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Sinusoids Phasor

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43 views22 pages

Sinusoids Phasor

Uploaded by

rsribalan3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Alternating Current(AC)

Analysis
Sinusoids and Phasors
Representation
Sinusoidal source Representation
• A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating current (AC).
• Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources are called AC
circuits.
• AC and voltages can be expressed as sinusoids or phasors.
• Sinusoids deals with representation of AC in form of equation
involving magnitude, argument and time.
• Phasors deal AC representation in complex form ie., Rectangular,
Polar or Exponential form.
Sinusoids
Sinusoidal voltage is represented as 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

Representation as a function of time t


Period T of the periodic function is the time of one complete
cycle or the number of seconds per cycle
𝟐𝝅
At time t=T, ɷT = 2π 𝑻=
𝝎

The reciprocal of this quantity T is the number of cycles per second, known as the cyclic frequency f in
Hertz (Hz)of the sinusoid. 1 𝜔
𝑓= 𝑓 = 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇
𝑇 2𝜋
Argument of Sinusoids
More general form of representation of sinusoids is arguments with Phase
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
Phase φ can be in degree or radian
It is used to compare two sinusoids for their angular variations
Comparing 𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
and
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
v1 and v2 are said to be out of phase.

v2 leads v1 by φ or v1 lags v2 by φ
Note: frequency should be same for comparison
Sine and Cosine functions
• A sinusoid can be expressed in either sine or cosine form
• When comparing two sinusoids, it is expedient to express both as either
sine or cosine with positive amplitudes
• Following identities can be used for conversion
-sin ɷt
-sin ɷt

-cos ɷt
-cos ɷt

Note: Clock wise angles are Negative


Anti-clock wise angles are Positive
Problem
For the sinusoid 5 sin(4πt − 60◦)
Calculate its amplitude, phase, angular frequency, period, and frequency.

Solution:

Comparing with the general form 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)


Amplitude Vm = 5V

Phase φ = - 60 ͦ

Angular Frequency ɷ = 4π = 12.566 rad/s

Period T = 2π /ɷ = 2π /4π = 0.5s

Frequency f=1/T = 1/0.5 = 2Hz


Find the phase angle between i1 = −4 sin(377t + 25◦) and i2 = 5 cos(377t − 40◦)
Solution: Bring both the currents in sine or in cosine forms with positive amplitudes

Cosine form Sine form


i2 = 5 cos(377t − 40◦)
i1 = − 4 sin(377t + 25◦)
i2 = 5 sin(377t − 40◦+90)
i1 = −4 cos(377t + 25◦+90 ͦ )
i2 = 5 sin (377t + 50◦)
i1 = 4 cos (377t + 115◦)
Also bring i1 to be positive
Comparing with i1 = −4 sin(377t + 25◦±180)
i2 = 5 cos(377t − 40◦) i1 = 4 sin(377t - 155◦) or i1 = 4 sin(377t + 205◦)
i1 = 4 cos (377t – 40 ͦ + 155◦) Comparing with i2 = 5 sin (377t + 50◦)
i1 = 4 sin(377t - 155◦) or i1 = 4 sin(377t + 205◦)
i1 = 4 sin(377t + 50◦ - 205) or i1 = 4 sin(377t +50 +155◦)
Phase angle difference is 155 ͦ
i1 leads i2 by 155degrees Phase angle difference is 155 ͦ
i2 lags i1 by 205 degrees i1 leads i2 by 155 degrees
i2 lags i1 by 205 degrees
Home fun
1.Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of the sinusoid v(t) = 12 cos(50t + 10◦)
Answer: 12V, 10degree, 0.1257s,7.958Hz

2. Calculate the phase angle between v1 = −10 cos(ωt + 50◦) and v2 =12 sin(ωt − 10◦). State
which sinusoid is leading.
Answer: v2 leads v1 by 30◦.
Phasors
• Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors (Frequency Domain), which are more
convenient to work with than sine and cosine functions.
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
• The idea of phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity of complex numbers.

