MULTIMEDIA v Introduction iz Text & Audio 6 vlmage and Video 16 Synchronization 41 / Storage Model and Access Technique 45 mage & Video Database 53 ~Document Architecture and Content Management 64 Multimedia Application 70 NOTE: WBUT course structure and syllabus of 7th Semester has been changed from 2013 MULTIMEDIA [IT 702] has been introduced as a new subject in present curriculum. The syllabus of this subject is almost same as MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS [IT 605]. Taking special care of this matter we are providing chapterwise model questions and answers from MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS [IT 605] along with the complete solutions of new university Papers, so that students can get an idea about university questions patterns.}OPULAR PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION 4. Leading is a) Vertical gap between two lines ~“b) smallest component of wi [WBUT 2014) en language ¢) horizontal gap between two characters d) none of these Answer: (a) 2. Kerning is a) vertical gap c) horizontal gap between words Answer: (d) 3. The process of planning your multimedia presentation is known as a a) design b) story board Answer: (c) 4, MMC means a) Multimedia Marketing Council ¢) Multimedia Managing Console Answer: (b) 5. CBT means 4) Computer Based Training c) Computer Based Teaching Answer: (a) 6. Which one is the Unicode standard? AY UTE-8 b) UCS-8 Answer: (a) [WBUT 2015) b) horizontal gap between characters Ay mone of these [IWBUT 2016} _sydevelopment d) layout [WBUT 2016] _by Multiple Media Content d) Multiple Marketing Content [WBUT 2016] b) Computer Based Tutorial d) All of these [WBUT 2017] c) UTF-32 d) UCS-40 Short Answer Type Questions 4. Write down the basic differences between traditional and’ multimedia file system? Answer: [WBUT 2015] Traditional file system treat file abstractly as simple linear sequence of bytes with little or no additional semantics. Multimedia file system needed to deliver real-time media like video servers, symphony etc. MMD-2MULTIMEDIA The traditional file system do not work well in multimedia environment for a simple reason that in multimedia real time behavior is the most critical aspect. Thus, unlike UNIX or WINDOWS, a sequential OPEN-READ ...UNTIL...CLOSE paradigm does not work here. In case of multimedia, the file system on the vide instantaneously, just as a VCR responds to commands may wish to rewind the entire movie, fast forward, watching. 0 server has to respond back on the remote control. The user stop playing, pause or continue 2. How do you prepare data for representation and analysis? [WBUT 2016] Answer: The purpose of analyzing data is to obtain usable and useful information. The analysis, imespective of whether the data is qualitative or quantitative, may describe and summarize data. Many people are confused about what type of analysis to use on a set of data and the relevant forms of pictorial presentation or data display. The decision is based on the scale of measurement of the data. These scales are nominal, ordinal and numerical. Data representation include line group, circle graph, bar graph, histogram etc. and it determines appropriate representations for various situations and compare data sets and solve real world problems. A graphical display showing data in a convenient way to draw conclusions. 3 3. What are the characteristics of continuous media data? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: There are three characteristics of continuous media data 1) The first characteristics relates to the time interval between a complete transmissions of consecutive packets. 2) The second characteristics of the data streams are the change of variation of the amount of consecutive packets. 3) A third property characterizes continuity or the connection between consecutive packets transmitted directly one after another. Continuous media consists of'a time dependent sequence of individual information units. Such an information unit is called a Logical Data Unit (LDU) which is closed to a Protecol Data Unit (PDU). 4. Explain with example raster scan principle. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: For drawing an image on the screen the electron beat from the upper left comer of the screen and sequentially moves over each pixel row from left to right. This is referred as forward trace. During this period, the electron beam is sometimes switched ON and sometimes remains OFF. At the end of each horizontal line the bear pele ished OFE and retraces diagonally to the beginning of next row. This phase is referred to as horizontal retrace. The switching OFF conserves power and avoid activation of unwanted pixels. MMD-3POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ‘Starting raster sean Horizontal retrace Vertical retrace Raster Scanning itched ON and begins the next trace. The wer right corner of the screen after which k to the starting point. This is referred to g to the end is called raster next line it is again swi 1 the beam reaches the lo and moves diagonally bac! The entire process from beginnin, At the beginning of n process continues until it again switched OFF the vertical retrace, scanning. : is multimedia? Illustrate the key properties of a multimedia system. 5, What is multimedi y SEE Teron Answer: 1“ part: Heh E are technology that combines different media like sound, video, Multimedia is a softw. images and text either separately or in combinations, using computers. 