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Machine Learning Mod 2

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views

Machine Learning Mod 2

Machine

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prasheelkarkera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Modute Whad fs Machine Learning ? 1 teaming ‘6 amg Protess by which o system ivaproves performance fem experience’ — Herbert Siren A116 Ahe bvanch of Arificial Intelligence 5 concerned with Aecrgn and eLevelop long of algorithras that allow cornpucters fo evolve bebavioars based on empirical Dasa. Machine learning is a subbield of ATs ustich enables roachiuss to learn from past Sata or experiences cothoud being explicitly programmed). BML. is the study of algortttina s on = Tmprove there performance e -ab some dask T -with experience E,"' eHHandlorillen Digit Retoguilton » Problem | Task Ts Recoguieing < chastifying haudbitter wed | witha Nwneces: bein on 3 ‘Paxforrmonce PF! percent “of, words correclly - | classified: , experience Es a Sdlabase of hand toritten words ie with q iver as sificaktons. 2) Mobo, Beiving! searnhind Problem! d @ scanned with OKEN Scanner de BD eluckers learning problern Tosk T* C loging cb ckers- Performance Pp: percend 4 qovrts wor, Agents oppewrts Etperience 5 ploging prodree qebess oqainst itself Howe ML vsorks 2 _ Trawing Modul eet: day ebopreant = Model vest evuabion t Accuracy (a+ Preacion 3. Recall. yy Types of ML algorithms: IsSupervised Leam'ng . & Unsupervised Learns 3 Sem -cuperuised learns [4 Ruin force ment dearning - i { ML | | 7m ised | Onsupervise SSVL Tar Yt | oom f° LEE ial | elassifnbran] [Regression ee I a @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | | Supervised! Nlachine leay edi . « [7 Th ts based on supervision. o Dk fran te mache cestng tu . (abeud” Aabasel s & based) on tle trans Dead “machine preditls Hu cetpud “The Labetlecdd Dat specities that somo of He a are alveady rapped ‘to the oulpeat i * Train thre maching with the ‘npud & correspon~ -fiug outperb » £ then tu madving will predich the oudput using the test detasel | Ee etony 4+ Real word * Froud Ditection —— * image seguarntablen diag nosis. + Risk assesnunk + Spam filtering » «spam — Deteclion (+ used 40 solve tre classi freation problem soudput variable is categorical I +a thangs “Yes of wo! + To predlrct Huw cabegories present in doko sel * Applicedron, + Stam dibectten \ Eras | filtering . eeet nee enrol . Popular classification atgori ttm: * Random [Forest Aaoritinn. ‘Dedsian ‘Tree v @ scanned with OKEN Scanner . leg i ste Reqress10n ig ae 7 + Support vector Macly'na Aigor thn, SD Regession ety hee ae | te solve veqrvessfon problems, in whrek neve ts a linsay velationship between — nyt output vavrables ' . »Lsed do predrch Coustno us output v0.71 Gbleg (Uke market drencls , whuattuy prechichion z | mak of stuclinb ofc. + Popular Regression algerithrn : “Simple lineay RA + Mullivaviate RA 7 ‘— ‘ Deatsion tree Algorithm . Lasso Regression ddvankoges @f SL. *since SL work with Hye labbld dalasey So we can have en erach telia about te classes of objects - ° Thise algorithms ave, belpfel In preLrclrng| ths outpub on tHe basis of prler experiene, Disedvantage of sk. ('Tluse ove pot able do selve complex tasks | (tLt may prechret werpeng