Remaining Shelf-Life Estimation of

Fresh Fruits and Vegetables During

Transportation

ABSTRACT:
The estimation of remaining shelf-life for fresh fruits and vegetables
during transportation is crucial for minimizing waste and ensuring
quality. This study proposes a novel approach to predict the shelf-life
of perishable goods by integrating real-time environmental data and
predictive modeling techniques. Utilizing sensors to monitor
temperature, humidity, and ethylene levels, along with machine
learning algorithms, we developed a system to dynamically estimate
the remaining shelf-life of produce throughout the supply chain.
Experimental results demonstrate the system's effectiveness in
accurately forecasting shelf-life, thereby enabling better inventory
management and reducing spoilage. The proposed methodology offers
significant improvements over traditional static estimation methods
by adapting to changing transportation conditions and providing
actionable insights for logistical optimization.
INTRODUCTION:
The global trade of fresh fruits and vegetables requires efficient
management of their shelf life to minimize waste and ensure
consumer satisfaction. These perishable goods are highly sensitive to
environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and air
circulation, which can significantly impact their freshness and quality
during transportation. As these products often travel long distances
from farms to markets, accurate estimation of their remaining shelf
life becomes crucial. The ability to predict the remaining shelf life
helps in optimizing supply chain processes, reducing spoilage, and
enhancing the overall efficiency of the distribution system. Traditional
methods of shelf life estimation rely on empirical data and static
models, which may not fully capture the dynamic nature of
transportation environments. Advances in technology, including real-
time monitoring systems and predictive analytics, offer new
opportunities to improve the accuracy of shelf life predictions. This
paper explores the challenges associated with estimating the
remaining shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables during
transportation and reviews current methodologies and technological
innovations aimed at addressing these challenges. By integrating these
advanced approaches, it is possible to develop more effective
strategies for preserving freshness and reducing food waste across the
supply chain.
LITERATURE SURVEY:

A literature survey on the remaining shelf-life estimation of fresh

fruits and vegetables during transportation reveals a growing body of
research focused on enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of shelf-
life predictions. This field of study is critical for minimizing food
waste and ensuring the quality of produce from farm to table. Various
methods have been explored to estimate shelf-life, including both
traditional and novel approaches.
Traditional methods often rely on empirical data and mathematical
models to predict the shelf-life based on factors such as temperature,
humidity, and ethylene concentration. These methods include the use
of temperature-time models and respiration rate models that provide
estimates based on historical data and predefined conditions.
However, these approaches can be limited by their reliance on static
assumptions and their inability to account for dynamic changes during
transportation.
Recent advancements have introduced more sophisticated techniques,
including real-time monitoring and machine learning algorithms.
Sensor-based technologies, such as RFID tags and environmental
sensors, enable continuous monitoring of conditions such as
temperature and humidity throughout the transportation process. This
data can be used to dynamically adjust shelf-life predictions,
improving accuracy.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) have also been
increasingly applied to this field. Models that incorporate machine
learning algorithms can analyze large datasets of environmental and
quality-related variables to predict shelf-life more precisely. These
models often use historical data to train algorithms that can then
forecast the remaining shelf-life based on current conditions.
Another emerging area of research is the integration of blockchain
technology for supply chain transparency. By using blockchain to
record every transaction and condition change during transportation, it
is possible to track the entire journey of produce, ensuring more
reliable shelf-life estimates and reducing the risk of spoilage.
Overall, the literature indicates a shift towards more dynamic and
data-driven methods for shelf-life estimation, driven by advancements
in technology and the increasing need for precision in food logistics.
These innovations hold promise for reducing waste, improving food
safety, and enhancing the efficiency of the supply chain.
EXISTING SYSTEM:

Existing systems for estimating the remaining shelf-life of fresh fruits

and vegetables during transportation typically rely on a combination
of sensory evaluation, environmental monitoring, and predictive
modeling. Traditionally, sensory evaluation involves expert
assessment of visual, tactile, and olfactory characteristics to determine
freshness. However, this method is subjective and can vary based on
the individual's experience. Environmental monitoring systems use
sensors to track factors such as temperature, humidity, and gas
composition, which significantly impact the shelf-life of produce.
These systems can provide real-time data but often require integration
with more advanced analytics to predict remaining shelf-life
accurately. Predictive modeling approaches use historical data,
including initial quality attributes and environmental conditions, to
estimate shelf-life. Machine learning algorithms and statistical models
can analyze this data to provide more accurate predictions. Despite
these advancements, existing systems face challenges such as the
need for calibration, the variability of produce, and the complexity of
integrating diverse data sources. As a result, there is ongoing research
to develop more accurate, automated, and scalable solutions for shelf-
life estimation during transportation.
DRAWBACKS:
1. Limited Accuracy of Current Methods:
2. Many existing methods rely on static or simplified models that
may not accurately reflect the dynamic conditions of
transportation (e.g., temperature fluctuations, humidity
variations).
3. Dependence on Uniform Conditions:
4. Current systems often assume uniform conditions throughout
the transport process, which does not account for real-world
variability in environmental factors.
5. Insufficient Real-Time Monitoring:
6. Many systems do not provide real-time data, relying instead on
periodic measurements, which can miss critical changes in
conditions affecting shelf-life.
7. Lack of Comprehensive Data Integration:
8. Existing systems may not integrate all relevant data sources,
such as transportation conditions, initial fruit/vegetable quality,
and packaging details, leading to incomplete shelf-life
estimations.
PROPOSED SYSTEM:

To address the challenge of estimating the remaining shelf-life of

fresh fruits and vegetables during transportation, a proposed system
could integrate real-time monitoring with predictive analytics. This
system utilizes sensors to continuously measure critical factors such
as temperature, humidity, and gas composition within the transport
environment. Data collected by these sensors is transmitted to a
centralized system where it is analyzed using machine learning
algorithms to predict the remaining shelf-life of the produce. The
predictive model accounts for various parameters including the initial
quality of the produce, environmental conditions during transit, and
historical data on similar shipments. Alerts and notifications can be
generated to inform stakeholders of any potential issues, allowing for
timely intervention to prevent spoilage. This system not only
enhances the efficiency of supply chain management but also helps in
reducing waste and ensuring the quality of fresh produce upon
delivery.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Improved Quality Control
2. Real-time Monitoring: Provides continuous monitoring of
freshness, allowing for timely interventions if quality starts to
decline.
3. Early Detection: Identifies potential spoilage before it becomes
a major issue, ensuring only the freshest produce reaches the
market.
4. Reduced Waste
5. Optimal Shelf-Life Management: Helps in managing inventory
more effectively by predicting the remaining shelf-life and
reducing the amount of spoiled produce.
6. Minimized Overstocking: Reduces the chances of overstocking,
which can lead to waste if products become unsellable before
they are used.
7. Enhanced Supply Chain Efficiency
8. Better Planning: Enables more accurate planning and scheduling
of transportation and storage, optimizing the supply chain.
9. Efficient Routing: Facilitates more efficient routing of
shipments based on estimated shelf-life, potentially reducing
transport times.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
System Requirements:

➢ H/W System Configuration:-

➢ Processor - Pentium –IV

➢ RAM - 4 GB (min)
➢ Hard Disk - 20 GB

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 Operating system : Windows 7 Ultimate.
 Coding Language : Python.
SYSTEM STUDY
FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and
business proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project
and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study
of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the
proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility
analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the
system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are
 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the
system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the
company can pour into the research and development of the system is
limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed
system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most
of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized
products had to be purchased.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is,
the technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must
not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will
lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will
lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed
system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null
changes are required for implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the
system by the user. This includes the process of training the user to
use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the
system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance
by the users solely depends on the methods that are employed to
educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it.
His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make
some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user
of the system.
System Design:
UML DIAGRAMS
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized
general-purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented
software engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by,
the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating
models of object oriented computer software. In its current form UML
is comprised of two major components: a Meta-model and a notation.
In the future, some form of method or process may also be added to;
or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for
specifying, Visualization, Constructing and documenting the artifacts
of software system, as well as for business modeling and other non-
software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that
have proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented
software and the software development process. The UML uses
mostly graphical notations to express the design of software projects.
GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling
Language so that they can develop and exchange meaningful
models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend
the core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and
development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as
collaborations, frameworks, patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices.
USECASE DIAGRAM:
A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a
type of behavioraldiagram defined by and created from a Use-case
analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the
functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals
(represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use
cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system
functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the
system can be depicted.

Upload Strawberry Shelflife

Dataset

Preprocess Dataset

Propose Shelf Life Estimation +

ANOVA

User

Extension CNN SLEM

Model Error Comprision Graph

Exit
CLASS DIAGRAM:
In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling
Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes
the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their
attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the
classes. It explains which class contains information.

