1A) What is Cuboid?

Explain various OLAP Operations on Data Cube

with example
If you prepare the below question it convers the 4A,10B
What is a Cuboid? A cuboid is a multidimensional array or structure used in Online
Analytical Processing (OLAP). It is a conceptual representation of a data cube that enables
efficient analysis of large volumes of data from different perspectives.

Now, let's discuss various OLAP operations on a data cube with examples.

1. Roll-up: Roll-up is the process of summarizing data along one or more dimensions by
moving up in the hierarchy. It involves aggregating lower-level data to higher-level
data.
2. Drill-down: Drill-down is the opposite of roll-up, where data is broken down into
more detailed levels or dimensions. It allows users to explore lower-level data to gain
more insights.
3. Slice: Slicing involves selecting a particular value or range of values from one or
more dimensions to create a subcube. It allows users to analyze data from a
specific perspective
4. Dice: Dicing is similar to slicing, but it involves selecting multiple values or
ranges from one or more dimensions to create a subcube. It helps in analyzing data
from a more specific viewpoint.
5. Pivot (Rotate): Pivoting or rotating the data cube involves reorienting the
dimensions and measures. It allows users to view data from different angles or
perspectivesBy employing these OLAP operations, users can perform advanced
analysis on a data cube and gain valuable insights from different dimensions and
levels of detail.
Example:
Dimensions : course, student, time fact : Aggregate marks.

 Each cell gives aggregate marks for each student, for each course year wise.
1. Slice : It is used to obtain a particular slice of the cube.
example : Aggregate marks of all students for all courses in the year 2016.
2. Dice : It is used to obtain a small portion of the cube covering all the dimensions.
example : Aggregate marks of all BE students, for courses of DB cluster for test
five years.

3. Roll up : It is used to obtain generalized level of data from the current level example
: Cluster wise aggregate marks for all students for every year.

4. Drill down : It is used to obtain detailed level of data from the current
level. example theory, T/w & viva marks for all students for every year.
 5. Pivot : It is used to analyze the some data from different
perspective example : Analyzing aggregate marks course arise.

1B) Differentiate between OLTP and OLAP systems

OLTP (Online
OLAP (Online Transaction
Category Analytical Processing) Processing)
It is well-known as an It is well-known as an
Definition online database query online database modifying
management system. system.
Consists of historical data Consists of only
Data source
from various Databases. operational current data.
It makes use of a
It makes use of a data
Method used standard database
warehouse.
management system
 (DBMS).
It is subject-oriented. Used
for Data Mining, It is application-oriented.
Application
Analytics, Decisions Used for business tasks.
making, etc.
In an OLTP database,
In an OLAP database,
Normalized tables are normalized
tables are not normalized.
(3NF).
The data is used in The data is used to
Usage of data planning, problem-solving, perform day-to-day
and decision-making. fundamental operations.
It provides a multi-
It reveals a snapshot of
Task dimensional view of
present business tasks.
different business tasks.
It serves the purpose to It serves the purpose to
extract information for Insert, Update, and Delete
Purpose
analysis and decision- information from the
making. database.
The size of the data is
A large amount of data is relatively small as the
Volume of data
stored typically in TB, PB historical data is archived
in MB, and GB.
Relatively slow as the
amount of data involved is Very Fast as the queries
Queries
large. Queries may take operate on 5% of the data.
hours.
The OLAP database is not The data integrity
often updated. As a result, constraint must be
Update
data integrity is maintained in an OLTP
unaffected. database.
It only needs backup from The backup and recovery
Backup and Recovery time to time as compared process is maintained
to OLTP. rigorously
It is comparatively fast in
The processing of complex
processing because of
Processing time queries can take a lengthy
simple and straightforward
time.
queries.
This data is generally
This data is managed by
Types of users managed by CEO, MD,
clerksForex and managers.
and GM.
Only read and rarely write Both read and write
Operations
operations. operations.
With lengthy, scheduled
The user initiates data
batch operations, data is
Updates updates, which are brief
refreshed on a regular
and quick.
basis.
The process is focused on The process is focused on
Nature of audience
the customer. the market.
 Design with a focus on the Design that is focused on
Database Design
subject. the application.
Improves the efficiency of Enhances the user’s
Productivity
business analysts. productivity.

2A) Explain Star, Snowflake, Fact Constellation Schema for

Multidimensional Database
A) Star, Snowflake, and Fact Constellation Schema for Multidimensional Database:
1. Star Schema:
 The Star schema is a widely used schema design in
multidimensional databases.
 It consists of a central fact table connected to multiple dimension tables.
 The fact table contains the primary measures or metrics of interest (e.g.,
sales amount, quantity), while the dimension tables provide descriptive
attributes (e.g., product, time, location).
 In a Star schema, the fact table is directly connected to the dimension tables in
a simple and denormalized manner.

2. Snowflake Schema:
 The Snowflake schema is an extension of the Star schema.
 It organizes dimension tables into multiple levels of normalization, resulting
in a more normalized structure.
 In a Snowflake schema, dimension tables may have additional tables related to
them, forming a hierarchical structure.
 The normalization reduces data redundancy and improves data integrity
but adds complexity to query execution.
 While the Snowflake schema offers more flexibility in terms of data
management, it can lead to slower query performance due to the
increased number of joins required.
 The Snowflake schema is typically used when data integrity and
space optimization are of higher importance.
 3. Fact Constellation Schema (also known as Galaxy Schema):
 The Fact Constellation schema is a complex schema design used for
highly complex and diverse business scenarios.
 It consists of multiple fact tables connected to multiple dimension
tables, forming a network or constellation of tables.
 Each fact table represents a different grain or level of detail,
capturing different measures and dimensions.
 The dimension tables are shared among the fact tables, allowing for
flexible analysis across multiple perspectives.
 The Fact Constellation schema provides a high degree of flexibility and
allows for detailed and granular analysis.
 However, it can be more challenging to manage and maintain due to
the increased complexity and potential redundancy.

