g¨vwUª· [Matrix]

ম্যাট্রিক্স হচ্ছে আয়তাকাচ্ছে সুসট্রিত কতগুচ্ছ া সংখ্যা ( বা গাণিণিক ণবষয় ) যেগুল ালক ভুণি ব া হয়, ো সাট্রে ও স্থম্ভ আকালে সুশৃঙ্খ ভালব সাজাল া থালক । [A matrix is a
rectangular array of numbers (or other mathematical objects), called the entries of the matrix arranged in row and column.]
9 2 1
[7 5 3] সাট্রে / row
0 8 5

স্থম্ভ / column
ম্যাণিক্স উপস্থাপল ে পদ্ধণি : [Matrix presentation:]
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1. [ ] 2. ( ) 3. ‖ ‖
4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6
𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ], 𝑖 = 1,2,3 … … . 𝑛 & 𝑗 = 1,2,3, … … 𝑚 where / যেখাল 𝑛, 𝑚 ∈ ℕ
A একটি (𝑛 × 𝑚) ক্রলেে ম্যাণিক্স। [Order of A is (𝑛 × 𝑚) ]
1 2 3
[ ] এটা (2 × 3)ক্রলেে ম্যাণিক্স । পড়া হয় 2 বাই 3 অথবা শুধু দুই ণি [this is (2 × 3) order matrix. Read as 2 by 3 or simply two three.]
4 5 6
g¨vwUª‡·i cÖKvi‡f` [Types of Matrices]
1. mvwi g¨vwUª· [Row Matrix ] : GK mvwiwewkó g¨vwUª·‡K mvwi g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [The matrix which has only one row is a row matrix.]
†hgb : A = [2 4 6] GKwU (13) µ‡gi mvwi g¨vwUª·| [For example: A= [2 4 6]is a row matrix of order (13).]
2. Kjvg g¨vwUª· [Column Matrix] : GK Kjvgwewkó g¨vwUª·‡K Kjvg g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [The matrix which has only one column is a column matrix.]
1 1
†hgb : B = [2]GKwU (31) µ‡gi Kjvg g¨vwUª·| [For example:B= [2]is a column matrix of order (31).]
3 3
3. eM© g¨vwUª· [Square Matrix] : †h g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi msL¨v Ges Kjvg msL¨v mgvb Zv‡K eM© g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [If the number of rows and columns are equal
in a matrix then the matrix is called the square matrix]
3 6 9 3 6 9
†hgb : A = [2 4 6]GKwU (33) µ‡gi eM© g¨vwUª·| [ For example: A= A= [2 4 6]is a square matrix of order (33).]
1 3 5 1 3 5
4. g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb ev gyL¨ KY© [Principal diagonal] : eM© g¨vwUª‡·i (i, j) িে (যেখাল i = j ) fzw³Mvgx KY©‡K cÖavb ev gyL¨ KY© ejv nq| অথবা,
eM© g¨vwUª‡·i 1g mvwi I 1g Kjv‡g Aew¯’Z mvaviY fzw³Mvgx KY©‡K cÖavb ev gyL¨ KY© ejv nq | অথবা,
যে ভূট্রি ১নং সাট্রে ও ১নং ক াচ্ছে ট্রবদ্যোন, এই ভূট্রি ট্রিচ্ছয় আেো েট্রি একটি বর্ গ যেত্র অংকন কট্রে, ঐ ভট্রি ট্রিচ্ছয় ঐ বচ্ছর্েগ যে কর্ গ অংকন কো োয়, তাচ্ছকই ব া হয় ম্যাট্রিক্স এে
প্রধান কর্ গ। [The diagonal of a square matrix passing through the (i, j)th (where i = j) entries is called principal diagonal. Or,
The diagonal passing through the common entry of the first row and the first column is called principal diagonal. Or,
If a square is drawn taking a vertex at the common entry of the 1st row and 1st column, then the diagonal of the square is called Principal
diagonal.]
2 3 4 2 3 1
2 3 4
A = [−1 5 7] B=[ ] C = [ 4 5] D = [1 2 3] E=[2 ]
5 7 9
4 8 6 6 7 3
A g¨vwUª‡·i fzw³ 2, 5, 6 wb‡q MwVZ KY©B cÖavb KY©| [Here the Principal diagonal of the Matrix A consists of entries 2, 5, 6 ]
B,C,D,E বগ গ ম্যাণিক্স য়। সুিোং এলেলে প্রধান কর্ গ বা মূখ্য কি গ আল াচ্য য়। [Here B ,C, D, E are not square matrix. So, the term principal diagonal is
not applicable here.]
5. g¨vwUª‡·i †Uªm ev bvwf [Trace of a Matrix] : cÖavb KY© eivei fzw³¸wji †hvMdj‡K g¨vwUª‡·i †Uªm ejvnq| A-ম্যাট্রিচ্ছক্সে যিসচ্ছক tr(A) দ্বাো প্রকাশ কো হয়। [Sum
of the entries in the principal diagonal is called the trace of the matrix. The trace of the matrix A is denoted by tr(A)]
3 6 9
A = [2 4 6] †hgb : A g¨vwUª‡·i ‡Uªm = 3+ 4+5=12 [For example:Trace of matrix A=3+4+5=12]
1 3 5
𝑎 2 3
[5 𝑎 9] এই ম্যাট্রিচ্ছক্সে যিস 9 হচ্ছ A এে োন কত? [If the Trace of the Matrix A is 9, then 𝑎 =? ]
4 3 𝑎
∴ 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 9 ⟹ 3𝑎 = 9 ⟹ 𝑎 = 3
6. KY© g¨vwUª· [Diagonal Matrix] : †h eM© g¨wUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i fzw³¸wj Ak~b¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ mKj fzw³ k~b¨ Zv‡K KY© g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [A diagonal matrix
is a square matrix with all the entries equal to zero except in the principal diagonal.]
𝑎11 0 0
†hgb : [For example :] A = [ 0 𝑎22 0 ]
0 0 𝑎33
আবাে / Again
†h eM© g¨wUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i fzw³¸wj e¨wZZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj fzw³ k~b¨ Zv‡K KY© g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all the entries
equal to zero except in the principal diagonal.]
3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
†hgb : [For example :] A= [0 4 0], B = [0 0 0], C = [0 0 0]
0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0
7. †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª· [Scalar Matrix] : †h eM© g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i fzw³¸wj mgvb I Ak~b¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ fzw³¸wj k~b¨ Zv‡K †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª· e‡j| [A scalar matrix
is a diagonal matrix where all the diagonal entries are equal and nonzero and ther entries ar zero. In other word if a diagonal matrix
forms with all the identical entries in the diagonal is called the Scalar matrix.]
†hgb : [For example :]
10 0 0 g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i mKj fzw³B 10. myZivs GwU GKwU †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª·|
A = [ 0 10 0 ] mKj †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª·B KY© g¨vwUª· wKš‘ mKj KY© g¨vwUª· †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª· bq|
0 0 10 [ Here the entries of the main diagonal are 10. Therefore it is scalar matrix. All
scalar matrix is diagonal matrix but all diagonal matrix is not scalar matrix]
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h, †h KY© g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i fzw³¸wj Awfbœ Zv‡K †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [In other word a scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix where
all the entries of the diagonal are equal]
7 0 0 0 0 0
†hgb : [For example :] A = [0 7 0], B = [0 0 0]
0 0 7 0 0 0
2 0 2 0 2 2
যে াে ম্যাণিলক্সে যেলে : [For Scalar matrix:] B = B. B = [ 2
]. [ ] = [2 + 0 0 + 02 ] = [2 0 ] = [4 0]
0 2 0 2 0+0 0+2 0 22 0 4
5 5 n
2 0 0 ], B n = [2 0
∴ B5 = [ ] = [2 ]
0 2 0 25 0 2n
1
8. GKK g¨vwUª· ev A‡f`K g¨vwUª· [Unit or Identity Matrix] : ‡h †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i fzw³¸wji cÖ‡Z¨‡KB 1Zv‡K A‡f`K g¨vwUª· ejv nq| GwU‡K
mvaviYZ I Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Avevi (22) µ‡gi A‡f`K g¨vwUª·‡K I2 I (33) µ‡gi A‡f`K g¨vwUª·‡K I3Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| [An unit or identity matrix
is a scalar matrix with all entries in the principal diagonal is equal to 1 and with other entries is equal to zero. In general it is denoted by
I. Repeatedly, the identity matrix of order of (22) is denoted by I2 and the identity matrix of order (33) is denoted by I3.]
1 0 0
1 0
†hgb : [For example: ] I3 = [0 1 0] , I2 = [ ] Gi cÖ‡Z¨‡K A‡f`K g¨vwUª·| [both of which are identity matrices.]
0 1
0 0 1
mKj A‡f`K g¨vwUª· †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª· wKš‘ mKj †¯‹jvi g¨vwUª· A‡f`K g¨vwUª· bq| [Each identity matrix is scalar matrix but each scalar matrix is not the
identity matrix.]
বাস্তব সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে /𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 ম্যাট্রিত্রের ক্ষেত্রে /𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
𝑎+0=𝑎 2 4 1 0
A=[ ] I=[ ]
3 7 0 1
যোগাত্বক অচ্ছভিক [Additive Identity]
𝑎. 1 = 𝑎 2+0 0+4 2 4
A. I = [ ] =[ ]=A
3+0 0+7 3 7
গুিাত্বক অচ্ছভিক [Multiplicative Identity]