cukpub if the | test dake is cbifferend frome the training | Adobe 7 \° Riquives (ods of Cowpedabonat Hme. to b | tyatn th algoritr ig @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner Unsupervised / ML * Machine ra dradiad cll Untebelrd Ledes e Machine pvedtels its ceeded eoithouk ans Gupey Vision: + Aim fs do group ey cade qertes tha cuntoited) deloseh actovaling to airvitlaridtes , pabderns ft differences *Moclint ave tnstruded to find hidden pedlern from Tnpeed dlalaced - Gy: vole of feels 1D Clustertng t \ Losed de find Mhurent groups from dala Objechs in group aye most . ginilar to each otter - no similanitves Laith +he objects ef other aelgeritlinn groups - #4! Grouping cceshomey 5 by thir purchasing fyehavrour + Ute euler algonithne VS K- Moons aad Algor'thmn - 2) Maan shift cdl 2» DescAn Mlgocithyn « U) Principas Componnt Aualyrs: 5) Andipenclink Compontad Avrodiysrs A aD Ascowadeon : ay finds Prtevseckeng relations comon | yariables cwoithtn « large Aedes el § @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Pole Th ts ese do fine tne: e€ipenetines of ont dada them an anottor dala “them, # Based of ayendiney Mh maps those | vavtabtes so thet Th coun genercete moving d | if Algovtthnn: | » Markel Baske! analysis. eWeb usage reining + Cortinous ‘productron ete. *Popullay Assoctetron autgorithen, + Apriort Algorithm. © €elat- : FR-qrowth algo Hem . Advantage : } * Used) der cowglicated fask: s Works “with enlabidled Aotased + vsed fer vorrous tasks, o8 getting Unlabeled deabaset #5, easier as compere 5 42 labelud alatasel Disadva tages: + Oatpub ts less accurate, as Deka sie# y's wok (abelud. 8 Vor brevwid with eracs oukpab vy prrer- © Move eff colt wot dees not map with He outpud« @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | Appltcatfon of OSML- + Mekwovk etnalys:'s |. Retommumdetion Systems: le Anorn aby Delechion: | " Stingulay Vadug Derompos'tion . |Semal. Supe mised) Learning (+t overcome Hae Areoback, of supervised ¢ | unsupervised learning ayoriteoms - (1 Th isthe ‘ubermdiate ground blw supervised | f Dus upervised) leaving alg ovittne . |e ttance , ibuses tHe cmbPralfoy of ab bled £ unlabelld dala sels ohuring the trata period) * (f tutally similar aba ts Dustered) aloes | orth an einsepovised learn'n eclgoritim, if Lallps to faba) Hu untabeled Safa july Mabel Saba. (+ Te ots becddse Labetted feta isa | Comparatively rove expensive than undabeld ela . A “Simple +f easy fo undhysband) the ahorittm, (+ bughly offre: ie Used Jo solve: Dravobacks of s€us 1A, | * Tkevosdions | resells ma 4 not Se stable @ WE Kakuot apply fiese ator; er e orithims te webioork davel fish 5 ” t lor Acuyacy 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner © | Retvforee want learning : * ~ RLA ox agent learns by interacting wary ths envivonnu nt- The agent Yecetves vewards by perform cowec Ely £ penaltres for performing incoreealy “The agents learns w7rthout “Tnbheritn bon fod , a buman by moni mtedl its Yeward ¢ mi nid et ng ifs pevally * ch is type of Pyra wee programming ral | drarns allgeritHarns Laing a systern of Yennard 1 peccutebmrent + ‘works on fecIback based process > learning Limprove cts performane | from experiences Agent get vewardig fer each goodachror £ 1 gek puntled) for cach bad achvon.. thine tHe