2023-2024_3rd term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation

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A. Geometric meaning of differentiation

∆$ &(%! ())+&(%! )
² Gradient of !" = $!" = ∆% = %! ()+%!

² When ! approaches ", ∆$ tends to 0, gradient of "! tends to gradient of "%.

² Calculus involves considering a very small increments in $ and ', i.e., ∆$ and ∆', is called the
differentiation.
² The process of finding the gradient is called differentiation. The result of a derived function is called the
derivative.
!" %(#'()*%(#)
² The derivative of a function ' = )($) with respect to $ is defined as !# = ) $ ($) = lim (
.
ℎ→0
!"
² The derivative of a function ' = )($) at $ = / is denoted by )′(/) or !# |#+, .

B. Representations of differentiation
!" ![%(#)] !
² , !′($), , [!($)]
!# !# !#

C. First derivative of powers of x

! !
Rule 1. If )($) = 2, where 2 is a constant, then ) $ ($) = 0, !# [)($)] = !# (2) = 0

4 X
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2023-2024_3 term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation
210
44
! !
Example of Rule 1. If )($) = 2, where 2 is a constant, then ) $ ($) = 0, [)($)] = (2) = 0
!# !#

1
Find the derivative of ' = 88.

1 1 40
Yiff pg
88
3 2
11 3 3
9H O
! !"
Rule 2. If )($) = $ - , where 7 is a rational number, then ) $ ($) = 7$ -*. , [)($)] = ($ - ) = 7$ -*.
!# !#
! !
Example of Rule 2. If )($) = 2, where 2 is a constant, then ) $ ($) = 0, [)($)] = (2) = 0
!# !#
!" .
Find of ' = .
!# #!

7 47
xᵗ 7 x
t
7
8

y X't
8
Hx 7 ! !
Example of Rule 2. If )($) = 2, where 2 is a constant, then ) $ ($) = 0, !# [)($)] = !# (2) = 0
.
Find ' $ of ' = . 34 2
#!
Y y X 3 3

TIIII
x
sina.fi
!
f !"
Rule 3. If )($) is differentiable and k is a constant, then [8)($)] = 8 [)($)]
!# !#
! !"
Example of Rule 3. If )($) is differentiable and k is a constant, then [8)($)] = 8 [)($)]
!# !#
/" √# # 1
Differentiate 9($) = with respect to $. 0 61
gix 68 7 p
1

2
91 1 2 3.2 x bx 96 6

6.3 x 18
2 40 1 y1
3
91 1 6
2
g x 0 3 3
2

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2023-2024_3rd term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation
! !2 !3
Rule 4. If : = )($) and ; = 9($) are differentiable, then (: + ;) = +
!# !# !#
! !2 !3
Rule 5. If : = )($) and ; = 9($) are differentiable, then (: − ;) = −
!# !# !#
! !2 !3
Example of Rule 4. If : = )($) and ; = 9($) are differentiable, then !# (: + ;) = !# + !#
!"
If ' = 5$ 4 − 4$ + 7, find !# .

1 11 11 ! !2 !3
Example of Rule 4 and 5. If : = )($) and ; = 9($) are differentiable, then !# (: ± ;) = !# ± !#
!"
If ' = ($ 5 − 5$ + 3)(3$ − 4), find !# .

3x 4 2 JX3x 5 1 4 3 3x 314
Y 3 2
3 4 15 20 9 12
2
19 29 12
Y
Hx 3138 29 0
44 9 38 29

! !2 !3
Example of Rule 4 and 5. If : = )($) and ; = 9($) are differentiable, then !# (: ± ;) = !# ± !#

0
6√# !"
If ' = , find !# .
#

Y4x
0
4
y4x
1
41 1
2 x

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2023-2024_3rd term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation
D. Second derivative
!" !#"
² If the derivative of exists, then it is called the second derivative of ' = )($) and is denoted by ,
!# !# #
) $$ ($), '′′.

