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Machine Learning Mod 2
Machine
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Machine Learning Mod 2
Machine
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Modute Whad fs Machine Learning ? 1 teaming ‘6 amg Protess by which o system ivaproves performance fem experience’ — Herbert Siren A116 Ahe bvanch of Arificial Intelligence 5 concerned with Aecrgn and eLevelop long of algorithras that allow cornpucters fo evolve bebavioars based on empirical Dasa. Machine learning is a subbield of ATs ustich enables roachiuss to learn from past Sata or experiences cothoud being explicitly programmed). BML. is the study of algortttina s on = Tmprove there performance e -ab some dask T -with experience E,"' eHHandlorillen Digit Retoguilton » Problem | Task Ts Recoguieing < chastifying haudbitter wed | witha Nwneces: bein on 3 ‘Paxforrmonce PF! percent “of, words correclly - | classified: , experience Es a Sdlabase of hand toritten words ie with q iver as sificaktons. 2) Mobo, Beiving! searnhind Problem! d @ scanned with OKEN Scannerde BD eluckers learning problern Tosk T* C loging cb ckers- Performance Pp: percend 4 qovrts wor, Agents oppewrts Etperience 5 ploging prodree qebess oqainst itself Howe ML vsorks 2 _ Trawing Modul eet: day ebopreant = Model vest evuabion t Accuracy (a+ Preacion 3. Recall. yy Types of ML algorithms: IsSupervised Leam'ng . & Unsupervised Learns 3 Sem -cuperuised learns [4 Ruin force ment dearning - i { ML | | 7m ised | Onsupervise SSVL Tar Yt | oom f° LEE ial | elassifnbran] [Regression ee I a @ scanned with OKEN Scanner || Supervised! Nlachine leay edi . « [7 Th ts based on supervision. o Dk fran te mache cestng tu . (abeud” Aabasel s & based) on tle trans Dead “machine preditls Hu cetpud “The Labetlecdd Dat specities that somo of He a are alveady rapped ‘to the oulpeat i * Train thre maching with the ‘npud & correspon~ -fiug outperb » £ then tu madving will predich the oudput using the test detasel | Ee etony 4+ Real word * Froud Ditection —— * image seguarntablen diag nosis. + Risk assesnunk + Spam filtering » «spam — Deteclion (+ used 40 solve tre classi freation problem soudput variable is categorical I +a thangs “Yes of wo! + To predlrct Huw cabegories present in doko sel * Applicedron, + Stam dibectten \ Eras | filtering . eeet nee enrol . Popular classification atgori ttm: * Random [Forest Aaoritinn. ‘Dedsian ‘Tree v @ scanned with OKEN Scanner. leg i ste Reqress10n ig ae 7 + Support vector Macly'na Aigor thn, SD Regession ety hee ae | te solve veqrvessfon problems, in whrek neve ts a linsay velationship between — nyt output vavrables ' . »Lsed do predrch Coustno us output v0.71 Gbleg (Uke market drencls , whuattuy prechichion z | mak of stuclinb ofc. + Popular Regression algerithrn : “Simple lineay RA + Mullivaviate RA 7 ‘— ‘ Deatsion tree Algorithm . Lasso Regression ddvankoges @f SL. *since SL work with Hye labbld dalasey So we can have en erach telia about te classes of objects - ° Thise algorithms ave, belpfel In preLrclrng| ths outpub on tHe basis of prler experiene, Disedvantage of sk. ('Tluse ove pot able do selve complex tasks | (tLt may prechret werpeng cukpub if the | test dake is cbifferend frome the training | Adobe 7 \° Riquives (ods of Cowpedabonat Hme. to b | tyatn th algoritr ig @ Scanned with OKEN ScannerUnsupervised / ML * Machine ra dradiad cll Untebelrd Ledes e Machine pvedtels its ceeded eoithouk