অচ্ছভিক ম্যাট্রিক্স [Identity Matrix]

9. ণবপেীি ম্যাণিক্স [Inverse matrix] : A ও B দুইটি বগ গ ম্যাণিক্স এে জন্য েণি AB=I হয় , িলব B যক A এে ণবপেীি ম্যাণিক্স এবং A যক B এে ণবপেীি ম্যাণিক্স
ব া হয়। ণবপেীি ম্যাণিক্স যক 𝐴−1 দ্বাো প্রকাশ কো হয়। [For a square Matrix A there exist another square matrix B such that AB=I, then B is the
inverse matrix of A and A is the inverse matrix of B. It is denoted by𝐴−1 ]
-2 1 -1 −1 -2 1 -1 −1 2−1 2−2 1 0
𝐴=[ ],𝐵 = [ ]  𝐴𝐵 = [ ][ ]= [ ]=[ ]=𝐼
1 -1 −1 -2 1 -1 −1 -2 −1 + 1 −1 + 2 0 1
𝐴=𝐵 −1
Or 𝐵 = 𝐴 −1

বাস্তব সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে /𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 ম্যাট্রিত্রের ক্ষেত্রে /𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
𝑎 + (−𝑎) = 0 -2 1 -1 −1
A=[ ], 𝐴−1 = [ ]
1 -1 −1 -2
যোগাত্বক ণবপেীি [Additive Inverse] 2−1 2−2 1 0
𝑎. 𝑎 −1 = 1 A. 𝐴−1 = [ ]=[ ]=I
−1 + 1 −1 + 2 0 1

গুিাত্বক ণবপেীি [Multiplicative Inverse]

ণবপেীি ম্যাট্রিক্স [Inverse Matrix]

A একটি বর্ গ ম্যাট্রিক্স এবং A2 − 3A + 5I = 0 হচ্ছ , A−1 ?