Understanding these three schema designs for multidimensional databases—Star, Snowflake,

and Fact Constellation—will help you grasp the different approaches to organizing data in a
multidimensional context

2B) Write detailed note on how OLAP technology helps in discovery driven
exploration of data cubes
Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data Cubes using OLAP Technology:
1. Introduction to OLAP Technology:
 OLAP technology is designed to facilitate advanced analysis and decision-
making by providing multidimensional views of data.
 It allows users to explore and analyze data from different
dimensions, hierarchies, and levels of detail.
2. Key Features of OLAP Technology:\
a. Multidimensionality:
 OLAP technology enables users to analyze data from
multiple dimensions simultaneously.
 Dimensions represent various attributes or perspectives of the data,
such as time, geography, product, or customer.
b. Aggregation and Drill-Down:
 OLAP technology allows users to aggregate data at higher levels
of abstraction for a summarized view.
 Users can drill-down into more detailed levels to explore data at a
granular level and uncover underlying patterns or trends.
c. Slicing and Dicing:
 OLAP technology supports slicing and dicing operations to
select specific subsets of data based on particular dimension
values.
 Slicing involves selecting data for a specific dimension value,
while dicing involves selecting data based on multiple dimension
values.
d. Pivot (Rotation):
 OLAP technology allows users to pivot or rotate the dimensions
to analyze data from different perspectives.
 It enables users to rearrange dimensions to gain new insights
and explore alternative views of the data.
3. Discovery-Driven Exploration of Data Cubes:
 OLAP technology plays a crucial role in discovery-driven exploration of data
cubes by providing interactive and flexible analysis capabilities.
a. Exploratory Analysis:
 OLAP tools empower users to perform ad-hoc analysis and exploration
of data cubes without predefined queries.
 Users can interactively navigate through dimensions, drill down into
details, and perform dynamic aggregations to discover patterns,
trends, or anomalies.
b. Hypothesis Testing:
 OLAP technology supports hypothesis testing by allowing users
to define and test hypotheses on data cubes.
 Users can slice, dice, and filter data to verify or refute their hypotheses
and gain insights into the underlying causes or correlations.
c. What-If Analysis:
 OLAP tools enable users to perform what-if analysis by
modifying data values and observing the impact on the results.
 Users can simulate scenarios, apply different assumptions,
and evaluate the potential outcomes before making decisions.
d. Visualizations and Reporting:
 OLAP technology provides rich visualization capabilities to
present data in charts, graphs, or dashboards.
 Users can create interactive reports and visual representations of data
 to communicate insights effectively and support decision-making.
4. Benefits of Discovery-Driven Exploration using OLAP:
 Enables users to gain in-depth insights and understanding of complex data
through interactive exploration.
 Facilitates hypothesis testing and data-driven decision-making by providing
flexible analysis capabilities.
 Supports iterative and exploratory analysis, empowering users to
uncover hidden patterns or trends.
 Promotes a deeper understanding of the business, leading to improved
strategic planning and identification of opportunities or challenges.
In summary, OLAP technology plays a vital role in discovery-driven exploration of data
cubes. By providing multidimensional views, interactive analysis capabilities, and the ability
to slice, dice, drill down, and pivot data, OLAP enables users to explore data, discover
insights, and make informed decisions.
 3A) Describe in detail about COGNOS IMPROMTU

Introduction to Cognos Impromptu:

 Cognos Impromptu is a business intelligence (BI) tool developed by
Cognos (now part of IBM) for reporting and ad-hoc query analysis.
 It is designed to enable business users to access and analyze data from
various sources and create interactive reports.
2. Key Features and Functionality:
a. Report Creation and Design:
 Cognos Impromptu provides a user-friendly interface for creating
and designing reports.
 It offers drag-and-drop functionality, allowing users to easily
select data items, apply filters, and define report layouts.
b. Data Access and Integration:
 Impromptu supports connectivity to multiple data sources,
including relational databases, spreadsheets, and enterprise systems.
 It allows users to access, extract, and integrate data from these
sources to create unified reports.
c. Ad-Hoc Querying:
 Impromptu enables users to perform ad-hoc queries on data by
selecting relevant dimensions and measures.
 It provides a query wizard and a query panel to guide users through
the process of creating and refining queries.
d. Report Formatting and Customization:
 Impromptu offers a wide range of formatting and customization
options for reports.
 Users can apply various styles, templates, and themes to enhance
the visual appearance of reports.
e. Calculation and Aggregation:
 Impromptu supports the creation of calculated fields and custom
calculations within reports.
 Users can perform aggregations, calculations, and transformations on
data to derive meaningful insights.
f. Drill-Down and Drill-Through:
 Impromptu allows users to drill down into detailed data to
analyze specific subsets of information.
 It also supports drill-through functionality, enabling users to access
underlying transactional data for further analysis.
g. Security and Access Control:
 Impromptu offers robust security features to control access to reports
and data.
 Administrators can define user roles, permissions, and access levels to
ensure data confidentiality and integrity.
3. Benefits of Cognos Impromptu:
a. User-Friendly Interface:
 Impromptu provides a user-friendly interface, making it accessible to
business users with minimal technical expertise.
 Users can easily create, modify, and customize reports
without extensive training or programming skills.
b. Self-Service Analytics:
 Impromptu empowers business users to perform ad-hoc queries and
 create their own reports.
 It reduces dependency on IT teams for report generation,
enabling users to access real-time data and make informed
decisions.
c. Data Integration:
 Impromptu supports integration with diverse data sources,
enabling users to access and combine data from multiple systems.
 It facilitates comprehensive analysis by providing a unified view of
data from various sources.
d. Scalability and Performance:
 Impromptu is designed to handle large datasets and support high-
performance querying and reporting.
 It can handle complex queries and deliver results in a timely manner,
even with extensive data volumes.
e. Collaboration and Sharing:
 Impromptu allows users to share reports and analysis with others
in various formats, such as PDF, Excel, or HTML.
 It promotes collaboration and decision-making by providing a
centralized platform for sharing insights.
4. Limitations of Cognos Impromptu:
 While Impromptu offers powerful reporting and ad-hoc querying
capabilities, it has certain limitations:
 Limited advanced analytics features compared to dedicated data analysis tools.
 Relatively steeper learning curve for complex report design and customization.
 Dependency on IT teams for initial setup, data modeling, and maintenance.
In summary, Cognos Impromptu is a business intelligence tool that enables business users to
create interactive reports, perform ad-hoc querying, and access data from multiple sources.
With its user-friendly interface, data integration capabilities, and self-service analytics
features, Impromptu empowers users to analyze data and make informed decisions.