ans Gupey Vision: + Aim fs do group ey cade qertes tha cuntoited) deloseh actovaling to airvitlaridtes , pabderns ft differences *Moclint ave tnstruded to find hidden pedlern from Tnpeed dlalaced - Gy: vole of feels 1D Clustertng t \ Losed de find Mhurent groups from dala Objechs in group aye most . ginilar to each otter - no similanitves Laith +he objects ef other aelgeritlinn groups - #4! Grouping cceshomey 5 by thir purchasing fyehavrour + Ute euler algonithne VS K- Moons aad Algor'thmn - 2) Maan shift cdl 2» DescAn Mlgocithyn « U) Principas Componnt Aualyrs: 5) Andipenclink Compontad Avrodiysrs A aD Ascowadeon : ay finds Prtevseckeng relations comon | yariables cwoithtn « large Aedes el § @ scanned with OKEN ScannerPole Th ts ese do fine tne: e€ipenetines of ont dada them an anottor dala “them, # Based of ayendiney Mh maps those | vavtabtes so thet Th coun genercete moving d | if Algovtthnn: | » Markel Baske! analysis. eWeb usage reining + Cortinous ‘productron ete. *Popullay Assoctetron autgorithen, + Apriort Algorithm. © €elat- : FR-qrowth algo Hem . Advantage : } * Used) der cowglicated fask: s Works “with enlabidled Aotased + vsed fer vorrous tasks, o8 getting Unlabeled deabaset #5, easier as compere 5 42 labelud alatasel Disadva tages: + Oatpub ts less accurate, as Deka sie# y's wok (abelud. 8 Vor brevwid with eracs oukpab vy prrer- © Move eff colt wot dees not map with He outpud« @ scanned with OKEN Scanner| Appltcatfon of OSML- + Mekwovk etnalys:'s |. Retommumdetion Systems: le Anorn aby Delechion: | " Stingulay Vadug Derompos'tion . |Semal. Supe mised) Learning (+t overcome Hae Areoback, of supervised ¢ | unsupervised learning ayoriteoms - (1 Th isthe ‘ubermdiate ground blw supervised | f Dus upervised) leaving alg ovittne . |e ttance , ibuses tHe cmbPralfoy of ab bled £ unlabelld dala sels ohuring the trata period) * (f tutally similar aba ts Dustered) aloes | orth an einsepovised learn'n eclgoritim, if Lallps to faba) Hu untabeled Safa july Mabel Saba. (+ Te ots becddse Labetted feta isa | Comparatively rove expensive than undabeld ela . A “Simple +f easy fo undhysband) the ahorittm, (+ bughly offre: ie Used Jo solve: Dravobacks of s€us 1A, | * Tkevosdions | resells ma 4 not Se stable @ WE Kakuot apply fiese ator; er e orithims te webioork davel fish 5 ” t lor Acuyacy 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner© | Retvforee want learning : * ~ RLA ox agent learns by interacting wary ths envivonnu nt- The agent Yecetves vewards by perform cowec Ely £ penaltres for performing incoreealy “The agents learns w7rthout “Tnbheritn bon fod , a buman by moni mtedl its Yeward ¢ mi nid et ng ifs pevally * ch is type of Pyra wee programming ral | drarns allgeritHarns Laing a systern of Yennard 1 peccutebmrent + ‘works on fecIback based process > learning Limprove cts performane | from experiences Agent get vewardig fer each goodachror £ 1 gek puntled) for cach bad achvon.. thine tHe goad of ts ts fo mauinze the vewardd « * Thes problem Can be (foteorer rales of » casing Markoy Pectston' Pracess (mor), ‘In Mop, thy agent ousbankly’ raleracts | cot the environment