Example of Second derivatives.

Find the second derivative of the function ' = 2$ 4 − 4$ 5 + 5$ − 3.

3
2 4 45 3
7
2
Hx 6 8 5 slope

14 12 8
Example of Second derivatives.
A
Find the second derivative of the function ' = $ 4 (2$ + 3)5 .
2
X 4 12 9
y 3
45 12 4 9
7 tangent
20 4 48 3 27
2

of slope
2
9 fox 144 544

E. Gradients and tangents

² The equation of tangent to a curve ' = )($) at a point "($. , '. )
!"
² Derivative !# gives the gradient of the tangent.
² By point slope form, ' − '. = E($ − $. ) à ' − '. = ) $ ($. )($ − $. )

mxtc
y
mix X
yy
ᵈ
I

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 2023-2024_3rd term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation
Example of Gradient and tangents.
Find all points on the curve ' = $ 4 + 5 where the tangent is horizontal.
7
0
2
14 3 slope

3 70
15

Example of Gradient and tangents.

Find the equation of tangent to the curve ' = 5$ − $ 5 at the point where $ = 4.

17 5 2x YIE1 7 514 16

324
1 5 214 3

Point
4,4 slope

4 31 4
y
12
34 3
3 16
y

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2023-2024_3rd term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation
F. Stationary points
² In the figure, the points A, B, C and D at which f’(x) = 0 are called stationary points. At these points, the
tangents are horizontal.
² Further, as x increases through each point B and D, f’(x) changes its sign. These points are called turning
points.
² However, the stationary points A and C are NOT turning points.
ABCD stationarpoint
OMax
m O

trype

G. Turning points(Maximum and minimum points)

4
102 3

cc

² In the figure, the curve ' = )($) at $ = 2 has a maximum point. We can see that on the left side of
$ = 2, the slope of the tangent to the curve is positive; on the right side of $ = 2, the slope is negative; at
$ = 2, the slope is zero.

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2023-2024_3rd term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation

² In the figure, the curve ' = )($) at $ = 2 has a Minimum point. We can see that on the left side of
$ = 2, the slope of the tangent to the curve is negative on the right side of $ = 2, the slope is positive; at
$ = 2, the slope is zero.

H. First derivative test

1. If ) $ (2) = 0 and )′($) changes its sign from + to – as $ increases through $, then )(2) is a maximum
value.
2. If ) $ (2) = 0 and )′($) changes its sign from − to + as $ increases through $, then )(2) is a minimum
value.

Example of Turning points , maximum and minimum.

Consider the function ' = $ 4 − 6$ 5 + 12. Find
(a) the stationary points of the function; m
O
(b) the maximum and minimum points of the function.

2 2 coordinate
day 3 x 6 12 Y
14 slope
y
points
whendy O thestationary
2
3 124 0
0112 4 20

3 1 41 0
Second Test
X O or 1 4 sublo 12 dry Max Point
ax

14 0 12
9 12
07
0
1270 Minfor
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 Min
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2023-2024_3 term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation
Example of Maximization and minimization problems.

I. Kinematics
² Velocity (;) is the rate at which displacement changes over time.
² Acceleration (/) is the rate at which velocity changes over time.

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Example of Kinematics
A particle moves in a straight line. Its displacement s metres, from the starting point after t seconds is given by
/ = 213 $ − 23 %
(a) Find its velocity and acceleration at t = 1.
(b) When does the particle change its direction of motion?
(c) Find the total distance it travelled in the first 10 seconds.

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2023-2024_3rd term_F4AC2Maths_Notes_Differentiation
J. Monotonic (Increasing and decreasing function)
² Monotonic functions are always increasing or always decreasing () $ ($) > 0 or ) $ ($) < 0 for all $)
² If a function is monotonic, then the function is one-to-one and therefore has an inverse.

Example of Monotonic.
Determine the following functions have an inverse or not.
)($) = $ 5 + 8$ + 1

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