3B) Distinguish difference between Star and Snowflake. Which is popular

in the data warehouse design

Star Schema: Star schema is the type of multidimensional model which is used for data
warehouse. In star schema, The fact tables and the dimension tables are contained. In this
schema fewer foreign-key join is used. This schema forms a star with fact table and
dimension tables.
Snowflake Schema: Snowflake Schema is also the type of multidimensional model which
is used for data warehouse. In snowflake schema, The fact tables, dimension tables as well
as sub dimension tables are contained. This schema forms a snowflake with fact tables,
dimension tables as well as sub-dimension tables.

Let’s see the difference between Star and Snowflake Schema:

S.NO Star Schema Snowflake Schema

In star schema, The fact tables While in snowflake schema, The fact tables,
1. and the dimension tables are dimension tables as well as sub dimension
contained. tables are contained.

Star schema is a top-down

2. While it is a bottom-up model.
model.

3. Star schema uses more space. While it uses less space.

S.NO Star Schema Snowflake Schema

It takes less time for the While it takes more time than star schema for
4.
execution of queries. the execution of queries.

In star schema, Normalization is While in this, Both normalization

5.
not used. and denormalization are used.

6. It’s design is very simple. While it’s design is complex.

The query complexity of star While the query complexity of snowflake

7.
schema is low. schema is higher than star schema.

It’s understanding is very

8. While it’s understanding is difficult.
simple.

It has less number of foreign

9. While it has more number of foreign keys.
keys.

10. It has high data redundancy. While it has low data redundancy.

Popularity in Data Warehouse Design:

 Star Schema: Star schemas are more popular in data warehouse design. Their
simplicity, ease of use, and better query performance make them a preferred choice
for most data warehousing projects. They are widely supported by various
database systems and are suitable for a wide range of analytical applications.
 Snowflake Schema: Snowflake schemas are less popular compared to star schemas.
Their normalized structure and additional join operations may introduce complexity
in querying and maintenance. However, they are commonly used in scenarios where
data integrity and storage optimization are critical, such as large-scale data
warehousing projects.

4A) List and explain the OLAP operations in multidimensional data model.
Same as 1A
4B) Explain the implementation of data warehouse system with data cubes.
Discuss the problems and the ways to handle them

Implementation of Data Warehouse System with Data Cubes:

1. Data Warehouse System Implementation:
a. Data Extraction:
 Data is extracted from various operational sources, such as
transactional databases, spreadsheets, and external systems.
 Extraction methods include ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes, data
integration, and data cleansing.
 b. Data Transformation and Integration:
 Extracted data undergoes transformation and integration processes to
ensure consistency, quality, and compatibility.
 Data from different sources is mapped, standardized, and consolidated into
a unified format.
c. Data Loading:
 Transformed data is loaded into the data warehouse system, typically
using bulk loading or incremental loading methods.
 Loading processes ensure efficient data storage and indexing for
optimized querying and analysis.
d. Data Modeling:
 Data warehouse systems employ multidimensional data models, such as star
schema or snowflake schema, to organize data.
 Dimensions represent various attributes, and fact tables store
numerical measures.
 Data cubes are created to provide a multidimensional view of the data,
enabling efficient analysis.
e. OLAP Cube Construction:
 OLAP cubes are constructed based on the data model,
representing multidimensional views of data.
 Aggregations, hierarchies, and dimensions are defined to facilitate
efficient querying and analysis.
f. Metadata Management:
 Metadata, including data definitions, relationships, and business rules,
is managed to support data warehouse operations.
 Metadata provides context and documentation for data interpretation
and usage.
2. Problems in Data Warehouse Implementation and Ways to Handle Them:
a. Data Quality Issues:
 Data inconsistency, inaccuracies, and missing values can impact data
warehouse integrity.
 Implement data cleansing and validation processes to identify and rectify
data quality issues.
 Conduct regular data quality assessments and establish data governance
practices.
b. Performance and Scalability:
 Large data volumes and complex queries can lead to performance degradation.
 Optimize data warehouse design, indexing, and query execution plans for
efficient performance.
 Employ techniques like partitioning, caching, and aggregation to
improve query response time.
c. Data Integration Challenges:
 Integrating data from disparate sources with varying formats and structures
can be challenging.
 Implement robust ETL processes to handle data integration and
transformation tasks.
 Utilize data integration tools and techniques to streamline the data integration
process.
d. Data Security and Privacy:
 Protecting sensitive data in the data warehouse is crucial.
  Implement security measures, such as access controls, encryption,
and authentication, to safeguard data.
 Comply with data protection regulations and privacy policies to ensure data
confidentiality.
e. Changing Business Requirements:
 Evolving business needs may require modifications to the data warehouse
system.
 Establish a flexible and scalable architecture that allows for easy adaptation
to changing requirements.
 Conduct regular reviews and updates to align the data warehouse
with evolving business needs.
f. User Adoption and Training:
 Ensuring user acceptance and proficiency in utilizing the data
warehouse system is essential.
 Provide comprehensive user training and support to familiarize users with
the system's capabilities.
 Promote user engagement through demonstrations, workshops, and continuous
learning opportunities.
By addressing these problems and implementing appropriate strategies, organizations
can successfully implement and maintain a data warehouse system with data cubes. It
enables efficient data analysis, decision-making, and business insights.

5B Question Is Continuation Of Question 5A

5A) Suppose that a data warehouse for big-university consist of the
following four dimensions: Student, Course, Semester and Instructor, and
two measures count and avg_grade. When at the lowest conceptual level
(Ex. For a given student, course, semester and instructor combination), the
avg_grade measure stores the actual course grade of the student. At higher
conceptual levels, avg_grade stores the average grade for the given
combination. Draw a snowflake schema diagram for the data warehouse.
B) From the above data warehouse, starting with the base cuboid
[Student, Course, Semester, Instructor], what specific OLAP operations
(eg Roll-up from Semester to Year) should one perform in order to list the
average grade of CS courses for each big-university students

b) The specific OLAP operations to be performed:

1. Roll-up on course from course_id to department.
2. Roll-up on a student from student_id to university.
3. Dice on course, student with department ="CS" and university = "biguniversity"
4. Drill-down on a student from the university to student_name.