2" Part: ‘A multimedia system is characterized by the processing, storage, generation, manipulation of multimedia information. A multimedia system has four basic characteristics ‘ Multimedia systems must be computer controlled © Multimedia systems are integrated The information they handle must be represented digitally The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive. [MODEL QUESTION] 6. Differentiate between SCAN and CSCAN disk scheduling. Answer: In SCAN algorithm, the head always moves constantly from the most inner cylinder to the outermost cylinder, then it changes its direction back towards the center: When it moves towards the head, and if there is a request for the current disk position, it is satisfied. The throughput is better than in FIFO. The SCAN algorithm is fairer than SSTF (hortest seek time first). CSCAN (Circular Scan) algorithm is an improved scan algorithm. In SCAN, the most outer and most inner cylinders have loss opportunity to be accessed than the ones in the MMD-4middle. CSCAN eliminates this by satisfying requests only when the head moves in one direction, and not satisfying any requests when it moves back. The scan is sometimes called elevator algorithm and CSCAN is also called circular ejevator algorithm. CSCAN looses time when travelling from inside edge to the outside edge of the disk. There is a minor difference in throughput in between these two scheduling methods. Long Answer je Questions 4, a) What are different Components of Multimedia systems? b) What are different types of Multimedia data streams? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: a) The components required for a multimedia system are: © Capture devices — Video camera, recording, audio microphone, keyboards, graphics tablet, digitizing/sampling hardware, 3D output devices ete. e Storage devices — Hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVD etc. Communication Networks - Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI, ATM, Internets « Computer systems — Multimedia desktop machines, workstations, MPEG VIDEO. « DSP hardware. Display device — CD quality speakers, HDTV, SVGA, color printers etc. b) Multimedia data are generally stored and transmitted in a compressed format. Because, the multimedia contents require large number of bytes. The image data is normally stored in JPEG formal in compressed form. Video and audio data has been encoded in MPEG series of standards, These encoding techniques exploit similarities among a series of frames. MPEG-1 compresses 1-minutes of 30 frame per_second video and audio to approximately 12.5 MB size. But, it will be a lossy compression technique. MPEG-2 standard is used in digital broadcast systems and DVDs. It compresses | minute of video and audio to approximately 17 MB. For Audio, out of several encoding techniques, MP3 2. Write short note on Alpha channel. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Alpha Channel: The Alpha Channel is the nifty storage area in your image’s file for non-visible picture elements. Think for it as your picture’s own little private utility closest/filling cabinet. The psp picture file has there extra goodies stored in its alpha channel that can just travel around with the picture (unseen until you need them) as a part of the file. Major items of interest that get stored in the alpha channel are selections masks and creator information. We can save this stuff to the alpha channel and then dig it back out later to reuse for editing that picture or using in our other images. We retrieve our selection masks and Creator information back out of that “Alpha channel storage shed” by using menu commands in PSP. MMD-5POPULAR PUBLICATIONS TEXT & AUDIO Multiple Choice Type Questions 1. Arithmeti¢ Encoding is Iweur _a}Tossless compression b) lossy compression 2013) ¢) LZY coding d) none of these Answer: (2) 2. DCT stands for DWBUT 2014 iscrete cosine transformation b) Direct colour transformation “4! ©) Differential coding transformation _d) none of these Answer: (2) tpplien REL. 3. RLE stands for f DWBUT 2014, 2017 a) Reverse line encoding —byRun length encoding ¢) Run line encoding d) none of these Answer: (b) 4. File format of text is TWBUT 2015) La) paf b) jpg c) tiff d) none of these Answer: (d) 5. The MIDI standard specifies how many channels? [WBUT 2015) 4 b) 24 ¢) 32 d) 40 Answer: (2) 6. Which one is the audio file format? : [WBUT 2017] a) PNG .d images whenever required. th defined linkages between 2™ part: Unicode: A range of standard exists for character coding, like ASCII character set. There al coded character set that can be used for are current attempts to develop a 4-byte univers: non-alphabetic character and for language other than English. In ISO, this activity is carried out by JTCI/SC2. A group of major vendors has produced an alternative version, called Unicode. 