goad of ts ts fo mauinze the vewardd « * Thes problem Can be (foteorer rales of » casing Markoy Pectston' Pracess (mor), ‘In Mop, thy agent ousbankly’ raleracts | cot the environment te eCedal sf enfeg sport = tes f 24ve even ex! ceCH=0 of ayoysrar he = 03 =n) = He emaly —ple Tietniing Examples. represevde d as (D osebot available trang excuples. I |H Btnotes tug sebaf alt 'possiele by po tases thabk the Lunrner may: consider, regardong a | tee ican betiy af the! lavaet: concept: @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Each hy pottees/’s “sh tn Hf repyrésents a boolean - valucd forcion che five) over x. | hv ¥ DLO). e oo. [eastive Lecning 1 pothesis : | Avy hy potusis found fo approw mate die ta fonction well over 4 ou fic ntl large set of bolning examples will alse epproximate fhe taract {undion | ye over otter | )etxamoles » t * [Concept learning as Search: (Cougel learning can be viewed as the task & searching Herougi’ a lorge scate of | hy pothes!s rnpl ty clfrud fag the hy pothesis yepresertatten ‘toe 2 to find toy pothesi's dad berestfrts ale example. ithree instances: one etal justances ¢ D pristine fs : i) 2) Syntacltcalt aish’nce ee Jivs lance 8) Sermanticaltys distinct hgpottess. lev: inbtances KX € hy pothes Fs Hom tte Enjoy sport learns task . 19 pesibig waleus Cluny (cid Prag) 9 Marmfeoid) a. | Cre9h frermal’} 2. ! 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Lys esurng te phe, stOrg er: z nage ts 5 ere > L ye r< Susuduotirs 12 SETORG > WOTM> sanre> iberaton yy: ea byes curred » WO > V5 Strong > a xf Yes should cornpare pith previous > ord. if chang veplace bY 2 If wo wrrte th previous step erty key 1p first tee only 0/0, keep O's bd dd fee So cus tue US consiclived —ve W's tgnere dS), ° @ scanned with OKEN Scanner I sive tnlibiory price edrWensy bug | wo affordolle today hg 2) ex: jctadters ' swe sreall | { ‘ae roan | big ne | Cepensivg whe Yes | | ea : (be lcoms | big | aswoays| expens've foo re lye many raschiom WO expensive, mony | Yes. | 5 roan | small no ne rrony Yes. | I’ - ee V\ Hows raony concepts cave possible for His Inslance Space ?, ax3 KAXAXBE HIS: 2) How — bupothasts ton be expressed by te by pottusts Jounguage? syntabrcebly obs tenet hy pothesi’s « : Wx & KUKUXG = 1600 Sernondceltyy liitoned hypothes " Cax4 KBy axH)t 233 2) Apply He FLED -S algoritoa by hard on Hu given trou ving sek - Consi'day Hw op in tte epecified » ordlir ancl exovnele 5 clown your hy pottesis each Hime observing an: example. write og tev skepdt , at} ho Cbd gdb) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Kle Comes smabh no > Uh bere ee irra ny) — Wo Negative Exomp le Hence 1q nove: hh= Cds hh ds gd) XQ = Cmany » big, no, expensives ons )-Ye s- hae ( many 5 big nos expensive sono) . XKA-Coower big» ehways > xpere tue, Feu2d— Mo = Hence! ignovt: hde- Crnany , big, no, expensive pont). Ku = Cmanyo nardditenn’, nos expensiVe ymany ) te “ue C(mangs ? ) WO yEXpEns! HE) ve) | xgeCenangs srl ner afferPables many) | hs-Cmongn 9 enOo 42) |Version space 4 CAMDI DATE ELE MINATION | Atgosithen« The key jaa in the CANOE PATE -ELIMEMA TION adgorithre fs Jo ousputy a duseription of the “seh of alt lypothusts consistent volts. thee drawing efamples: (Befinotion: A hypothesis hh is Goaietent cute a cee of trouming examples D if € ont if Cw) = cC2) for each example CxscCx)) tn @ scanned with OKEN Scanner dD. Conar's tert Hypothests An Rypottasls halving examp example in O° Conaistent ChsP) ‘evs | Ceuations t Some mony bi=C1 na-C2,? The Version Space { Vevsiion Space hots Consistent > iff WHR a seb of her) = cCx) for each les = CV Cx. c€x7) év) hCx) = CCx)) sre Dated rand “small Brq ) Price KdiWvons | By. Siete “ol expenetee { » 200.2) Many) Consistent Mo, ? 