6A) What is multi-dimensional analysis? How it is implemented through

OLAP? Explain various types of OLAP systems used for multi-dimensional
databases.
*If you read this one it helps to 8A
Multi-Dimensional Analysis and its Implementation through OLAP:
1. Multi-Dimensional Analysis:
 Multi-dimensional analysis refers to the process of examining data
from multiple dimensions or perspectives to gain insights and make
informed decisions.
 It allows users to analyze data based on various dimensions, such as time,
geography, product, or customer, and view relationships and trends
across these dimensions.
2. OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) and its Implementation:
 OLAP is a technology that enables multi-dimensional analysis of data.
 It provides a framework and tools for organizing and analyzing data in
a multidimensional structure known as a data cube.
 The implementation of multi-dimensional analysis through OLAP involves the
following steps: a. Data Modeling: Designing a multi-dimensional schema that
defines the dimensions, hierarchies, and measures to represent the data. b.
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load): Extracting data from various sources,
transforming it into the desired format, and loading it into the data cube. c.
Cube Construction: Constructing a data cube by aggregating and summarizing
data along different dimensions and levels of granularity. d. Querying and
Analysis: Enabling users to perform ad-hoc queries, drill-down, roll-up, slice,
dice, and apply calculations to explore and analyze data from different
perspectives.
3. Types of OLAP Systems for Multi-Dimensional Databases:
a. ROLAP (Relational OLAP):
 ROLAP systems store data in relational databases and use relational query
languages, such as SQL, for data retrieval and analysis.
 They rely on the underlying relational database management system
(RDBMS) to handle data storage and querying.
 ROLAP systems are suitable for scenarios with smaller data volumes or
complex data relationships.
b. MOLAP (Multidimensional OLAP):
 MOLAP systems store data in proprietary multidimensional
databases optimized for OLAP operations.
 Data is organized in multi-dimensional arrays or cubes, enabling fast
querying and analysis.
 MOLAP systems are suitable for scenarios with large data volumes
and require fast response times for analysis.
c. HOLAP (Hybrid OLAP):
 HOLAP systems combine the strengths of ROLAP and MOLAP by storing
summary data in a multidimensional format (like MOLAP) and detailed data
in a relational format (like ROLAP).
 Summary data is stored in data cubes for efficient analysis, while detailed
data is stored in relational tables.
 HOLAP systems offer a balance between performance and
flexibility, allowing users to analyze both summarized and detailed
data.
d. DOLAP (Desktop OLAP):
 DOLAP systems are lightweight OLAP tools that run on individual desktops
or workstations.
 They provide limited data storage capabilities but offer basic
OLAP functionality for personal or small-scale analysis.
 DOLAP systems are suitable for individual users or small teams who
require localized analysis capabilities.
e. WOLAP (Web OLAP):
 WOLAP systems deliver OLAP functionality over the web, allowing users
to access and analyze data through a web browser.
 They provide a web-based interface for querying, visualization,
and collaboration.
 WOLAP systems enable distributed access to OLAP functionality, facilitating
 remote analysis and sharing of insights.

In summary, multi-dimensional analysis involves examining data from multiple dimensions

to gain insights. OLAP technology enables the implementation of multi-dimensional analysis
through data modeling, ETL processes, cube construction, and query analysis. Different types
of OLAP systems, such as ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP, DOLAP, and WOLAP, cater to
various data storage and analysis requirements.

6B) What is cognos impromptu? Write various query tabs in cognos

impromptu.
1. Cognos Impromptu:
 Cognos Impromptu is a business intelligence tool developed by IBM.
 It provides ad-hoc query and reporting capabilities, allowing users to access
and analyze data from multiple sources.
 With Impromptu, users can create custom reports, perform data analysis, and
make informed business decisions.
2. Query Tabs in Cognos Impromptu:
a. Design Tab:
 The Design tab in Cognos Impromptu is used to create and design the
structure of a report.
 Users can define report elements such as columns, rows, calculations, and
formatting options.
 It provides a visual interface for building and arranging the report layout.
b. Data Tab:
 The Data tab allows users to select the data sources and tables to be used in
the report.
 Users can establish connections to various data sources, such as relational
databases or spreadsheets.
 It provides options for joining tables, specifying filters, and selecting the
required fields for analysis.
c. Presentation Tab:
 The Presentation tab enables users to customize the appearance and formatting
of the report.
 Users can define the layout, styles, colors, fonts, and other visual aspects of
the report.
 It offers options for adding headers, footers, page numbers, and controlling the
report pagination.
d. Preview Tab:
 The Preview tab allows users to preview the generated report before finalizing
and distributing it.
 Users can see the actual data, layout, and formatting of the report as it will
appear to end-users.
 It helps users validate the accuracy and presentation of the report before
sharing it with others.
e. Data Options Tab:
 The Data Options tab provides users with advanced options to manipulate and
filter the report data.
 Users can apply sorting, grouping, subtotals, and aggregate functions to
 summarize the data.
 It offers features for filtering, excluding specific data, and setting data ranges
for analysis.
f. Output Tab:
 The Output tab allows users to specify the output format and destination for
the generated report.
 Users can choose to generate reports in various formats, such as PDF, Excel,
or HTML.
 It provides options to save the report locally, send it via email, or publish it to
a designated server or portal.
g. Schedule Tab:
 The Schedule tab enables users to schedule the automatic generation and
delivery of reports.
 Users can define the frequency, recipients, and delivery method for scheduled
reports.
 It helps users automate report distribution, ensuring timely access to critical
information.
h. Security Tab:
 The Security tab provides options for managing access rights and permissions
for the report.
 Users can define who can view, modify, or distribute the report based on user
roles and groups.
 It helps ensure data confidentiality and compliance with security policies.
In summary, Cognos Impromptu is a business intelligence tool that offers ad-hoc query and
reporting capabilities. Various query tabs, such as Design, Data, Presentation, Preview, Data
Options, Output, Schedule, and Security, provide users with a comprehensive interface to
create, customize, preview, manipulate, and distribute reports.