A is a square Matrix and A2 − 3A + 5I = 0 ,then A−1 =?]
A2 − 3A + 5I = 0
AA−1 = I
⟹ A. A − 3A + 5I = 0
⟹ A. A. A−1 − 3A. A−1 + 5I. A−1 = 0
AI = A
⟹ A. I − 3I + 5A−1 = 0
⇒ 5A−1 = 3I − A
3I−A 1
⟹ A−1 = = (3I − 𝐴)
5 5
10. k~b¨ g¨vwUª· [Null or Zero Matrix] : †h g¨vwUª‡·i mKj fzw³ k~b¨ Zv‡K k~b¨ g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [A zero matrix or a null matrix is a matrix whose
all entries are zero.]
0 0 0
0 0 0
†hgb : [For example:] A = [0 0 0], B= [ ] Gi cÖ‡Z¨‡K k~b¨ g¨vwUª·| [both of which are zero matrices.]
0 0 0
0 0 0
mn AvKv‡ii k~b¨ g¨vwUª·‡K omm Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| [Zero matrix of order mn is denoted by 0mn.]
11. wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª· [Triangular Matrix ] : †h eM© g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb K‡Y©i Dc‡ii A_ev wb‡Pi me¸wj fzw³ k~b¨ Zv‡K wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª· ejv nq|
wÎfzRvi g¨vwUª· `yB ai‡bi| h_v : K. EaŸ© wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª· L. wb¤œ wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª· [ If all the entries of a square matrix located below or above
the principal diagonal are equal to zero that is called triangular matrix. There are two types of triangular matrix, such as: a. Upper-
Triangular Matrix b. Lower-Triangular Matrix ]
K. EaŸ© wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª· [Upper- Triangular Matrix] : †h eM© g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb KY©mn Dc‡ii fzw³¸wj Ak~b¨ (Non-Zero) Ges cÖab K‡Y©i wb‡Pi fzw³¸wj
k~b¨, Zv‡K EaŸ© wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª· ejv nq|
2 4 6 2 3 5
†hgb : A = [0 2 3] Ges B = [0 1 3] EaŸ© wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª·|
0 0 1 0 0 0
[A square matrix is called an upper triangular matrix if all the (i,j) th entries, (where i  j) i.e. all the entries below the principal diagonal
2 4 6 2 3 5
are zero, for example: A = [0 2 3]and B = [0 1 3]both are the upper triangular matrix. ]
0 0 1 0 0 0
L. wb¤œ wÎfzR AvK…wZi g¨vwUª· [Lower-Triangular Matrix] : †h eM© g¨vwUª‡·i cÖavb KY©mn wb‡Pi fzw³¸wj Ak~b¨ (Non-Zero) Ges cÖab K‡Y©i Dc‡ii
fzw³¸wj k~b¨, Zv‡K wb¤œ wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª· ejv nq|
2 0 0 2 0 0
†hgb : A = [4 2 0] Ges B = [1 1 0] wb¤œ wÎfzRvKvi g¨vwUª·|
6 3 1 3 0 2
[A square matrix is called a lower triangular matrix if all the (i,j) th entries, (where i  j) i.e. all the entries above the principal diagonal
2 0 0 2 0 0
are zeros, for example: A = [4 2 0]and B = [1 1 0]both are the lower triangular matrix. ]
6 3 1 3 0 2
12. Dc-g¨vwUª· [Sub-Matrix] : †Kv‡bv GKwU g¨vwUª‡·i †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨K mvwi I Kjv‡gi fzw³ ev` w`‡q MwVZ Aci GKwU g¨vwUª·‡K Avw` g¨vwUª·wUi Dc-g¨vwUª· ejv
nq| [A matrix obtained by omitting some of the rows and/or columns of a matrix is said to be a sub matrix of the given matrix.]
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎12
†hgb : A = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]Gi GKwU Dc-g¨vwUª· [𝑎 𝑎22 ] . [ [𝑎21 𝑎22 ]is a sub-matrix of given matrix A = [ 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]]
21
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