5 2) A wet consictent: VSu,p 15 the Subset of mtu hy pottusi s from LH consistent colt the . tyouning. VSup ee LIST -Then “at prithen * > Vers forms pace a hy pottasts in AH exarp !e, mn D fren] consis tert Chio)§ ’ -Elrminade’ Algor tam: ca co conteurning| every @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Qs For ack dnorinenge example Cxyeey)) semove fro Verafonspece ong, by potas W (ey ryiteh WCx) of eda) Be Ceubt pat othe tlad of bp prothasts In Version Spore Lisd Than © Elina node cooks in pinerple 540 long @ version Space hs finite, + However since it veqeulves eyheree live eheowtyation of att Corp pothes’s iors nod easth le. im prachce \€xs FL a Ae F22Xy ,Tastance Space (Ast) oY) COX) Ca¥) ~ Heer “Hypottuest's Spaces AX) CA) > CArb) sCAst) 5 Cary GM) CB) CHT) Gs bd) CHA) 9 CT Dy CPs 1) CUy V) 9 C2 Ad, COD oytenek . ssemantic , hypothesis 4 lo CAox) CAM) 5 CA?), h Gat “co Con Gn), Gy) ct) Ch P- sversion Space + Aix) CAN), (Ar?) » CBK)s CY) s08.4),O2 5 C1,K),C2 2) » C247) Cb #) + Tretning instances; |e | FA Tay get | A x Ves | A Mae es Consrstent Hy potes’s are + CAs2) 50257) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 7 | , , | Ltsd- Then - Elinnade hos Problems Ihe |: . hy pothesrs space raul Le finite. + Enumeration of atl ley Pottusis » adler Cnsuffiend. (Canldlate- Elrmnotion Atlearntng Algorithm, Vers'onS pace tontalrutng abl trupottesiy ef if ths version % nod consHeud rerroved “> Copnpudes | Aelgarilbn ¢ . ‘In'Halize G do the set of raed needles | geruredt hypothests in H, sIviltatize S$ to set of rnautimaliy ge specif by pottesi's inh H + Bor each training éXample f, de [. fh Be positrve exaraple . [Remove from q any - hu pothes is In cons/sted “with A. "For each hypothesis st fn S that 73 ‘not: @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | Chapter 2. | Decision “Tree Learning TT a « Decision Tyee’ Decision tree leorrvng is @ mae one lof tte mosd widely adopted augoritems for classification » fit builds a rod in He form lof a tree Sdruchure. Pusel for mebtihimmensional analyris vith LD omsedtiple classes. > chorackrized by fost exzcabion tine Eur App licadion | Business Managtment: eCustomer Rulahionslip Management oa | Eraudutent Statement Debechion *Enginter ing . . 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Ran . sunny ovevcets4 Du DS De DID OM [or de og D4 on] [pz D4 OR D3] L a Scone” Attvibube + Termp: ValusC Temp) = Hot Mri, cond! |Ssunny = [2 3-J Evtrory CSsunng) = OrtF- Sitot < [otsa-J eutrony Stor \~ 0° oF Shard] = Lies t-] entrooy (suid) = 10 Scoot Lr ton-d entrory( stool ) = 0°0- svt GaunC sunny sTernp) + Entvery C3) - 2 Tar foo Ve (tle Lee, ccef) Fort - 2p - Be - Looe o-sda’ Attribuk steearnidly SLtvgn =[ot,3-J=0 Shormal >[ @d,0-) = O° w) Gein (Sunny, Humiclty 2 og= = xO = 2x0 = oUt @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Wind Adtbute* _ SL i2-J. & troy Suectk) -peteg ( 4) J 3 4¢9,(2) . + CxkG EF. | sbrong Sie) IT tensropy (Senor) * et —_ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | Geutn(nain» Tomp) = Ort tol te n(rair » me) Euhory @ - 2 is| Seley vy veCtuynuidool | | 3 2 (f= orqt- £xO- eee cae 2O+G1IJog. v O1O14R- | Atty bute ! unity . i | Sonctns Ebi dy Copain) “8? | Sreigh = atst-] Enbvery (Suigp) =~ Se 8 | Spovmate—]ebs te Entergy Sorrel 3 fo 33)- & | = O-rdse | 3 (dar (ean, Runattity) eortte- 2 xl — ‘7 4 = Or0lgRr: | Atyt bude: wind: Sean, Entropy win) 20-U#H | Sweare—[3t50-J Entropy CEwveak) > 0” | Sstronge—[o+ , o-] Entropy Cse¢rong ) =O ; Gain Ceauin, wr'nel) I-] entropy CSF) =| Gain (a5, %2)= Ol - ri Ay | “2. | Lo | 7 . | / rsa] [ooo] Att’ bute T See—Jatol-] Entropy ($1) = O° 183: Sto2—[2t BI Entory Gras) = oI O° | Sraac Lott entrory(Sea) = 2 ; | Gain A sad = 01183 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ™ dyibule €° Spe OF lg ou efober-J » Enbery CSpao) 76 Sraae fit) O-J seruteopy(/$ Faas O- Gein (Sp do) =or2l63 same i GainCspy ay) = 019183 ‘i e (23, “fi J ud» i ‘ 56 4 ae a =, waite _ y @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | [Enstonce) al | oe | Py | Toe Hot lergfh No ae | wet) eg | ee es | | 3 | Fabs) Hoe | High a 4 | Fatse ml) ermal ‘es Se False | Cool Normal Yes =e |aact fren | Cool | Migh | Me | 7 Trup Hot High es | |g Tree Hot | Mormd ‘tes | 4 Fase | cool | abrmap_| Yes | - Fete | Cool High Yes. ] | S<—[ebo de as | Entropy (s) = © tog (45) - 4, 40g (5) = 0-4 #0U ~~ “bg fhe) ~ Laeal! | Setyue<—[U> 4-]> entreoy (Sue) * $ald ce | = OL £014. | Srabees-[ $450 J » Entropy (5p tse) - © | ‘ Gain (sal) - Enboryls)— é sv). uy false) [Sp = Odd — a - £ro =]6: 6090S, Suor<— Lot 3°] entrory(Syor) = 2 toy(2)- Ebog(2.) =O. TH, Scoot <— [abl -J, entropy C Scoot) = = Log 4) - clog’ 4) | =O FalT, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner st Entropy (sv) | | Gain (S>a2) = 0°94 -Zyoqal — 7 0r8erd 0° Gop FEL ]p-1 2355) | | | Sigh ZL bd Entropy Cyiga) “tog 2)- tlglh | ~ Orda | | Syormal Ly bo entrapy Cyyoimat)* ©” Gain($%3) = 0-94- SE x0 9182 - zt xD | " emmy 7 Tre ‘oulse . LEK 3045 55 10 AMwbate + a2 Streus—[ Hy Tag Entropy CSrru)s 0-419, Seor<—— [348-J Enbery 6) Ae -~2 eye G- Hlog t =0° 61/2 Stoo} <—O4)1-] Entory (Seo) = O, Geu'n (True, as) = onal Leovene [oO 72%] Attribube az: | Pdigh pots 4] Entraph (spigh) = 2. | Swormal—L[1t,0-J €ntroey( Spomat)* 0 | Gain tye az)= otol4 -Li0- Lxo @ scanned with OKEN Scanner aS ax Ligh wormal vo tes: | Feclse - | Adtyt bade a8 | Spatse Tod enbor fT Sratce] >O ) Ty el Eels e ab\p Yes: 7 Norm al Heyl: | : ta | Noe Yes 35 Wy 53% lo- tye HS bay6)+ hon of £D3. 1. £03 Wy pottusi’s specce of atl Aecision trees ss cormplebe space of fivrite Aiscrete -yelurd | funckions yreledi've to the avilable obbibues, PR averds ous of wrey'er vis ks af method that search facousplebe logy pert tvers spaces, \5. onty o& siugle current Gypothesirs & tt Seovcles torougte the space of altetsion tem G- Tog mits curt fou peforms no back tachug tn fle secvel. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner dean handle Bole daring deda tncluelive Bras in Decisioa Tree Learning: aw types lanquagé igen : oy (a% 2 Jeednetiver Gal based! on conditions Coste) ? 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