10. A 15-inch monitor has aspect ratio 4:3 and pixel addressability of monitor is 800x600. What is the resolution of the monitor? [WBUT 2017] Answer: Let the width and height of the monitor be 4x and 3x. Since the diagonal is 15” in length we have (4x) +(3x)° =15* 2253 So, width = 12 and height = 9. Suppose, the resolution is y dpi and since the pixel addressability is 800600, so, y*12=800 and y* 9 = 600 800 600 1 y=— = 66.6 id esas Saas ani 97 056 Resolution of the monitor is 66.6 MMD-10MULTIMEDIA 4. a) What are the different types of audio file format? [WBuT 2013] Answer: There are different audio files. The most common are wave (.wav) files and MPEG layer— 3 files (.mp3). Other files are of extension “.dct”, ogg, .gsm, etc. .ogg a free open source container format supporting a variety of codecs, the most popular are audio codec vorbis., .gsm designed for telephony. .det is designed for dictation, .au is the standard audio file format used by sun, unix and java. b) What are hyper text and hyper media? [WBUT 2013] Answer: Hypermedia is a well-defined structural form of information in the forms of audio, video, text, animation, graphics and other elements of multimedia, pertaining to a particular topic or related to it, with relevant linkages in between them. For example, a multimedia package on the topic “Forests” can have the following information: 1. Various facts about forest which is text type 2. Photographs of various forest 3. Natural sounds of the forest 4.A video clipping of same forest Now, a multimedia package on forest can link all this information in one integral platform using hypermedia technology. On the other hand, hypertext includes all text-based information in the project, interlinked by means of relevant hyperlinks, between various subtopics. Those words, which carry hyperlinks to the subtopics are called Hofwords and are usually distinguished from other normal texts, either by a different font color or by different text styles and underlines. Hypertext enables the multimedia producer, to arrange the information into meaningful groups and present them easily when the user requires it. 2. a) Draw the block diagram for perceptual coding in audio. [WBUT 2016] ‘Answer: Perceptual Audio Coder Block Diagram Filtered (diagonalized) ‘Audio signal Noiseless Audio input Quantization and Rate Coding and Coding Filter bank Control Bits ream packing Percept model Quant Coded Bit nae values, side ee ‘indentation MMD-11POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Perceptual model usually analyzes the input signal instead of the filtered bank outputs. jt computes signal dependent masked thresholds based on psychoacoustics. een extended i i i i ‘jot font? Differentiate betw b) What is multimodality? What is postscript font IWBUT 2046) character set and Unicode. Answer: 1 Part: a fe i fh the user throug} In the general sense, a multimodal system supports communication wit rough emer the different modalities such as voice, gesture etc. pally Ritiecality acer ee ire or convey infor ip acest itty communication channel used to acquire ot “y istics, Spatial and visual communication practices in terms’ of the textual, aural, lingui resources or modes used to compose messages. 2™ Part: jfications developed by Adob Post script fonts are font files encoded in outline font suena pe al a ae . systems for professional digital type setting. This system uses Ps encode font information. Post Script Type 1 * Windows SoS/2: *Pfb, *pfm, -afm + MacOS: + pf, -afm, inf + Linux: + pfa, afm + OS/2:+ofm Type code ; : (FOND/bit map) file ; FFIL (Suitcase/Screen) ffil (display) 3" Part: Extended character set and Unicode are two character encodings. Basically, they are standards on how to represent difference characters in binary so that they can be written, stored, transmitted and read in digital media. The main difference between the two is the way they encode the character and the number of bits that they use for each. Extended character set originally used 7 bits to encode each character. This was later increased to 8 with extended ASCII to address the apparent inadequacy of the original. In contrast, Unicode uses a variable bit encoding program where we can choose between 32, 16 and 8 bit encodings. Extended character set is a character — encoding scheme whereas Unicode is a standard which defines the internal text coding system in almost all operating systems used in computers. 3. Write short notes on the following: a) MIDI BUT 2013, 2015] b) Hypertext & hypermedia Ns [WBUT 2017] b) Encryption — [MODEL QUESTION] c) Text encryption [MODEL QUESTION] MMD-12MULTIMEDIA Answer: a) MIDI: i MIDI is an acronym for “Musical Instrument Digital Interface”, Despite its impact on the world of music, MIDI is not a musical language, nor does it directly describe musical sounds, rather, it is a data communication protocol, an agreement among manufacturers ‘of music equipment, computers, and software that describes a means for music system and related equipment to exchange information and control signals. The difference between audio information and MIDI data is similar to the difference between a tape recording ofa pianist performing a piano sonata and the sheet music for that same sonata. MIDI protocol enables us to manage the complex information representing. the performance of a musical work on electronic instruments. MIDI represents the information needed to recreate a performance as many individual pieces of data. MIDI protocol specifies the meaning of each data value and provides a means to store, manipulate, transmit and recreate the information using symbolic data. MIDI is important for music making using digital electronics. The significance is that it permits a wide variety of equipment from many different manufacturers to work together in a single system. One of the most widely