2
13. Uªv݇cvR ev iƒcvšÍwiZ ev we¤^ g¨vwUª· [Transpose Matrix] : GKwU g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi‡K Kjv‡g ev Kjvg‡K mvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZK‡i cÖvß g¨vwUª·‡K Uªv݇cvR ev
iƒcvšÍwiZ we¤^ g¨vwUª· ejv nq| A g¨vwUª‡·i Uªv݇cvR g¨vwUª·‡K 𝐴/ ev 𝐴𝑇 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| [The transpose of a matrix is a new matrix whose rows are
the columns of the original. This makes the columns of the new matrix the rows of the original. The transpose of matrix A is denoted
by 𝐴/ or 𝐴𝑇 .]
2 4 9 2 6 1
†hgb : [For example: ] A = [6 2 8]𝐴/ = [4 2 4] A g¨vwUª‡·i iƒcvšÍwiZ g¨vwUª· n‡jv 𝐴/ | [Here is A matrix and its transpose matrix
1 4 7 9 8 7
𝐴/ .]
we¤^ g¨vwUª‡·i ¸Yvewj : [Properties of Transpose Matrix:]
/ /
i. †h ‡Kv‡bv A g¨vwUª‡·i we¤^ g¨vwUª· 𝐴/ n‡j, (𝐴/ ) = A. [The transpose of a transpose matrix is the matrix itself: (𝐴/ ) = A.]
ii. A I B `yBwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ g¨wUª· n‡j, (𝐴 ± 𝐵)/ = 𝐴/ ± 𝐵 / . A_©vr `yBwU g¨vwUª‡·i †hvMd‡ji ev we‡qvMd‡ji we¤^, Zv‡`i we¤^؇qi †hvMdj ev
we‡qvMd‡ji mgvb n‡e| [The transpose of the sum or subtraction of two matrices is equivalent to the sum or subtraction of
their transposes. That means if A and B are two matrices then, (𝐴 ± 𝐵)/ = 𝐴/ ± 𝐵 / .]
iii. `yBwU g¨vwUª· A I B Gi ¸Yd‡ji we¤^, we¤^؇qi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb n‡e, hw` ¸Y‡bi µg Dëv nq| A_©vr (𝐴𝐵)/ = 𝐵 / 𝐴/ . [The transpose of the
product of two matrices is equivalent to the productof their transposes in reversed order: (𝐴𝐵)/ = 𝐵 / 𝐴/ .]
14. Dj¤^ g¨vwUª· [Vertical Matrix] : †h g¨vwUª‡·i Kjvg msL¨v A‡cÿv mvwi msL¨v AwaK _v‡K, Zv‡K Dj¤^ g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [A vertical matrix is a
1 5
matrix where the number of rows is more than number of columns of that matrix..] †hgb : [For example:] A = [6 7]
8 6
15. Avbyf~wgK g¨vwUª· [Horizontal Matrix] : †h g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi msL¨v A‡cÿv Kjvg msL¨v AwaK _v‡K, Zv‡K Avbyf‚wgK g¨vwUª· ejv nq| [A horizontal matrix
1 2 3
is a matrix where the number of columns is more than number of rows of that matrix. †hgb : [For example:] A = [ ]
4 5 6
16. cÖwZmg g¨vwUª· [Symmetric Matrix] : †h g¨vwUª‡·i mvwi‡K Kjvg ev Kjvg‡K mvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡j Avw` g¨vwUª‡·i AbyiƒcB _v‡K, †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b
nq bv, Zv‡K cÖwZmg g¨vwUª· ejv nq| A_©vr g¨vwUª· A Gi †ÿ‡Î 𝐴/ = A G†ÿ‡Î aij = aji. [A symmetric matrix is a square matrix that is equal to its
transpose matrix. In other word, if the rows and the columns of a square matrix are interchanged and the result is found a new matrix
what is same as given matrix, is called a symmetric matrix. Means, considering matrix A, we find 𝐴/ = A in this case aij = aji.]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑏 𝑑 𝑒 /
†hgb : A = [ ]GKwU cÖwZmg g¨vwUª· KviY 𝐴 = [𝑏 𝑑 𝑒 ]=A.
𝑐 𝑒 𝑓 𝑐 𝑒 𝑓
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
[For example: A = [𝑏 𝑑 𝑒 ]is a symmetric matrix because of 𝐴/ = [𝑏 𝑑 𝑒 ]=A.]
𝑐 𝑒 𝑓 𝑐 𝑒 𝑓
/
17. wecÖwZmg g¨vwUª· [Skew Symmetric Matrix] : GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· A ‡K wecÖwZmg g¨vwUª· ejv nq hw` A = - A nq| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î g¨vwUª‡·i Abyiƒc mvwi Ges
Kjv‡gi fzw³mg~n GKB gv‡bi wecixZ wPýhy³ nq Ges cÖavb K‡Y©i fzw³mg~n k~b¨ nq| G†ÿ‡Î aij = 0, েখ i = j এবং aij = - aji, েখ i  j [A skew symmetric
matrix is square matrix where for A matrix it is found that, 𝐴/ = - A. In this regards, a skew symmetric matrix have the rows and columns
that contains the same entries as given matrix but they are of opposite signs and the entries of the principal diagonal are zeros. In this
case aij = 0,when i = j and aij = - aji, when i  j. ]
0 2 1 0 −2 −1 0 2 1
†hgb : A = [−2 0 4]GKwU wecÖwZmg g¨vwUª· KviY 𝐴/ = [2 0 −4]= - [−2 0 4]= - A
−1 −4 0 1 4 0 −1 −4 0
0 2 1 0 −2 −1 0 2 1
[For example: A = [−2 0 4]is a skew symmetric matrix because of 𝐴/ = [2 0 −4]= - [−2 0 4]= - A]
−1 −4 0 1 4 0 −1 −4 0
18. mgNvwZ g¨vwUª· [Idempotent Matrix] : GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· A ‡K mgNvwZ g¨vwUª· ejv n‡e hw` A2 = A nq| [A Square matrix A is said to be
idempotent if A2=A.]
2 1 1 0
†hgb : [For example:] A = [ ], B = [ ]Gi cÖ‡Z¨‡K mgNvwZ g¨vwUª·| [both are the idempotent matrix.]
−2 −1 0 1
2 1 2 1 4 −2 2− 1 2 1
A2 = A.A = [ ]= [ ]=[ ]= [ ]= A.
−2 −1 −2 −1 −4 +2 −2 + 1 −2 −1
1 0 1 0 1 +0 0 + 0 1 0
B2 = B.B = [ ][ ]=[ ]= [ ]= B.
0 1 0 1 0 +0 0+ 1 0 1
19. A‡f`NvwZ g¨vwUª· [Involutory Matrix] : GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· A ‡K A‡f`NvwZ g¨vwUª· ejv nq hvw` A2 = I nq| [A Square matrix A is said to be
involutory if A2 = I.]
2 3 4 3
†hgb : [For example:] A = [ ], B = [ ]Gi cÖ‡Z¨‡K A‡f`NvwZ g¨vwUª·| [ are both involutory matrix.]
−1 −2 −5 −4
2 3 2 3 4 −3 6 − 6 1 0
A2 = [ ][ ]=[ ]= [ ]= I