7A) Describe concept hierarchy generation for Categorical data? Explain

Data Warehouse implementation of Indexing OLAP Data
A) Concept Hierarchy Generation for Categorical Data:
1. Concept Hierarchy:
 In data warehousing, a concept hierarchy represents a hierarchical
arrangement of values or categories within an attribute.
 It provides a structured way to organize and navigate through categorical data,
allowing for multi-level analysis and summarization.
2. Concept Hierarchy Generation:
 Concept hierarchy generation involves the process of creating hierarchies for
categorical data attributes.
 It typically consists of the following steps:
a. Attribute Selection:
 Identify the categorical attributes for which concept hierarchies need to
be generated.
 Examples of categorical attributes could be product categories,
customer segments, or geographical regions.
b. Value Categorization:
 Group the distinct values of each categorical attribute into meaningful
categories or levels.
 This can be done based on domain knowledge, business rules, or
statistical analysis.
  For example, grouping products into categories like electronics,
clothing, or home appliances.
c. Level Generation:
 Determine the hierarchical levels for each attribute based on the
categorization.
 Levels represent different levels of abstraction or granularity within the
concept hierarchy.
 For example, a product attribute hierarchy could have levels like
product category, sub-category, and individual product.
d. Hierarchical Structure:
 Define the hierarchical relationships between the levels of each attribute.
 Specify parent-child relationships to represent the nesting or
aggregation of values within the hierarchy.
 For example, a product category can have multiple sub-categories, and
each sub-category can have multiple products.
e. Drill-Down and Roll-Up:
 Enable drill-down and roll-up operations to navigate through the
concept hierarchy.
 Drill-down allows users to view more detailed levels, while roll-up
enables summarization at higher levels.
 These operations provide flexibility in analyzing data at different
levels of granularity.
f. Metadata Management:
 Maintain metadata to capture the structure and relationships of the
concept hierarchies.
 Metadata helps in interpreting and understanding the meaning and
organization of categorical data.
3. Data Warehouse Implementation of Indexing OLAP Data:
 Indexing is an important technique used in data warehousing to improve the
performance of OLAP queries.
 Indexes in OLAP systems are created on specific dimensions or combinations of
dimensions in the data cube.
Indexing involves the following steps:
a. Dimension Selection: - Identify the dimensions on which indexing needs to be applied.
- Select dimensions that are frequently used in OLAP queries or dimensions with large
cardinality.
b. Index Creation: - Create indexes on the selected dimensions to speed up query
processing. - The index stores precomputed aggregations or mappings that facilitate
efficient data retrieval.
c. Index Maintenance: - Regularly update and maintain the indexes to reflect changes in
the underlying data. - This ensures that the indexes remain accurate and up to date.
d. Query Optimization: - During query processing, the OLAP engine leverages the
indexes to retrieve data quickly. - The indexes help in pruning unnecessary data and
reducing the number of disk I/O operations.
e. Index Selection: - Based on query characteristics and access patterns, the OLAP
system selects the appropriate indexes to use for query optimization. - The system may
consider multiple indexes and select the most suitable ones based on cost-based
optimization techniques.
In summary, concept hierarchy generation involves organizing categorical data into
hierarchical structures for effective analysis. Data warehouse implementation of indexing
OLAP data improves query performance by creating indexes on selected dimensions and
leveraging them during query processing.

7B) What is an ODS used for? How does it differ from an OLTP system.
Operational Data Store (ODS) and its Difference from OLTP Systems:
1. Operational Data Store (ODS):
 An Operational Data Store (ODS) is a centralized database that integrates data
from various operational systems within an organization.
 It acts as a repository for near-real-time or near-line data that is used for
operational reporting, data integration, and decision support.
2. Purpose and Uses of an ODS:
 Integration of Data: The primary purpose of an ODS is to integrate data from
multiple sources and provide a unified view of operational data.
 Near-Real-Time Reporting: An ODS allows for near-real-time reporting,
providing up-to-date information for operational decision-making.
 Data Consistency: It ensures consistent and reconciled data by resolving data
conflicts and enforcing data quality standards.
 Data Transformation and Aggregation: An ODS can perform data transformation
and aggregation to support reporting and analytics requirements.
 Data Integration: It serves as a staging area for data integration processes,
enabling the consolidation and cleansing of data from disparate sources.
 Simplified Reporting: An ODS provides a simplified and user-friendly interface
for reporting and accessing operational data.
3. Differences from OLTP Systems:
a. Data Purpose and Focus:
 OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) systems are designed for transactional
processing, capturing and processing day-to-day business operations in real-
time.
 ODS, on the other hand, focuses on data integration, consolidation, and near-
real-time reporting for operational decision support.
b. Data Structure and Granularity:
 OLTP systems typically have a normalized data structure optimized for
efficient transaction processing and data consistency.
 ODS often follows a denormalized or hybrid structure to support faster
reporting, data integration, and data transformation.
c. Data Volume and Historical Data:
 OLTP systems handle high transaction volumes and store current data
for active operations.
 ODS may store a larger volume of data by including historical data,
facilitating trend analysis and retrospective reporting.
d. Reporting and Analytics:
 OLTP systems are not optimized for complex reporting and analytical
queries.
 ODS provides a more flexible and optimized environment for
reporting, analytics, and decision support by consolidating data from
multiple sources.
e. Latency and Update Frequency:
 OLTP systems provide real-time or near-real-time updates to ensure
immediate transaction processing.
 ODS offers near-real-time or near-line updates, capturing data from
 operational systems periodically or at predefined intervals.
f. Data Governance and Data Quality:
 OLTP systems prioritize data integrity and enforce business rules and
validations for transactional data.
 ODS incorporates data cleansing, reconciliation, and data quality
measures to ensure consistent and accurate data integration.
In summary, an ODS serves as a central repository for integrated operational data, supporting
near-real-time reporting, data integration, and decision support. It differs from OLTP systems
in terms of data purpose, structure, volume, reporting capabilities, latency, and data
governance.

