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Lecture 1

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8 views

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

kxj9156
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 1

Topics:

Operating System Services

User Operating System Interface

System Calls

Types of System Calls

System Programs

Operating System Design and Implementation

To describe the services an operating system provides to users, processes,


and other systems.

To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating system.

To explain how operating systems are installed and customized and how
they boot.

Operating System Services:

Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs and


services to programs and users

One set of operating-system services provides functions that are helpful to


the user:

User interface; Program execution; I/O operations; File-system


manipulation; Communications; Error detection

Another set of OS functions exists for ensuring the efficient operation of


the system itself via resource sharing

Resource allocation; Accounting; Protection and security

User Operating System Interface


CLI or command interpreter allows direct command entry: Sometimes
implemented in kernel, sometimes by systems program. Sometimes
multiple flavors implemented – shells.

System Calls

Programming interface to the services provided by the OS

Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++)

Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application Programming


Interface (API) rather than direct system call use

Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows, POSIX API for POSIX-
based systems (including virtually all versions of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS
X), and Java API for the Java virtual machine (JVM)

The system call interface invokes the intended system call in OS kernel
and returns status of the system call and any return values

The caller need know nothing about how the system call is implemented

Just needs to obey API and understand what OS will do as a result call

Most details of OS interface hidden from programmer by API

Managed by run-time support library (set of functions built into libraries


included with compiler)

Three general methods used to pass parameters to the OS

Simplest: pass the parameters in registers. In some cases, may be more


parameters than registers

Parameters stored in a block, or table, in memory, and address of block


passed as a parameter in a register. This approach taken by Linux and
Solaris

Parameters placed, or pushed, onto the stack by the program and popped
off the stack by the operating system. Block and stack methods do not
limit the number or length of parameters being passed

Types of System Calls

Process control

File management

Device management

Information maintenance

Communications

Protection

Kernel: The kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's


operating system and generally has complete control over everything in
the system. The kernel is also responsible for preventing and mitigating
conflicts between different processes

Shell: Shell is an interface between the operating system and the user. The
primary responsibility of the shell is to collect the user's input and execute
the program on the operating system based on that input.

A thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed


instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler, which is
typically a part of the operating system. In many cases, a thread is a
component of a process.

The multiple threads of a given process may be executed concurrently (via


multithreading capabilities), sharing resources such as memory, while
different processes do not share these resources.

In particular, the threads of a process share its executable code and the
values of its dynamically allocated variables and non-thread-local global
variables at any given time.

The implementation of threads and processes differs between operating


systems.

System Programs

System programs provide a convenient environment for program

development and execution. They can be divided into: File manipulation;

Status information sometimes stored in a File modification; Programming


language support; Program loading and execution; Communications;
Background services; Application programs

Most users’ view of the operation system is defined by system programs,


not the actual system calls

Operating System Design and Implementation

Design and Implementation of OS not “solvable”, but some approaches


have proven successful

Internal structure of different Operating Systems can vary widely

Start the design by defining goals and specifications

Affected by choice of hardware, type of system

User goals and System goals

User goals – operating system should be convenient to use, easy to learn,


reliable, safe, and fast

System goals – operating system should be easy to design, implement,


and maintain, as well as flexible, reliable, error-free, and efficient

Important principle to separate

Policy: What will be done?

Mechanism: How to do it?


Mechanisms determine how to do something; policies decide what will be
done

The separation of policy from mechanism is a very important principle, it


allows maximum flexibility if policy decisions are to be changed later
(example – timer)

Specifying and designing an OS is highly creative task of software


engineering

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