used application of MIDI is to connect two or more synthesizes together so that playing one produces the same note on each. More powerful application of MIDI technology involves a computer, making it an integral part of MIDI system. Computer can be used to record MIDI Messages, much as a tape recorder records audio signals. Because MIDI messages are digital data, MIDI recordings can use the full power of digital computers. b) Hypertext & hypermedia: Refer to Question No. 1(b) of Long Answer Type Questions. <) Encryption: Encryption generally called data encryption which involves in sending message to the party - for example; the application protocol entity ~ in processing all data prior to transmission so that if it is accidentally or deliberately intercepted while it is being transferred it will be incomprehensible to the intercepting party. Consequently most eneryption methods involve the use of an encryption key, which is hopefully known only by the two correspondents i.e. sender or receiver. The simplest encryption technique involves substituting the plain text alphabet (codeword) with a new alphabet known as Cipher text alphabet. For example, a Cipher text alphabet can be defined as a plaintext alphabet simply shifted by n places where n is the key. Hence of the key is 3, the resulting alphabet is as follows: Plaintext alphabet a bc de f g ---- Cipher text alphabet n z q a i y m The number of letters in the alphabet determines the key. For example, 26 if just lowercase alphabetic characters are to be transmitted or 128 if, say, the ASCII alphabet is MMD-13POPULAR PUBLICATIONS being used, There are therefore 26! = 4x 10% possible keys with the first alphabet or m times this with the larger alphabet. Note that in general, the larger the key the more tin, cs e it takes to break the code. d) Text encryption: , Encryption refers to algorithmic cipher text, providing privacy. schemes that encode plain text into non-readable form The receiver of the encrypted text uses a key to cee 0 ‘p(xy) is the x, yth element of the image represented by the matrix p. N is the size of the block. The equation computes the i, jth entry of the transformed image from the pixel values of the original image matrix. Standard value of Nis 8 (0 to 7). Di J. 3. Each block is compressed through quantization. During quantization the less important frequencies are discarded. So, JPEG is a lossy compression algorithm. Standard JPEG quantization matrix is used for this process. Quantization is achieved by dividing each element in the transformed image matrix (after DCT is applied) by the corresponding element in the quantization matrix C,=round (=) Oi 4. The array of the compressed blocks that constitutes the image are stored in a very much reduced amount of space. First, all co-efficient of C matrix (after quantization) are converted by an encoder to a stream of binary data. JPEG takes advantage of the fact that after quantization, most of the co-efficient are equal to zero. JPEG encodes MMD-26MULTIMEDIA, the quantized co-efficient in a zigzag sequence. This results in consolidation of large runs of zeros, which compress very well. 5, The image is reconstructed by decompression. The decompression process uses the Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT). c) Three popular image file format: ® BMP (bitmap format) + GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) e JPEG Woint Pl aphic Expert Group) 4, a) What do you mean by I-frame, B-frame and P-frame in the context of video compression? [WBUT 2014, 2015] b) Why compression is required? What is the difference between lossless and lossy compression? [WBUT 2014] Answer: a) I-frame: These are coded without any reference to their images. MPEG makes use of JPEG coding for I-frames. They can be used as a reference for other frames. In a video stream I-frames are present at regular intervals in order to allow for the possibilities of the contents of an I-frame being corrupted during transmission. The collection of. frames between successive I-frames is known as group of pictures. P-Frame: These requires information from the previous I-frame for encoding and decoding. By exploiting temporal redundancy, the achievable compression ratio is higher than that of the [-frames. P frames can be accessed only after the referenced I or P frame has been decoded. Encoding of P-frames is done using a combination of frame replenishment and motion compensation. The no. of frames between a P-ftame and the preceding Lor P frame is called prediction span. pe = Rename It requires information from the previous and following I and/or P frame for encoding, and decoding. The highest compression ratio is achievable by using these frames. B frames are never used as reference for other frames. Reference frames must be transmitted first. Thus transmission order and display order may differ. The first I -frame must be transmitted first followed by the next P-frame and then by the B-frame. Thereafter the second I-frame must be transmitted. Typical compression ratios range from 30:1 to 50:1. b) 1* Part: Compression is required to reduce the space necessary to store a file on a computer system, Compressed files require significantly less storage space than uncompressed files, although compression may lead to the loss of some data. File compression increases data transfer speed. it can also hide information. MMD-27