8A) Explain the different types of OLAP tools

Different Types of OLAP Tools:
1. Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Tools:
 MOLAP tools store and analyze data in a multidimensional format.
 Data is pre-aggregated and organized in a multidimensional cube structure,
enabling fast query response times.
 MOLAP tools provide advanced calculation capabilities, hierarchical drill-
down, and intuitive data visualization.
 Examples of MOLAP tools include Microsoft Analysis Services, Oracle
Essbase, and IBM Cognos TM1.
2. Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Tools:
 ROLAP tools analyze data stored in relational databases.
 They use SQL queries to access and aggregate data on-the-fly, rather than pre-
aggregating it.
 ROLAP tools provide flexibility in handling large volumes of data and support
complex calculations.
 Examples of ROLAP tools include Oracle OLAP, SAP BW, and MicroStrategy.
3. Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) Tools:
 HOLAP tools combine the features of MOLAP and ROLAP tools.
 They leverage the strengths of both approaches by storing summary data in a
multidimensional format and detailed data in relational tables.
 HOLAP tools offer faster query performance for aggregated data and the
ability to drill down to detailed information.
 Examples of HOLAP tools include Microsoft Analysis Services (HOLAP
mode) and SAP HANA.
4. In-Memory OLAP (IOLAP) Tools:
 IOLAP tools store data in the system's memory rather than on disk.
 This allows for rapid data retrieval and analysis, enabling real-time or near-
real- time decision-making.
 IOLAP tools are well-suited for handling large data volumes and complex
analytical queries.
 Examples of IOLAP tools include SAP HANA, QlikView, and Tableau.
5. Web-based OLAP (WebOLAP) Tools:
 WebOLAP tools provide OLAP functionality through web-based interfaces.
 Users can access and analyze data using web browsers, eliminating the need
for client-side installations.
 WebOLAP tools offer user-friendly interfaces, interactive visualizations, and
collaboration features.
  Examples of WebOLAP tools include MicroStrategy Web, IBM Cognos
Analytics, and Pentaho.
6. Spreadsheet OLAP (SOLAP) Tools:
 SOLAP tools integrate OLAP capabilities into spreadsheets, such as Microsoft
Excel.
 They combine the flexibility and familiarity of spreadsheet software with
OLAP functionalities.
 SOLAP tools allow users to perform ad-hoc analysis, create custom reports,
and visualize data within spreadsheets.
 Examples of SOLAP tools include Jedox, Oracle Hyperion Smart View, and
Palo Suite.
In summary, different types of OLAP tools include MOLAP, ROLAP, HOLAP, IOLAP,
WebOLAP, and SOLAP tools. Each type offers unique features and functionalities to support
multidimensional data analysis and decision-making.

8B) Write the difference between multi-dimensional OLAP (MOLAP) and

Multi-relational OLAP (ROLAP)
Relational Online Analytical Processing (ROLAP):
ROLAP is used for large data volumes and in this data is stored in relation tables. In
ROLAP, Static multidimensional view of data is created.

Multidimensional Online Analytical Processing (MOLAP):

MOLAP is used for limited data volumes and in this data is stored in multidimensional
array. In MOLAP, Dynamic multidimensional view of data is created.
 The main difference between ROLAP and MOLAP is that, In ROLAP, Data is fetched from
data-warehouse. On the other hand, in MOLAP, Data is fetched from MDDBs database.
The common term between these two is OLAP.
Let’s see the difference between ROLAP and MOLAP:
S.NO ROLAP MOLAP

ROLAP stands for Relational Online While MOLAP stands for Multidimensional Online
1.
Analytical Processing. Analytical Processing.

2. ROLAP is used for large data volumes. While it is used for limited data volumes.

3. The access of ROLAP is slow. While the access of MOLAP is fast.

While in MOLAP, Data is stored in

4. In ROLAP, Data is stored in relation tables.
multidimensional array.

In ROLAP, Data is fetched from data- While in MOLAP, Data is fetched from MDDBs
5.
warehouse. database.

6. In ROLAP, Complicated sql queries are used. While in MOLAP, Sparse matrix is used.

In ROLAP, Static multidimensional view of While in MOLAP, Dynamic multidimensional view of

7.
data is created. data is created.
9A) List and discuss the basic features data provided by reporting and query
tools.
Basic Features of Reporting and Query Tools:
1. Data Retrieval:
 Reporting and query tools allow users to retrieve data from one or multiple
data sources, such as databases, data warehouses, or OLAP cubes.
 Users can specify criteria, such as filters and conditions, to retrieve specific
subsets of data based on their requirements.
 Tools provide an interface to input queries or define report parameters to fetch
the desired data.
2. Data Aggregation and Summarization:
 Reporting and query tools enable data aggregation and summarization to
provide meaningful insights.
 Users can group data based on dimensions or attributes and perform
calculations like sum, average, count, or other statistical functions.
 Aggregating data helps in generating summary reports and performing high-
level analysis.
3. Sorting and Ordering:
 Reporting and query tools allow users to sort data based on specific criteria.
 Users can arrange data in ascending or descending order based on column
values or hierarchical dimensions.
 Sorting capabilities help in organizing data for better analysis and presentation.
4. Filtering and Condition-Based Selection:
 Reporting and query tools provide options to filter data based on specific
conditions.
 Users can define filter criteria to retrieve data that meets certain conditions,
such as date range, specific values, or complex logical expressions.
 Filtering allows users to focus on subsets of data relevant to their analysis or
reporting needs.
5. Joins and Data Integration:
 Reporting and query tools support data integration by enabling joins between
multiple data sources or tables.
 Users can combine data from different sources or tables based on common
fields or relationships.
 Joins help in retrieving and analyzing data from multiple sources in a unified
manner.
6. Calculations and Expressions:
 Reporting and query tools offer functionalities for performing calculations and
expressions on retrieved data.
 Users can create custom calculations using mathematical operators, functions,
or formulas.
 Calculations and expressions help in deriving new insights or metrics from the
available data.
7. Data Visualization:
 Reporting and query tools provide visualization capabilities to present data in
various formats, such as tables, charts, graphs, or dashboards.
 Users can choose appropriate visualizations to represent data trends,
comparisons, or patterns effectively.
 Visualizations enhance data comprehension and aid in decision-making.
 8. Report Generation and Export:
 Reporting and query tools enable users to generate reports based on retrieved
data.
 Users can customize report layouts, add headers, footers, logos, and apply
formatting options.
 Tools allow exporting reports in various formats like PDF, Excel, CSV, or
HTML for sharing or further analysis.
9. Scheduled and Automated Reporting:
 Reporting tools offer features to schedule and automate report generation.
 Users can define specific intervals or triggers for report generation and
delivery, eliminating manual efforts.
 Automated reporting ensures timely availability of updated information.
10. Security and Access Control:
 Reporting and query tools provide security measures to control data access
and protect sensitive information.
 Tools offer user authentication, authorization, and role-based access control to
ensure data privacy and integrity.
 Security features help in maintaining data confidentiality and complying with
regulatory requirements.
In summary, reporting and query tools offer a range of features for retrieving, aggregating,
summarizing, filtering, sorting, visualizing, and analyzing data from various sources. These
features empower users to derive insights, generate reports, and make informed decisions
based on the available data.

