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Assign 3 Network Programming

Uploaded by

Cate Muigai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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19/05988

Muigai Cathrine 19/05988


BAC 2303: Network programming
Assignment 3.
Question
Define TCP/IP architecture and explain the layers in it (10 marks)
Answer
The TCP/IP model is a fundamental framework for computer networking. It stands for
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which are the core protocols of the
Internet. This model defines how data is transmitted over networks, ensuring reliable
communication between devices.
It consists of four layers that are:
 Application layer
 Transport layer
 Internet layer
 Network Access Layer

1. Application layer
This is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model, where user interface and application
services reside. It facilitates communication between software applications and lower-
layer network services. This layer includes protocols such as HTTP (for web browsing),
SMTP (for email), FTP (for file transfer), and DNS (for domain name resolution). It shields
the upper-layer applications from the complexities of data.
Protocols: HTTP and HTTPS, SSH (secure shell) and NTP (Network Time Protocol)
2. Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for maintaining end-to-end communications across
the network. TCP handles communications between hosts and provides flow control,
multiplexing and reliability. It ensures complete data transfer and manages error
checking, data flow control, and data retransmission. The two primary protocols are
TCP, which provides reliable, connection-oriented services, and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol), which offers faster, connectionless services with no guarantee of delivery.
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Think of the two protocols as a delivery company that ensures packages arrive complete
and in the correct order.
Protocols: TCP and UDP.
3. Internet layer
The internet layer, also called the network layer is responsible for defining the
protocols, which are responsible for the logical transmission of data over the entire
network. The network layer protocols are IP and internet control message protocol
(ICMP) which are used for error reporting. The Internet Layer is a layer in the Internet
Protocol (IP) suite, which is the set of protocols that define the Internet. The Internet
Layer is responsible for routing packets of data from one device to another across a
network. It does this by assigning each device a unique IP address, which is used to
identify the device and determine the route that packets should take to reach it.
Protocols: IP (internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) and ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol).
4. Network Access Layer
The network link layer, also known as the network interface layer or data link layer. It is
the combination of the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. This layer controls
the transmission of data physically over a network between two devices. The mapping
of IP addresses of the devices into physical addresses is also done at this layer. When a
host’s IP process chooses to send an IP packet to a different host that host then uses the
link-layer details to send that packet to the next host. The protocols in this lowest layer
include Ethernet for local area networks and address resolution protocol.
Protocols: Ethernet and point-to-point control (PPP).

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