User.
Upload Strawberry Shelflife Dataset
Preprocess Dataset
Propose Shelf Life Estimation + ANOVA
Extension CNN SLEM
Model Error Comparision Graph
Exit
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:
A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind
of interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one
another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence
Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event
scenarios, and timing diagrams.

User System
Application

Upload Strawberry Shelflife Dataset

Preprocess Dataset

Propose Shelf Life Estimation + ANOVA

Extension CNN SLEM

Model Error Comparision Graph

Exit
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:
Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of
stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and
concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams
can be used to describe the business and operational step-by-step
workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the
overall flow of control.

Collaboration diagram:

1: Upload Strawberry Shelflife Dataset

2: Preprocess Dataset
3: Propose Shelf Life Estimation + ANOVA
4: Extension CNN SLEM
5: Model Error Comparision Graph
6: Exit
User System
Application
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

What is Python :-
Below are some facts about Python.
Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level
programming language.
Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural
paradigms. Python programs generally are smaller than other
programming languages like Java.
Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement
of the language, makes them readable all the time.
Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like
– Google, Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.
The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library
which can be used for the following –
 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube,
Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia
Advantages of Python :-
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.
1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for
various purposes like regular expressions, documentation-generation,
unit-testing, web browsers, threading, databases, CGI, email, image
manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the complete code
for that manually.
2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages.
You can write some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This
comes in handy, especially in projects.
3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You
can put your Python code in your source code of a different language,
like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to our code in the
other language.
4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render
programmers more productive than languages like Java and C++ do.
Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things done.
5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it
finds the future bright for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to
connect the language with the real world.
6. Simple and Easy
When working with Java, you may have to create a class to
print ‘Hello World’. But in Python, just a print statement will do. It is
also quite easy to learn, understand, and code. This is why when
people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more
verbose languages like Java.
7. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much
like reading English. This is the reason why it is so easy to learn,
understand, and code. It also does not need curly braces to define
blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the readability
of the code.
8. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-
oriented programming paradigms. While functions help us with code
reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world. A class
allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.
9. Free and Open-Source
Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can
you download Python for free, but you can also download its source
code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It downloads with an
extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.
10. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to
make some changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But
it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need to code only once, and
you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere
(WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any
system-dependent features.
11. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements
are executed one by one, debugging is easier than in compiled
languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the
comment section.
Advantages of Python Over Other Languages
1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the
same task is done in other languages. Python also has an awesome
standard library support, so you don’t have to search for any third-
party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many
people suggest learning Python to beginners.
2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big
organizations can leverage the free available resources to build
applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives you better
community support.
The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken
Java in the most popular programming language category.
3. Python is for Everyone
Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or
Windows. Programmers need to learn different languages for different
jobs but with Python, you can professionally build web apps, perform
data analysis and machine learning, automate things,do web scraping
and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder
programming language.
Disadvantages of Python
So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But
if you choose it, you should be aware of its consequences as well.
Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python over another
language.
1. Speed Limitations
We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But
since Python is interpreted, it often results in slow execution. This,
however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point for the project.
In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits
offered by Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.
2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers
While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much
rarely seen on the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to
implement smartphone-based applications. One such application is
called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that
it isn’t that secure.
3. Design Restrictions
As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t
need to declare the type of variable while writing the code. It
uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just means that if it
looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.
4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers
Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java
DataBase Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity),
Python’s database access layers are a bit underdeveloped.
Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.
5. Simple
No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem.
Take my example. I don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To
me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java code seems
unnecessary.
This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python
Programming Language.
History of Python : -
What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in
common? Right, both start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in
the Python context, it's clear that the programming language ABC is
meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and
programming environment, which had been developed in the
Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde
&Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the
design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido
van Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba,
a distributed operating system. In an interview with Bill Venners 1,
Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an
implementer on a team building a language called ABC at Centrum
voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people
know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence
because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to
the people who worked on it."Later on in the same Interview, Guido
van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience and some of
my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting
language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without
its problems. So I started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a
simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my own version of the
various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used
indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-
end blocks, and developed a small number of powerful data types: a
hash table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."
What is Machine Learning : -
Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning
methods, let's start by looking at what machine learning is, and what it