−1 −2 −1 −2 −2 +2 −3 + 4 0 1
4 3 4 3 16 −15 12 − 12 1 0
B2 = [ ][ ]=[ ]= [ ]= I
−5 −4 −5 −4 −20 +20 −15 + 16 0 1
20. k~b¨NvwZ g¨vwUª· [Nilpotent Matrix] : GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· A ‡K k~b¨NvwZ g¨vwUª· ejv n‡e hw` An = 0 nq| ( †hLv‡b n ÿ‚`ªZg ¯^vfvweK msL¨v) nq| n †K k~b¨NvwZ
g¨vwUª‡·i m~PK ejv nq| [A Square matrix A is said to be nilpotent if An = 0 (here, n is the least natural number). n is called the index of a
nilpotent matrix.]
0 1 2 2
†hgb : [For example: ] A = [ ], B = [ ]Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡K k~b¨NvwZ g¨vwUª·| [ each are nilpotent matrix.]
0 0 −2 −2
0 1 0 0
A=[ ] GKwU k~b¨NvwZ g¨vwUª· hvi m~PK 2, KviY| A2 = [ ]= 0.
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
[A=[ ] is a nilpotent matrix which's index is 2, as A2 = [ ]= 0. ]
0 0 0 0
 𝐴 = 0 ণকন্তু, A
𝑘 k−1
≠ 0 হল , kϵN । A যক ব া হয় শূন্যঘািী ম্যাণিক্স hvi m~PK k ।
[  Ak = 0 but Ak−1 ≠ 0then A is a Nilpotent matrix of index k]
21. AbyeÜx g¨vwUª· [Conjugate Matrix] : ‡Kv‡bv A g¨vwUª‡·i fzw³ RwUj msL¨v n‡j, cÖ‡Z¨K RwUj msL¨vi ¯’‡j Zvi AbyeÜx RwUj msL¨v ewm‡q cÖvß g¨vwUª·‡K A
Gi AbyeÜx g¨vwUª· ejv nq Ges 𝐴 cÖZxK Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq| [A conjugate matrix is a matrix obtained from a given matrix by taking the complex
conjugate of each entry of given matrix. It is determined as 𝐴.]
2 3 − 2𝑖 2 3 + 2𝑖
†hgb : A = [ ] n‡j AbyeÜx g¨vwUª· 𝐴= [ ]
1 + 2𝑖 𝑖 − 2 1 − 2𝑖 −𝑖 − 2
2 3 − 2𝑖 2 3 + 2𝑖
For example: [ The conjugate matrix of A = [ ] is 𝐴= [ ]]
1 + 2𝑖 𝑖 − 2 1 − 2𝑖 −𝑖 − 2
/ 𝑇
22. nviwgwmqvb g¨vwUª· [Hermitian Matrix] : GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· A †K nviwgwmqvb g¨vwUª· ejv n‡e hw` 𝐴 = 𝐴 ev (𝐴) = 𝐴 nq A_©vr i, j Gi mKj gv‡bi
Rb¨ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 nq| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î g¨vwUª‡·i K‡Y©i fzw³mgyn ev¯Íe msL¨v Ges KY© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ me fzw³ ev¯Íe I RwUj Dfq ivwk n‡Z cv‡i| [A Square matrix A is said
3
 𝑇
to be Hermitian matrix if (𝐴) = 𝐴. means for all the values of i,j it is found that, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 . In this regards, diagonal entries of that
matrix are real numbers and the other entries except diagonal could be real or complex numbers.]
2 3−𝑖 4
2 3−𝑖 2 3+𝑖 𝑇 2 3−𝑖
†hgb : awi, A = [ ] A= [ ] Ges (𝐴) = [ ]= A Ges B = [3 + 𝑖 5 𝑖 ] I GKwU nviwgwmqvb g¨vwUª·|
3+𝑖 3 3−𝑖 3 3+𝑖 3
4 −𝑖 0
2 3−𝑖 2 3+𝑖 𝑇 2 3−𝑖
[For example: Let, A = [ ] 𝐴= [ ] and (𝐴) = [ ]= A
3+𝑖 3 3−𝑖 3 3+𝑖 3
2 3−𝑖 4
and B = [3 + 𝑖 5 𝑖 ] is also a Hermitian matrix. ]
4 −𝑖 0
/ 𝑇
23. wenviwgwmqvb g¨vwUª· [Skew Hermitian Matrix] : GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· A †K wenviwgwmqvb g¨vwUª· ejv n‡e hw` 𝐴 = −𝐴 ev (𝐴) = −𝐴 nq A_©vr i, j
𝑇
Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 nq| [A Square matrix A is said to be a skew Hermitian matrix if (𝐴) = −𝐴means for all the values of i,j it
is found that, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 .]
0 𝑖 0 −𝑖 𝑇 0 −𝑖 0 𝑖
†hgb : awi, A = [ ] Zvn‡j, 𝐴= [ ] (𝐴) =[ ]= -[ ]= - A A wenviwgwmqvb g¨vwUª·
𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 𝑖 0
0 𝑖 0 −𝑖 𝑇 0 −𝑖 0 𝑖
[For example: Let, A = [ ] then, 𝐴= [ ](𝐴) =[ ]= -[ ]= - A  A is a skew Hermitian matrix. ]
𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 𝑖 0
24. ch©vqe„Ë g¨vwUª· [Pericodic Matrix] : hw` A †h †Kvb GKwU eM© g¨vwUª· I 𝐴𝑝+1 = 𝐴, 𝑝 ∈ ℕ nq, Z‡e A -‡K ch©vqe„Ë g¨vwUª· I p -‡K ch©vqKvj ejv
nq| [A Square matrix A is said to be a pericodic matrix if 𝐴𝑝+1 = 𝐴, 𝑝 ∈ ℕ and p is called the period of the periodic matrix A.]
1 −2 −6 1 −2 −6
‡hgb : A = [ −3 2 9 ] GKwU ch©vqe„Ë g¨vwUª·, GLv‡b A3 = A2+1 = A ch©vqKvj 2 | [For example: A = [ −3 2 9 ]is a periodic
2 0 −3 2 0 −3
matrix whose period is 2 because A3 = A2+1 = A]
25. g¨vwUª‡·i m~PK [Powr of Matrix] : ম্যাণিলক্সে সূচ্ক An ,যেখাল n অঋিাত্বক পূি গ সংখ্য, ব লি যবাঝায় A যক n বাে গু কো। k  ℕ gvÎvi eM© g¨vwUª· B n‡j,
এে B2=B.B, B3 = B2.B, B4 = B3.B ... ... ... Bk+1 = Bk.B Ges B0=I; hLb I GKwU A‡f`K g¨vwUª· Ges Ik = I.
[The power An of a matrix A for n being a non-negative integer is defined as the matrix product of n times of A. In other word, if B is a
square matrix of k  ℕ dimension then, B2 = B.B, B3 = B2.B, B4 = B3.B, ... ... ...,Bk+1 = Bk.B and B0 = I; where I is an identity
matrix and Ik = I.]
26. g¨vwUª‡·i eûc`x [Polynomial of Matrix] : p0, p1, p2 ... ... ... ..., pn cÖ‡Z¨KwU †¯‹jvi aªæeK Gi Rb¨
f(x) = p0 + p1x + p2x2 + ... ... ... + pn xn GKwU eûc`x n‡j,
f(B) = p0I + p1B + p2B2 + ... ... ... + pn Bn GKwU g¨vwU‡·i eûc`x| GLv‡b I A‡f`K g¨vwUª· |
[For every scalar constant of p0, p1, p2, ... ... ... , pn
if f(x) = p0+p1x + p2x2 + ... .... .... + pn xn is a polynomial equation then
f(B) = p0I + p1B + p2B2 = ... ... ... + pn Bn is a polynomial of matrix, where B is a matrix and I is an identity matrix.]