9B) i) Write in detail about Managed Query Environment (MQE).

ii) Explain about how to use OLAP tools on the Internet.
i) Managed Query Environment (MQE):
Managed Query Environment (MQE) is a term used to describe a set of features and
capabilities provided by certain business intelligence tools and platforms. It refers to an
integrated environment that enables users to design, develop, and manage queries for data
retrieval and analysis. Here are some key aspects of MQE:
Query Design and Development:
 MQE allows users to create queries using a visual interface or query builder.
 Users can specify the desired data sources, select the required fields, define filters,
and specify any necessary calculations or aggregations.
 Query design is typically done through a drag-and-drop interface or by selecting
options from menus.

Query Optimization and Performance:

 MQE optimizes query performance by generating efficient SQL statements or
utilizing query optimization techniques.
 It handles the complexity of generating optimized queries and ensures that queries
execute efficiently, even for large datasets.
 MQE may include features like query caching, data indexing, and query tuning
capabilities to further enhance performance.

Data Integration and Data Source Connectivity:

  MQE integrates with various data sources, such as databases, data warehouses, or
OLAP cubes.
 It provides connectivity options to retrieve data from multiple sources and consolidate
them into a unified view for analysis.
 MQE supports different data access protocols, such as ODBC, JDBC, or specific
connectors for different database systems.

Security and Access Control:

 MQE enforces security measures to ensure that only authorized users can access and
manipulate data.
 It provides user authentication, role-based access control, and data-level permissions
to protect sensitive information.
 Security features in MQE help maintain data confidentiality and comply with
regulatory requirements.

Query Management and Administration:

 MQE includes features to manage and administer queries within the environment.
 It allows administrators to monitor query performance, track usage, and troubleshoot
any issues.
 MQE may provide scheduling capabilities to automate query execution and report
generation.

Metadata Management:
 MQE maintains metadata about the data sources, query definitions, and other relevant
information.
 It enables users to discover and explore available data sources, understand their
structure, and navigate the data model.
 Metadata management in MQE facilitates easier query development and ensures
consistency in data interpretation.

Collaboration and Sharing:

 MQE often includes collaboration features to enable users to share queries, reports,
and insights with others.
 Users can collaborate on query development, share query templates, or
distribute reports to a wider audience.
 Collaboration capabilities enhance teamwork and promote knowledge sharing
within the organization.

In summary, Managed Query Environment (MQE) provides an integrated and user-friendly

environment for query design, optimization, data integration, security, and administration. It
simplifies the process of developing and managing queries, allowing users to retrieve and
analyze data effectively.

ii) Using OLAP Tools on the Internet:

OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) tools can be accessed and utilized on the Internet through
web-based applications or cloud-based platforms. Here's an explanation of how OLAP tools
are used on the Internet:
Web-based OLAP (WebOLAP) Tools:
WebOLAP tools provide OLAP functionality through web-based interfaces.
Users can access OLAP capabilities using a web browser without the need for client-side
installations.
WebOLAP tools offer features like multidimensional analysis, data slicing and dicing, drill-
down, and data visualization through interactive web interfaces.

Cloud-based OLAP (CloudOLAP) Platforms:

 CloudOLAP platforms provide OLAP capabilities as a service over the internet.

 Users can leverage the scalability and flexibility of cloud computing to perform
OLAP analysis on large datasets.
 CloudOLAP platforms often use distributed computing resources and parallel
processing to handle complex analytical queries efficiently.

Benefits of OLAP on the Internet:

 Accessibility: OLAP tools on the Internet provide access to data and analysis from
anywhere, as long as there is an internet connection.
 Scalability: Cloud-based OLAP platforms can handle large volumes of data and scale
resources based on demand.
 Cost Efficiency: By utilizing cloud-based OLAP services, organizations can avoid
upfront infrastructure costs and pay for usage on a subscription or pay-as-you-go
basis.
 Collaboration: Internet-based OLAP tools enable collaboration and sharing of
insights across geographically distributed teams.
 Integration: OLAP tools on the Internet can integrate with various data sources,
including cloud storage, databases, and data warehouses.

Considerations for Using OLAP on the Internet:

 Security: Data security and privacy measures must be in place to protect sensitive
information when using OLAP tools over the internet.
 Data Transfer: Efficient data transfer mechanisms should be employed to ensure fast
and reliable access to data stored in remote locations.
 Network Connectivity: Reliable and high-speed internet connectivity is crucial for
seamless interaction with OLAP tools on the internet.
 Vendor Selection: When choosing web-based or cloud-based OLAP tools,
organizations should consider factors such as features, performance, scalability,
pricing models, and vendor reputation.