isn't. Machine learning is often categorized as a subfield of artificial
intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at
first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from
research in this context, but in the data science application of machine
learning methods, it's more helpful to think of machine learning as a
means of building models of data.
Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical
models to help understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we
give these models tunable parameters that can be adapted to observed
data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from
the data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data,
they can be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed
data. I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical digression
regarding the extent to which this type of mathematical, model-based
"learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human
brain.Understanding the problem setting in machine learning is
essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will start with
some broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss
here.
Categories Of Machine Leaning :-
At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized
into two main types: supervised learning and unsupervised learning.
Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship
between measured features of data and some label associated with the
data; once this model is determined, it can be used to apply labels to
new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks
and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete
categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities.
We will see examples of both types of supervised learning in the
following section.
Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset
without reference to any label, and is often described as "letting the
dataset speak for itself." These models include tasks such
as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms
identify distinct groups of data, while dimensionality reduction
algorithms search for more succinct representations of the data. We
will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in the
following section.
Need for Machine Learning
Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced
species on earth because they can think, evaluate and solve complex
problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial stage and haven’t
surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question is
that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason
for doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency
and scale”.
Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get
the key information from data to perform several real-world tasks and
solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by
machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven
decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic, in the
problems that cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we
can’t do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that we all
need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge scale.
That is why the need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant
strides with cybersecurity and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as
whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind is that ML has not
been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML
is facing currently are −
Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one
of the biggest challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the
problems related to data preprocessing and feature extraction.
Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the
consumption of time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction
and retrieval.
Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy
stage, availability of expert resources is a tough job.
No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no
clear objective and well-defined goal for business problems is another
key challenge for ML because this technology is not that mature yet.
Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or
underfitting, it cannot be represented well for the problem.
Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too
many features of data points. This can be a real hindrance.
Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it
quite difficult to be deployed in real life.
Applications of Machines Learning :-
Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and
according to researchers we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is
used to solve many real-world complex problems which cannot be
solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world
applications of ML −
 Emotion analysis
 Sentiment analysis
  Error detection and prevention
 Weather forecasting and prediction
 Stock market analysis and forecasting
 Speech synthesis
 Speech recognition
 Customer segmentation
 Object recognition
 Fraud detection
 Fraud prevention
 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping
How to Start Learning Machine Learning?
Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and
defined it as a “Field of study that gives computers the capability to
learn without being explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times,
Machine Learning is one of the most popular (if not the most!) career
choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer Is The Best
Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary
of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine
Learning and how to start learning it? So this article deals with the
Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you can follow to
eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now
let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an
insanely talented Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can
always modify the steps according to your needs to reach your desired
end-goal!
Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites
In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally,
there are some prerequisites that you need to know which include
Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and Python. And if
you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degree in
these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.
(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus
Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in
Machine Learning. However, the extent to which you need them
depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more focused on
application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily
focused on maths as there are many common libraries available. But
if you want to focus on R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of
Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very important as you
will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.
(b) Learn Statistics
Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of
your time as an ML expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data.
And statistics is a field that handles the collection, analysis, and
presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical
Significance, Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing,
Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is also a very important part
of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional Probability,
Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.
(c) Learn Python
Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and
Statistics and learn them as they go along with trial and error. But the
one thing that you absolutely cannot skip is Python! While there are
other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala, etc.
Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there
are many Python libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-
learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do
that using various online resources and courses such as Fork
Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.
Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts
Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to
actually learning ML (Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with
the basics and then move on to the more complicated stuff. Some of
the basic concepts in ML are:
(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning
 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data
by applying some machine learning algorithm. A model is also
called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the
data. A set of numeric features can be conveniently described by
a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to the model.
For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features
like color, smell, taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be
predicted by our model. For the fruit example discussed in the
feature section, the label with each set of input would be the
name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s
expected outputs(labels), so after training, we will have a model
(hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the categories
trained on.
  Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of
inputs to which it will provide a predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training
dataset with labeled data using classification and regression
