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Chapter 1

Introduction to heat transfer

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33 views20 pages

Chapter 1

Introduction to heat transfer

Uploaded by

ወዲ ሰየምቲ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER


Heat transfer is that science which seeks
to predict:
– the energy transfer which may take place between
material bodies as a result to a temperature
difference,
– how heat energy may be transferred,
– the rate at which heat exchange takes place.

Thermodynamics:
– deals with systems in equilibrium,
– used to predict the amount of energy required to
change a system from one equilibrium state to 1
another
BY:AWASH TEKLE
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Heat and Work

 Distinction should also be made between the energy terms


heat and work. Both represent energy in transition.
 Work is the transfer of energy resulting from a force acting
through a distance.
 Heat is energy transferred as the result of a temperature
difference.
 Neither heat nor work are thermodynamic properties of a
system.
 Heat can be transferred into or out of a system and work
can be done on or by a system, but a system cannot contain
or store either heat or work.
 Heat into a system and work out of a system are considered
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positive quantities.
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Example: Consider a hot steel bar which is
placed in a pail of water.

– Thermodynamics may be used to predict


the final temperature of the steel bar-water
combination. It will cannot tell how long it
takes to reach equilibrium or the temperature
of the bar during the process

– Heat transfer may be used to predict the


temperature of both the bar and the water as
a function of time. 3
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Conduction
 Conduction heat transfer occurs due to atomic or
molecular activity.
 Heat transferred from more energetic to less energetic
particles.
 Consider the gas with no bulk motion in the next
figure.
 The gas occupies the space between two surfaces
that are maintained at different temperatures.
 The temperature at any point is associated with the
energy of the gas molecules at that point.
 This energy is related to the random translational
motion, internal rotation and vibration motions of the
molecules. 5

 Higher temperatures means higher molecular


energies (activity).
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 When molecules collide, energy is transferred from
the high energy molecules to the less energy ones.
 Hence we say that in the presence of a temperature
 gradient, energy transfer occur in direction of
decreasing temperature.

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CHAPTER ONE
 The situation applies to both liquids and solids
however, since the molecules are more closely
spaced, the molecular interactions are stronger and
more frequent.
 In solids these molecular activity can include lattice
vibrations and motion of free electrons.
 The rate equation for heat transfer is given by:

 This equation is also known as Fourier’s law


where, heat flux, q’’ (W/m2) is the heat transfer in
the x direction per unit area perpendicular to the
direction of transfer, and it is proportional to the
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temperature gradient, dT/dx.
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 k is known as the thermal conductivity and is based
on the material of the wall. Units for k is W/m.K

 The minus sign in the equation signifies that heat is


transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature.
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CHAPTER ONE
 Under steady state conditions shown in the figure
above, the temperature distribution is linear and the
heat flux is then

Example:
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from
0.15-mthick fireclay brick having a thermal
conductivity of 1.7 W/m.K. Measurements made
during steady state operation reveal temperature of
1400 K and 1150 K at the inner and outer surfaces,
respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a 9
wall that is 0.5 m by 1.2 m on a side?
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Convection
Convection heat transfer comprises two mechanisms.
1. Energy is transferred due to molecular activity as in
the case of conduction and
2. Due to bulk motion of the fluid, together it is called
convection heat transfer.

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CHAPTER ONE
 Considering the diagram above, fluid flow over a
heated surface.
 Due to fluid-surface interaction, the velocity varies
from zero at the surface to a finite value, u∞. This
region is know as the velocity, boundary layer.
 Thermal boundary layer is the region of the fluid
through which the temperature varies from Ts (surface
temperature to T∞.
 Convection heat transfer occurs both by random
molecular motion and by the bulk motion of the fluid
within the boundary layer.
 Heat transfer due to molecular motion dominates neat
the bounding surface where fluid velocity is low.
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