In summary, OLAP tools can be accessed and utilized on the Internet through web-based
applications and cloud-based platforms. They offer benefits like accessibility, scalability, cost
efficiency, and collaboration. However, organizations should consider security, data transfer,
network connectivity, and vendor selection factors when using OLAP tools on the Internet.
10A) Compare relational data model and multidimensional data model.
Comparison of Relational Data Model and Multidimensional Data Model:
1. Structure:
 Relational Data Model: The relational data model represents data
as tables with rows and columns. It uses the concept of entities,
attributes, and relationships to organize data. Data is stored in
normalized form, eliminating data redundancy.
 Multidimensional Data Model: The multidimensional data model
organizes data in a multidimensional structure known as a data cube.
It represents data as dimensions, hierarchies, and measures. Data
cubes provide a compact and efficient representation for analytical
processing.
2. Data Representation:
 Relational Data Model: Relational databases represent data as
individual tables with rows and columns. Data is organized into
normalized structures, ensuring data integrity and reducing
redundancy. Relationships between tables are established using
primary and foreign keys.
 Multidimensional Data Model: Multidimensional databases
represent data as multi-dimensional cubes, where dimensions
represent different aspects of the data, hierarchies represent levels
of detail, and measures represent numerical values to be analyzed.
Data cubes provide a more intuitive representation for analytical
queries.
3. Data Operations:
 Relational Data Model: Relational databases support complex data
operations through Structured Query Language (SQL). Operations
such as joins, projections, selections, and aggregations are used to
manipulate and retrieve data. Relational databases are well-suited
for transactional processing (OLTP) and ad-hoc querying.
 Multidimensional Data Model: Multidimensional databases
support OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) operations,
specifically designed for analytical processing. Operations include
slicing and dicing, drilling down, rolling up, and pivoting data
along dimensions. Multidimensional databases provide faster query
response times for analytical queries.
4. Data Analysis:
 Relational Data Model: Relational databases are designed for
transactional processing and support basic analytical operations.
However, complex analytical tasks may require multiple table joins
and aggregations, which can be time-consuming.
 Multidimensional Data Model: Multidimensional databases are
specifically designed for analytical processing. They provide fast
and efficient analysis capabilities, allowing users to navigate
 through data along different dimensions and hierarchies, perform
aggregations, and generate meaningful insights.
5. Schema Design:
 Relational Data Model: Relational databases use entity-relationship
modeling for schema design. Normalization techniques are applied
to eliminate data redundancy and ensure data integrity.
Relationships between tables are defined through primary and
foreign keys.
 Multidimensional Data Model: Multidimensional databases use
dimension modeling for schema design. Dimensions represent the
characteristics of data, hierarchies define the levels of detail within
dimensions, and measures represent the numerical values to be
analyzed. Schema design focuses on providing a flexible and
intuitive structure for analytical processing.
6. Use Cases:
 Relational Data Model: Relational databases are suitable for
transactional systems where data integrity and consistency are
critical. They are commonly used for online transaction processing
(OLTP) applications such as banking systems, e-commerce
platforms, and inventory management.
 Multidimensional Data Model: Multidimensional databases are
ideal for analytical systems where fast and complex data analysis is
required. They are commonly used for decision support systems,
business intelligence applications, and data warehousing, where
analysis and reporting are crucial.
In summary, the relational data model and the multidimensional data model differ
in terms of structure, data representation, data operations, data analysis
capabilities, schema design, and use cases. Relational databases excel in
transactional processing and ad-hoc querying, while multidimensional databases
provide efficient analytical processing and faster response times for complex
queries.

10B) The college wants to record the Marks for the courses completed by
students using the dimensions: i) Course, ii) Student, iii) Time & a measure
Aggregate marks. Create a Cube and describe following OLAP operations:
(i) Slice (ii) Dice (iii) Roll up (iv) Drill down (v) Pivot

Creating a Cube and Describing OLAP Operations:

To record the marks for courses completed by students using the dimensions Course,
Student, and Time, along with the measure Aggregate Marks, we can create a cube. The cube
represents a multidimensional structure that allows for efficient analysis and exploration of
the data. Here's an explanation of the OLAP operations for the given cube:
Cube Structure:
 Dimensions: i) Course ii) Student iii) Time
  Measure:
 Aggregate Marks

(i) Slice:
 Slicing involves selecting a specific value or range of values along one or
more dimensions to create a subset of the cube.
 Example: Slicing the cube by selecting the "Course" dimension as "Mathematics"
would show the aggregate marks for all students in the Mathematics course across
different time periods.
 example : Aggregate marks of all students for all courses in the year 2016.

(ii) Dice:
 Dicing involves selecting specific values or ranges of values along
multiple dimensions to create a more focused subset of the cube.
 Example: Dicing the cube by selecting the "Course" dimension as "Mathematics"
and the "Time" dimension as "2022" would show the aggregate marks for all
students in the Mathematics course specifically in the year 2022.
 example : Aggregate marks of all BE students, for courses of DB cluster for test
five years.
 
(iii) Roll up:
 Roll up involves aggregating data from a lower level of detail to a higher level
of detail within a dimension.
 Example: Rolling up the cube by the "Time" dimension from "Monthly" to
"Quarterly" would aggregate the aggregate marks for each quarter, providing
a higher-level summary of the data.
 example : Cluster wise aggregate marks for all students for every year.


(iv) Drill down:
 Drill down involves exploring data at a lower level of detail within a dimension.
 Example: Drilling down the cube by the "Time" dimension from "Yearly" to
"Monthly" would break down the aggregate marks into monthly values, providing
a more detailed view of the data.
example theory, T/w & viva marks for all students for every year.
(v) Pivot:
 Pivoting involves rotating the cube to view the data from different
perspectives, allowing for cross-tabulation and rearrangement of dimensions.
 Example: Pivoting the cube to view the "Student" dimension horizontally and the
"Course" dimension vertically would provide a tabular view of the aggregate
marks for each student and course combination.

example : Analyzing aggregate marks course arise.

These OLAP operations provide different ways to analyze and explore data within the cube.
Slicing and dicing help in filtering and selecting specific subsets of the data. Roll up and drill
down facilitate summarization and detailed exploration within dimensions. Pivot enables the
rearrangement and cross-tabulation of dimensions for better analysis and reporting.
By applying these OLAP operations to the cube with the Course, Student, Time dimensions,
and Aggregate Marks measure, the college can gain valuable insights into the marks recorded
for courses completed by students across different dimensions and levels of detail.