te eCedal sf enfeg sport = tes f 24ve even ex! ceCH=0 of ayoysrar he = 03 =n) = He emaly —ple Tietniing Examples. represevde d as (D osebot available trang excuples. I |H Btnotes tug sebaf alt 'possiele by po tases thabk the Lunrner may: consider, regardong a | tee ican betiy af the! lavaet: concept: @ scanned with OKEN ScannerEach hy pottees/’s “sh tn Hf repyrésents a boolean - valucd forcion che five) over x. | hv ¥ DLO). e oo. [eastive Lecning 1 pothesis : | Avy hy potusis found fo approw mate die ta fonction well over 4 ou fic ntl large set of bolning examples will alse epproximate fhe taract {undion | ye over otter | )etxamoles » t * [Concept learning as Search: (Cougel learning can be viewed as the task & searching Herougi’ a lorge scate of | hy pothes!s rnpl ty clfrud fag the hy pothesis yepresertatten ‘toe 2 to find toy pothesi's dad berestfrts ale example. ithree instances: one etal justances ¢ D pristine fs : i) 2) Syntacltcalt aish’nce ee Jivs lance 8) Sermanticaltys distinct hgpottess. lev: inbtances KX € hy pothes Fs Hom tte Enjoy sport learns task . 19 pesibig waleus Cluny (cid Prag) 9 Marmfeoid) a. | Cre9h frermal’} 2. ! CStrong / weak’) Q°>* © Scanned with OKEN Scanner| Cworrmyfeold) — 2 - a Csawas [erange ae « Qxaxayarvayva =%6 bistinck- Gunny/ cloudy reuiny [1/g) oo! 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Lys esurng te phe, stOrg er: z nage ts 5 ere > L ye r< Susuduotirs 12 SETORG > WOTM> sanre> iberaton yy: ea byes curred » WO > V5 Strong > a xf Yes should cornpare pith previous > ord. if chang veplace bY 2 If wo wrrte th previous step erty key 1p first tee only 0/0, keep O's bd dd fee So cus tue US consiclived —ve W's tgnere dS), ° @ scanned with OKEN ScannerI sive tnlibiory price edrWensy bug | wo affordolle today hg 2) ex: jctadters ' swe sreall | { ‘ae roan | big ne | Cepensivg whe Yes | | ea : (be lcoms | big | aswoays| expens've foo re lye many raschiom WO expensive, mony | Yes. | 5 roan | small no ne rrony Yes. | I’ - ee V\ Hows raony concepts cave possible for His Inslance Space ?, ax3 KAXAXBE HIS: 2) How — bupothasts ton be expressed by te by pottusts Jounguage? syntabrcebly obs tenet hy pothesi’s « : Wx & KUKUXG = 1600 Sernondceltyy liitoned hypothes " Cax4 KBy axH)t 233 2) Apply He FLED -S algoritoa by hard on Hu given trou ving sek - Consi'day Hw op in tte epecified » ordlir ancl exovnele 5 clown your hy pottesis each Hime observing an: example. write og tev skepdt , at} ho Cbd gdb) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerKle Comes smabh no > Uh bere ee irra ny) — Wo Negative Exomp le Hence 1q nove: hh= Cds hh ds gd) XQ = Cmany » big, no, expensives ons )-Ye s- hae ( many 5 big nos expensive sono) . XKA-Coower big» ehways > xpere tue, Feu2d— Mo = Hence! ignovt: hde- Crnany , big, no, expensive pont). Ku = Cmanyo nardditenn’, nos expensiVe ymany ) te “ue C(mangs ? ) WO yEXpEns! HE) ve) | xgeCenangs srl ner afferPables many) | hs-Cmongn 9 enOo 42) |Version space 4 CAMDI DATE ELE MINATION | Atgosithen« The key jaa in the CANOE PATE -ELIMEMA TION adgorithre fs Jo ousputy a duseription of the “seh of alt lypothusts consistent volts. thee drawing efamples: (Befinotion: A hypothesis hh is Goaietent cute a cee of trouming examples D if € ont if Cw) = cC2) for each example CxscCx)) tn @ scanned with OKEN ScannerdD. Conar's tert Hypothests An Rypottasls halving examp example in O° Conaistent ChsP) ‘evs | Ceuations t Some mony bi=C1 na-C2,? The Version Space { Vevsiion Space hots Consistent > iff WHR a seb of her) = cCx) for each les = CV Cx. c€x7) év) hCx) = CCx)) sre Dated rand “small Brq ) Price KdiWvons | By. Siete “ol expenetee { » 200.2) Many) Consistent Mo, ? 