যোগ বা ণবলয়াগ [Addition or Subtraction]

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 𝑎+𝑚 𝑏+𝑛 𝑐+𝑜 A±B exist if order of A and order of B are same
[𝑑 𝑒 𝑓] + [ 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟] = [ 𝑑 + 𝑝 𝑒+𝑞 𝑓 + 𝑟]
A±B সম্ভব হলব েণি A এে ক্রে এবং B এে ক্রে একই হয়
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑔+𝑠 ℎ+𝑡 𝑖+𝑢

𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] , 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑘𝑙 ] , 𝑖 = 𝑘, 𝑗 = 𝑙
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 𝑎−𝑚 𝑏−𝑛 𝑐−𝑜
[𝑑 𝑒 𝑓] − [ 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟] = [ 𝑑 − 𝑝 𝑒−𝑞 𝑓 − 𝑟] A ± B
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑔−𝑠 ℎ−𝑡 𝑖−𝑢 (n×m) (n×m)

যে াে ণিলয় গুি [Product by Scalar]

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑐
𝑘 [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ] = [𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑓 ]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑘𝑔 𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑖
ম্যাণিক্স এে গুি [Matrix Multiplication]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏𝑝 + 𝑐𝑠 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑜 + 𝑏𝑟 + 𝑐𝑢
[𝑑 𝑒 𝑓] [ 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 ] = [𝑑𝑚 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑓𝑠 𝑑𝑛 + 𝑒𝑞 + 𝑓𝑟 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑒𝑟 + 𝑓𝑢]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑔𝑚 + ℎ𝑝 + 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑛 + ℎ𝑞 + 𝑖𝑟 𝑔𝑜 + ℎ𝑟 + 𝑖𝑢

[𝑚 𝑝 𝑠]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏𝑝 + 𝑐𝑠 …… ……
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑚 𝑛 𝑜 Step:1 [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ] = [𝑑𝑚 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑓𝑠 …… ……]
[ 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓] [ 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟] 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔𝑚 + ℎ𝑝 + 𝑖𝑠 …… ……
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑠 𝑡 𝑢
[𝑛 𝑞 𝑡]
[𝑚 𝑝 𝑠]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏𝑝 + 𝑐𝑠 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑐𝑡 ……
Step:2 [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ] = [𝑑𝑚 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑓𝑠 𝑑𝑛 + 𝑒𝑞 + 𝑓𝑟 … …]
AB exist if 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔𝑚 + ℎ𝑝 + 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑛 + ℎ𝑞 + 𝑖𝑟 ……
AB সম্ভব হলব েণি
[𝑜 𝑟 𝑢]
𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] , 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑘𝑙 ] [𝑛 𝑞 𝑡]
𝐴𝐵 থাকলব েণি [exist if ] 𝑗 = 𝑘 [𝑚 𝑝 𝑠]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏𝑝 + 𝑐𝑠 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑜 + 𝑏𝑟 + 𝑐𝑢
Step:3 [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ] = [𝑑𝑚 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑓𝑠 𝑑𝑛 + 𝑒𝑞 + 𝑓𝑟 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑒𝑟 + 𝑓𝑢]
A . B থাকলব েণি [exist if] ফ াফ [Result] 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔𝑚 + ℎ𝑝 + 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑛 + ℎ𝑞 + 𝑖𝑟 𝑔𝑜 + ℎ𝑟 + 𝑖𝑢
(n×m).(p×q) m=p (n×q)