models. This learning process continues until the required level
of performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data
and then finding the underlying structure in the data in order to
learn more and more about the data itself using factor and
cluster analysis models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data
like Unsupervised Learning with a small amount of labeled data.
Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy and is
also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal
actions through trial and error. So the next action is decided by
learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that
will maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-
1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -
Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover
specific trends and patterns that would not be apparent to humans. For
instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it serves to
understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users
to help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to
them. It uses the results to reveal relevant advertisements to them.
2. No human intervention needed (automation)
With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the
way. Since it means giving machines the ability to learn, it lets them
make predictions and also improve the algorithms on their own. A
common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter
new threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing
spam.
3. Continuous Improvement
As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy
and efficiency. This lets them make better decisions. Say you need to
make a weather forecast model. As the amount of data you have keeps
growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions
faster.
4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data
Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-
dimensional and multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or
uncertain environments.
5. Wide Applications
You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work
for you. Where it does apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a
much more personal experience to customers while also targeting the
right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-
1. Data Acquisition
Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these
should be inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be
times where they must wait for new data to be generated.
2. Time and Resources
ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough
to fulfill their purpose with a considerable amount of accuracy and
relevancy. It also needs massive resources to function. This can mean
additional requirements of computer power for you.
3. Interpretation of Results
Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results
generated by the algorithms. You must also carefully choose the
algorithms for your purpose.
4. High error-susceptibility
Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors.
Suppose you train an algorithm with data sets small enough to not be
inclusive. You end up with biased predictions coming from a biased
training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to
customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of
errors that can go undetected for long periods of time. And when they
do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the source of the
issue, and even longer to correct it.
SYSTEM TEST
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of
trying to discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work
product. It provides a way to check the functionality of components,
sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process
of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software
system meets its requirements and user expectations and does not fail
in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each test
type addresses a specific testing requirement.
TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate
that the internal program logic is functioning properly, and that
program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches and
internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an
individual unit before integration. This is a structural testing, that
relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests
perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business
process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure
that each unique path of a business process performs accurately to the
documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and
expected results.
Integration testing
 Integration tests are designed to test integrated software
components to determine if they actually run as one program. Testing
is event driven and is more concerned with the basic outcome of
screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the
components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully
unit testing, the combination of components is correct and consistent.
Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the problems
that arise from the combination of components.
Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that
functions tested are available as specified by the business and
technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:
Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be
accepted.
Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be
rejected.
Functions : identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs
must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be
invoked.
Organization and preparation of functional tests is
focused on requirements, key functions, or special test cases. In
addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business process
flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes
must be considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete,
additional tests are identified and the effective value of current tests is
determined.
System Test
 System testing ensures that the entire integrated
software system meets requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure
known and predictable results. An example of system testing is the
configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based
on process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process
links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software
tester has knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of
the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test
areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.
Black Box Testing
Black Box Testing is testing the software without any
knowledge of the inner workings, structure or language of the module
being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of tests, must be
written from a definitive source document, such as specification or
requirements document, such as specification or requirements
document. It is a testing in which the software under test is treated, as
a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and
responds to outputs without considering how the software works.
Unit Testing
Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a
combined code and unit test phase of the software lifecycle, although
it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as two
distinct phases.
Test strategy and approach Field testing will be performed manually
and functional tests will be written in detail.
Test objectives
  All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.
Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental
integration testing of two or more integrated software components on
a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects.
The task of the integration test is to check that components or
software applications, e.g. components in a software system or – one
step up – software applications at the company level – interact
without error.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully.
No defects encountered.
Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires
significant participation by the end user. It also ensures that the
system meets the functional requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully.
No defects encountered.
Fruits and Vegetables will be fresh for some duration and while
transportation its mandatory to predict shelf life of fruits and
vegetables for on time delivery. Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (FFV)
life often dependent on CO2 or temperature so the frequent we open
refrigerator door the more CO2 or temperature will be injected and
life will be reduced.
To accurately predict shelf life of FFV author of this paper generating
FFV shelf life using simulation with and without opening doors and
this simulation dataset can be downloaded from below URL
https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/jb8bdstwwb/1
Above dataset contains Time and temperature and by subtracting old
temperature with current temperature we can get FFV RSL (remaining
shelf life) value. ANOVA algorithm will be applied on RSL and
simulation dataset to predict or estimate future shelf life of FFV.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to check
if the means of two or more groups are significantly different from
each other. ANOVA checks the impact of one or more factors by
comparing the means of different samples.
To train above algorithms we are using below dataset values

