look at the Book’s table
information, AuID field is also part of its attributes. Here AuID field is a foreign key of the Books
table. The similarity of values between key fields forms the basis of a table relationship.
1. Click the Create tab on the menu bar, select Table, another table will be added to the
database.
2. Follow step 4 to 8 above to define the table fields and the data type.
3. Follow the process to create the Authors and Publishers tables.
Forms
A form is another database object that provides a convenient way to enter and view records in a
table.
Queries
A query is a database object that enables you to locate records that match specified criteria by
providing a way for you to ask a question about the information stored in a database table.
Report
A report is a database object that allows you to organize, summarize, and print all or a portion of
the data in a database.
Normal form
Normal form is the way of measuring the level, or depth, to which a database has been normalized.
The most common normal forms are:
Other normal forms are Boyce /Codd normal form (BCNF), 4th normal form and 5th normal form.
Note: Each subsequent normal form depends on the normalization steps taken in the previous
normal form. The 3NF is sufficient for most typical database applications.
First normal form (1NF)
A database table is said to be in 1NF if:
It contains no repeating or duplicate fields/columns (i.e. each column name should be
unique)
No data in a columns is multi-valued (i.e. each data field is single value)
Each row of data has a unique identifier (or Primary Key)
The attribute domain remains the same (i.e. age value cannot be in the name column)
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Update anomalies: An Update Anomaly exists when one or more instances of duplicated data are
updated, but not all. For example, if the tax applicable to the price 12.0 changed, then we will
have to update all the rows where there is 0.60, else data will become inconsistent i.e. there will
be different tax value for the price 12.0 in different rows.
1. It is in 1NF and
2. Every non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key i.e. there should
be no partial dependency in the table
Consider the Table 2 above, the non-key attributes are colour, price and tax. The attribute item is
the primary key. The price and the tax are functionally dependent on the item and not on the colour
i.e. the item determines the price and not the colour.
Having decomposed the above table, the tables below are now in 2NF
Tables 2NF(b) is not in third normal form because Tax depends on price, not item.
To normalize to 3NF, decompose the table and set up a new table that includes the non-key
attribute(s) i.e. price, that functionally determine(s) other non-key attribute(s) i.e. tax
22 comments:
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Nice
Please can you post ss1 and ss3 computer first term and some questions
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Good day sir, I really want to appreciate you for your good work... May God continue to
enrich you...
Pls I want to request for data processing ss3 first-third term.. Thanks in advance
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Thank you so much continue the good work God is your strength. Pls I want to
download s s 2 data processing note but no link to do that is I need it
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nice post.
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It is good
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ICT refers to information and communication technology and is defined as an umbrella term that
includes any communication device or applicat...
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