4
 cÖkœgvjv- 1.1 [Exercise 1.1]

8 4 −1 −4 6 2
1. A = [0 1 3 ] Ges [and] 𝐵 = [ 1 3 7] cÖ`Ë g¨vwUª·Ø‡qi mgwó I AšÍi wbY©q Ki| [find the sum and difference of given two
5 4 8 5 4 1
matrices.]
3 1 −1 1 3 1
2. A Ges B g¨vwUª· `yBwUi †hvMdj wbY©q Ki, hLb [find the sum of matrices A and B, when]A = [ 2 3 4 ]Ges [and]𝐵 = [1 4 2]
−4 5 6 1 6 9
3. A = [-1 9 6] Ges B= [2 -1 -10] g¨vwU· `yBwUi †hvMdj wbY©q Ki| [ Find the sum of two matrices A = [-1 9 6] and B= [2 -1 -10]]
1 −2 1 −2
4. hw` A =[0] Ges 𝐵 = [ 3] nq, Z‡e A+B KZ? [If A = [0] , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ 3] then find A + B.]
1 5 1 5
2 3 1 1 0 1
5. A = [ ] , 𝐵 =[ ] ; 𝐴+𝐵 =?
0 1 2 2 1 1
−1 4 10 1 12 −2 −3
3 3 2
6. A= [1 8 -4] , B= [ ], C=[ 3 ], D= [ 1 4 10] , E=[ −1 −2 −4]
2 2 3
6 10 8 12 0 0 7
ণ লচ্ে ম্যাণিক্সগুল া ণ ি গয় কে: [Determine the following matrices:]
1 2
(a) 2A (b) −5𝐵 (c) 203C (d) 𝐷 (e) − 𝐸
2 3
2 −5 1 1 −2 −3 0 1 −2
7. hw` A =[ ] , 𝐵 =[ ] Ges [and] C = [ ]nq, Z‡e, 3A+4B-2C wbY©q Ki| [If A =
3 0 −4 0 −1 5 1 −1 −1
2 −5 1 1 −2 −3 0 1 −2
[ ] , 𝐵 =[ ] and C = [ ]then find, 3A+4B-2C]
3 0 −4 0 −1 5 1 −1 −1
8. 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ], 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] , 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗, 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗, ‡hLv‡b 𝑖 = 1,2,3 Ges 𝑗 = 1,2,3 n‡j 5A-4B wbY©q Ki|
[If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ], 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] , 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗, 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗, where 𝑖 = 1,2,3 and 𝑗 = 1,2,3 then find 5A-4B . ]
9. ¸Ydj wbY©q Ki: [Multiplication of two matrices: ]
1 1 1 6 2 1 6 4 0
(𝑎) [ ] [3 2] (𝑏) [2 − 1] [ ] (𝑐) [ ] [ ] (𝑑) [ ] [ ]
6 −6 −3 5 −7 −3 5 2 1
1 −2 0
10. A = [2 1] Ges B = [ ]n‡j AB wbY©q Ki|
4 5 −3
1 −2 0
[If A = [2 1] and B = [ ] then find AB according with its order.]
4 5 −3
−1 3
1 0 −2
11. A =[ ] Ges B = [ 4 0] n‡j, AB Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
3 −2 −1
2 6
−1 3
1 0 −2
[ A =[ ] and B = [ 4 0] then determine AB.]
3 −2 −1
2 6
1 3 2 0 −4
12. A =[ ] Ges [and] B = [ ] n‡j AB wbY©q Ki| BA wK wbY©q‡hvM¨?
2 −1 3 −2 6
1 3 2 0 −4
[If A = [ ] and B = [ ] then find, AB. is BA ascertainable?]
2 −1 3 −2 6
2 −1
1 −2 −5
13. A = [ 1 0 ] Ges [and] B = [ ] n‡j, AB Ges BA wbY©q Ki Ges †`LvI †h, AB  BA. [then find, AB and BA and show
3 4 0
−3 4
that, AB  BA]
−1 3
1 0 −2
14. hw` A = [ ] Ges B = [ 4 0] nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Ki †h, AB  BA.
3 −2 −1
2 6
−1 3
1 0 −2
[If A = [ ] and B = [ 4 0] then prove that, AB  BA.]
3 −2 −1
2 6
0 2
1 2 3
15. hw` A = [ ] Ges [and] B = [1 2 ] nq, Z‡e AB Ges BA wbY©q Ki Ges †`LvI †h, AB  BA
4 5 6
0 −1
[then find, AB and BA and show that, AB  BA]
2
1 −1 1 3 0
16. hw` A = [ ], B = [ ] Ges [and] C = [3] nq, Z‡e cÖgvY Ki †h, (AB)C =A(BC) [then, show that, (AB)C =A(BC)]
0 2 2 0 1
4
2 0 −1 3 −1 1
17. hw` A = [5 1 0 ] Ges [and] B = [−15 6 −5 ] nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, AB = BA. [then, show that, AB =BA ]
0 1 3 5 −2 2
3 −4 2 1 2 −2
18. hw` A = [ −2 1 0] Ges [and] B = [2 5 −4] nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, AB =I3 = BA| [then, show that, AB=I3 =BA ]
−1 −1 1 3 7 −5
1 3 2 1 2 −2
19. A = [2 0 3] Ges [and] B = [2 5 −4] n‡j †`LvI †h, AB  BA. [then, show that, AB  BA]
1 −1 1 3 7 −5
2
1 −1 1 3 0
20. A = [ ], B = [ ] Ges [and] C = [3] n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h, (AB)C = A (BC). [then, prove that, (AB)C = A (BC)]
0 2 2 0 1
1
1 2
4 3 1 2
21. hw` A = [3 4], B = [ ] Ges [and] C = [ ] nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, (AB)C = A (BC). [then, show that, (AB)C = A (BC)]
2 1 2 3
0 1
0 2 −1 2
1 2 3
22. hw` A = [ ]. B = [1 2 ] Ges [and] C = [ 0 4] nq,
4 5 6
0 −1 3 6
(a) AB Ges AC wbY©q Ki| [Determine AB and AC.]
(b) †`LvI †h, AB+AC = A(B+C) [Show that, AB+AC = A(B+C) ]
3 2 1 0
23. hw` A = [ ] Ges 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6𝐼 nq, Z‡e 𝑓(𝐴) wbY©q Ki; ‡hLv‡b I = [ ]
5 −1 0 1
3 2 1 0
[If A = [ ] and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6𝐼 where I = [ ] , then determine 𝑓(𝐴).]
5 −1 0 1