Above dataset is from ‘Door Opening’ simulation values which

contains door opening time and temperature values. By using above
temperature values we can employ ANOVA and SLEM to estimate
future shelf life.
ANOVA and SLEM performance will be evaluated using Model error
which refers to difference between Observed shelf life and predicted
shelf life so the lower the error the better is the model
Extension Concept
In propose paper author employing traditional ANOVA algorithm to
estimate shelf life so its error rate will be little high. To reduce error
rate as extension we are employing CNN deep learning algorithm
which will optimize training features using multiple neurons and help
algorithm to get more optimized features which will reduce model
prediction error.
SCREEN SHOTS
To run project double click on ‘run.bat’ file to get below screen

In above screen click on ‘Upload Strawberry Shelf life Dataset’ button

to upload dataset and get below output
In above screen selecting and uploading ‘No door opening’ dataset
and then click on ‘Open’ button to load dataset and get below page

In above screen dataset loaded and displaying some values from

dataset and now click on ‘Pre-process Dataset’ button to remove
missing values and then calculate RSL for each temperature value and
get below output
In above screen for each record calculated RSL value using previous
and current temperature values and now click on ‘Propose Shelf Life
Estimation + ANOVA’ button to train ANOVA and then predict future
shelf life of fruits and vegetables

In above screen propose model got 30% error rate and in next lines
can see Observed or original ‘shelf life’ and then can see predicted
shelf life and can see close difference between original and predicted
shelf life. In graph x-axis represents number of test data and y-axis
represents shelf life where red line is for Original shelf life and green
line is for predicted shelf life. In above graph can see both lines are
overlapping with some gap so we can say prediction is little accurate.
Now click on ‘Extension CNN SLEM’ button to train extension CNN
algorithm and get below output

In above screen extension CNN model got 0.26% error which is lesser
than propose algorithm and can see original and predicted shelf life
and in graph also can see green and red line overlapping closely. Now
click on ‘Model Error Comparison Graph’ button to get below
comparison
In above screen can see comparison between propose and extension
algorithm where x-axis represents algorithm names and y-axis
represents model error and in both algorithms extension got less error
compare to propose ANOVA SLEM algorithm. Similarly you can
upload and test other algorithms.
In below black console we can see ANOVA tables details
In above screen we can see ANOVA model summary which contains
R2 square error and other metrics.

CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the implementation of a remaining shelf-life estimation
system for fresh fruits and vegetables during transportation offers
substantial benefits across the supply chain. By providing real-time
monitoring and predictive insights into the freshness of produce, this
system enhances quality control, minimizes waste, and improves
overall supply chain efficiency. Accurate shelf-life predictions
facilitate better inventory management, reduce costs associated with
spoilage and overstocking, and ensure that customers receive high-
quality products. Additionally, the system supports data-driven
decision-making and regulatory compliance, contributing to more
sustainable practices and reduced environmental impact. Ultimately,
the adoption of such a system represents a significant advancement in
managing the freshness of perishable goods, leading to increased
customer satisfaction and more efficient resource utilization
throughout the supply chain.
FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:
The future scope of the project on remaining shelf-life estimation of
fresh fruits and vegetables during transportation is expansive and
promising. As technology continues to advance, there is significant
potential to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of shelf-life
prediction systems. Future developments could include the integration
of advanced sensors and IoT devices to monitor environmental
conditions in real-time with greater precision. Machine learning and
artificial intelligence could be leveraged to improve predictive
models, incorporating a broader range of factors such as
transportation conditions, handling practices, and historical data.
Additionally, the integration of blockchain technology could enhance
transparency and traceability in the supply chain, providing detailed
records of the produce's journey from farm to table. Expanding the
system's capabilities to include a wider variety of produce and
adapting it to different transportation environments could further
enhance its applicability and utility. Moreover, future research could
explore the potential for real-time adjustments to transportation and
storage practices based on predictive insights, leading to even greater
reductions in waste and improvements in quality. The ultimate goal is
to create a robust, adaptive system that not only optimizes shelf-life
management but also supports sustainability and efficiency across the
entire supply chain.

REFERENCES:
1. Gómez, A., & Rojas, J. (2021). "Shelf-Life Prediction and
Quality Monitoring of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables." Journal of
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2. Dunn, J. R., & Gallant, A. (2017). "A Review of Shelf-Life
Prediction Models for Fruits and Vegetables." Food Control, 73,
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3. Liao, G., Liu, Y., & Chen, X. (2019). "Predicting Shelf Life of
Fresh Produce Using Data Analytics and Machine Learning."
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4. Boudhrioua, N., & Bouhamed, H. (2018). "Real-Time
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