5 2) A wet consictent: VSu,p 15 the Subset of mtu hy pottusi s from LH consistent colt the . tyouning. VSup ee LIST -Then “at prithen * > Vers forms pace a hy pottasts in AH exarp !e, mn D fren] consis tert Chio)§ ’ -Elrminade’ Algor tam: ca co conteurning| every @ scanned with OKEN ScannerQs For ack dnorinenge example Cxyeey)) semove fro Verafonspece ong, by potas W (ey ryiteh WCx) of eda) Be Ceubt pat othe tlad of bp prothasts In Version Spore Lisd Than © Elina node cooks in pinerple 540 long @ version Space hs finite, + However since it veqeulves eyheree live eheowtyation of att Corp pothes’s iors nod easth le. im prachce \€xs FL a Ae F22Xy ,Tastance Space (Ast) oY) COX) Ca¥) ~ Heer “Hypottuest's Spaces AX) CA) > CArb) sCAst) 5 Cary GM) CB) CHT) Gs bd) CHA) 9 CT Dy CPs 1) CUy V) 9 C2 Ad, COD oytenek . ssemantic , hypothesis 4 lo CAox) CAM) 5 CA?), h Gat “co Con Gn), Gy) ct) Ch P- sversion Space + Aix) CAN), (Ar?) » CBK)s CY) s08.4),O2 5 C1,K),C2 2) » C247) Cb #) + Tretning instances; |e | FA Tay get | A x Ves | A Mae es Consrstent Hy potes’s are + CAs2) 50257) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner7 | , , | Ltsd- Then - Elinnade hos Problems Ihe |: . hy pothesrs space raul Le finite. + Enumeration of atl ley Pottusis » adler Cnsuffiend. (Canldlate- Elrmnotion Atlearntng Algorithm, Vers'onS pace tontalrutng abl trupottesiy ef if ths version % nod consHeud rerroved “> Copnpudes | Aelgarilbn ¢ . ‘In'Halize G do the set of raed needles | geruredt hypothests in H, sIviltatize S$ to set of rnautimaliy ge specif by pottesi's inh H + Bor each training éXample f, de [. fh Be positrve exaraple . [Remove from q any - hu pothes is In cons/sted “with A. "For each hypothesis st fn S that 73 ‘not: @ scanned with OKEN Scanner| Chapter 2. | Decision “Tree Learning TT a « Decision Tyee’ Decision tree leorrvng is @ mae one lof tte mosd widely adopted augoritems for classification » fit builds a rod in He form lof a tree Sdruchure. Pusel for mebtihimmensional analyris vith LD omsedtiple classes. > chorackrized by fost exzcabion tine Eur App licadion | Business Managtment: eCustomer Rulahionslip Management oa | Eraudutent Statement Debechion *Enginter ing . . Cueva e G@nsumphon | Heattheare Manogtuang |Decision Tree Rapresentali'on ° Play Tenn s Suneok (FEY overcast = [eeararg) ds wis | a oe T work Wo pr es lay , 0 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAppropiede Problera dor Decision Tree Learnin. Yatnsdance ave weprestnd hg AWribud vaSus paty wy The forget fandbion bas obictrehe audpud Vabuas IW) Digjanclive Meyegip lions rang be vequrved) iV) The sfreutning Dada recor wonlasn evtors: v) the tretinsing dobar may contain reteeng oddvibude vobiies: Betision' ter leaning bor been applied to problems such a3 leanunyg be dassify rnedy oo) tebiends by thet abisease, eqeiprront mal finds. bY tbuiy case, @ loan applicants by tw thethiood af chifaut ting on payraks pT Ine le wentabion : Nes.o, 2) CART Codassifireedion CRegre ssron Tree), 3 CHa Cchi-syuove Aelomalre Fn terachon Debechor) £ DLOaCrHeative Dichetonvser 3) algorithm, 1D 2 Atgoutthrn Wluch atfyibube Ica best dlassifrer ? Entropy F inforrnadtion gen: Entropy. Wwuasares the Frnpeentty, of 2 colle cton . of examples: Enorrnevion gedn ~ we Given a cottechion 5, condaiu'ng positive £ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner—eeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEyEyEye—EE—EE nag adive extarmples of sone target Once pk the enbrory of 5 relative to flu's Enbory(s) = Rey ef. 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