5
 1 2
24. hw` [If] A = [ ] nq, Z‡e A2 Ges A3 wbY©q Ki Ges †`LvI †h, A2+2A-11I=0, [then find, A2 and A3 and show that A2+2A-11I=0,]
4 −3
1 0 0 0
‡hLv‡b [Where] I = [ ]Ges [and] 0 = [ ]
0 1 0 0
1 2 2 1 2 2
25. hw` A = [2 1 2] nq, Z‡e A2-4A-5I wbY©q Ki| [If A = [2 1 2] then find, A2-4A-5I ]
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 3 2
26. A = [2 0 3] Ges 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 n‡j, 𝑔(𝐴) wbY©q Ki|
1 −1 1
1 3 2
[If A = [2 0 3] and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 then find 𝑔(𝐴). ]
1 −1 1
0 0 2𝑖
27. A = [ 0 −2𝑖 0 ] n‡j, ‡`LvI †h, A2+4I = 0 ‡hLv‡b I GKwU GKK g¨vwUª· Ges 𝑖 2 = −1|
2𝑖 0 0
0 0 2𝑖
[If A = [ 0 −2𝑖 0 ] then show that A2+4I = 0 where I is the unit matrix and 𝑖 2 = −1 .]
2𝑖 0 0
−1 3
1 0 −2
28. hw` A = [ ], B = [ 4 0] Ges 𝐴/ , 𝐵 / h_vµ‡g AI B Gi we¤^ g¨vwUª· n‡j, cÖgvY Ki †h, (𝐴𝐵)/ = 𝐵 / 𝐴/ .
3 −2 −1
2 6
−1 3
1 0 −2
[If A = [ ], B = [ 4 0] and 𝐴/ , 𝐵 / are the transpose of matrix A and B respectively then, prove that, (𝐴𝐵)/ = 𝐵 / 𝐴/ .]
3 −2 −1
2 6
−3 1
1 0 −2
29. hw` A = [ ] Ges B = [ 2 4 ] nq Z‡e †`LvI †h, (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .
2 −1 3
1 −2
−3 1
1 0 −2
[If A = [ ] and B = [ 2 4 ] then show that, (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .]
2 −1 3
1 −2
12 3 0 3 −3 0
30. hw` A = [ 6 −9 3] Ges B = [ 6 3 9]nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, (𝑎) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵𝑡 (𝑏) (𝐴𝐵)/ = 𝐵 / 𝐴/ .
3 3 −3 12 3 24
12 3 0 3 −3 0
[ If A = [ 6 −9 3] and B = [ 6 3 9] then show that, (𝑎) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵𝑡 (𝑏) (𝐴𝐵)/ = 𝐵 / 𝐴/ .]
3 3 −3 12 3 24
4 3 4 3
31. B + 2I= ( ) n‡j B wbY©q Ki | [ If B + 2I= ( )then find B.]
2 5 2 5
2 −𝑥 2 3+𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 3+𝑦
32. [ ]= [ ]n‡j (x,y) wbY©q Ki | [ [ ]= [ ] then find (x,y).]
𝑦−1 2 4 2 𝑦−1 2 4 2
1 −2 1 −2
33. 2 [ ]+ F=I2 n‡j, F g¨vwUª· wbY©q Ki | [ 2 [ ]+ F=I2 then find the matrix, F where I2 is an identity matrix.]
2 −1 2 −1
𝑎 𝑎+1
34. A = [ ] Ges a = 5 n‡j †`LvI †h A GKwU A‡f`NvwZ g¨vwUª·|
−𝑎 + 1 −𝑎
𝑎 𝑎+1
[ If A = [ ] and a = 5 then show that, A is an involutory matrix.]
−𝑎 + 1 −𝑎
2 1 0 𝑥 2 1 0 𝑥
35. [x 4 11] [1 0 2] [ 4 ]= 0 n‡j x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| [ If [x 4 11] [1 0 2] [ 4 ]= 0 then find the value of x.]
0 2 4 −1 0 2 4 −1
𝑥+𝑦 6 7 𝑎+𝑏
36. A = [ ]B=[ ] Ges A = B n‡j, a, b, x I y wbY©q Ki|
𝑥−𝑦 9 3 𝑎𝑏
𝑥+𝑦 6 7 𝑎+𝑏
[If A = [ ]B=[ ] and A = B then find a, b, x and y.]
𝑥−𝑦 9 3 𝑎𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 1 −√3
37. A = [ ] , B2 = [ ] Ges A = B n‡j, 𝜃 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2
√3 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 1 −√3
[If A = [ ] , B2 = [ ] and A = B then find the value of 𝜃. ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2
√3 1