Consider a Sinusoid

V is thus the phasor representation of the sinusoid v(t),


A phasor may be regarded as a mathematical equivalent of a sinusoid with the time dependence dropped.
Graphical illustration
consider the plot of the sinorVejωt = Vmej (ωt+φ) on the complex plane
As time increases, the sinor rotates on a circle of radius Vm at an angular velocity ω in the counter
clockwise direction
The sinor may be regarded as a rotating phasor.
To obtain the sinusoid corresponding to a given phasor V, multiply the phasor by the time factor
ejωt and take the real part
Phasor diagram
Time – Frequency Domain
• By suppressing the time factor, we transform the sinusoid from the time domain to
the phasor/frequency domain

.
Integration and division in Freq Domain
Consider time domain function

Differentiating the function

Similarly for integration


Resistive Element – Frequency Domain
Let current i flows in a resistor excited by a AC source v

voltage and current are in phase

The voltage-current relation for the resistor in the phasor


domain continues to be Ohm’s law, as in the time domain.
Inductor Element
Let current i flows in a inductor excited by a AC source v

To convert to cosine function

Current lags the voltage by 90 ͦ


Capacitive Element
Let the voltage across the capacitor be v =

Similar to the derivation in inductor we will get


Current-Voltage relation
Impedance-Admittance relation

Complex impedance Complex Admittance

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑓𝑜𝑟 RL circuit


𝑍 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 RC circuit
Complex number – a review

Rectangular to Polar

Polar to Rectangular

Inverse of j:
Problems

Solution:
Note: To convert to phasor (polar form) sinusoids is to be converted to positive cosine function

𝑣 = 7cos(2𝑡 + 40 + 180) 𝑖 = 4 sin 10𝑡 + 10 − 90


𝑣 = 7cos(2𝑡 + 220) 𝑖 = 4cos(10𝑡 − 80)
𝑽 = 7∠220° 𝑰 = 4∠ − 80°

Solution:

𝑣 = −10cos(𝜔𝑡 + 30) 𝑰 = 𝑗 13∠ − 67.38° = (1∠90°) 13∠ − 67.38°


𝑣 = 10cos(𝜔𝑡 + 30 + 180)
𝑰 = 13∠22.62°
𝑣 = 10cos(𝜔𝑡 + 210°) 𝑖 = 13cos(𝜔𝑡 + 22.62°)
Problems
1. If voltage v = 6 cos(100t−30◦) is applied to a 50 μF capacitor, calculate the current through the capacitor.

Solution:
𝜔 = 100 v = 6 cos(100t−30◦) 𝑽 = 6∠ − 30°

𝑰 = 𝑽𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑰 = 𝑽𝑗100𝑥50𝑥10−6 𝑰 = 𝑽𝑗0.005 𝑰 = 𝑽𝑥 0.005∠90°

𝑰 = (6∠ − 30°) 𝑥 (0.005∠90°) 𝑰 = 0.03∠60° i = 0.03 cos(100t+60◦)A

𝑽 = 5∠0°𝑉 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 ɷ=10, L=0.2H 𝑍 = 4 + 𝑗2Ω


2. Determine v(t) and i(t).
Z = 4.472∠26.565
𝑽 5∠0°
𝑰= = = 1.118∠ − 26.565°𝐴
𝒁 4.472∠26.565
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑰𝒋𝝎𝑳 = (1.118∠ − 26.565°)(2∠90)

𝑽𝑳 =2.236∠63.435𝑉 i(t) = 1.118 (sin10t - 26.565 ͦ )A

vL(t) = 2.236 (sin10t + 63.435 ͦ )V


Home fun
1. 2.

Answers:

3. Given i1(t) = 4 cos(ωt + 30) and i2(t) = 5 sin(ωt − 20), find their sum and express in sinusoid.
Answer: i(t) = 3.218 cos(ωt − 56.97◦) A

4. The voltage v = 12 cos(60t + 45◦) is applied to a 0.1H inductor. Find the steady-state current through the inductor.
Answer: i(t) = 2 cos(60t − 45◦) A

5. Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit


Answer:
i(t) = 1.789 cos(4t + 26.57◦) A
v(t) = 4.47 cos(4t − 63.43◦) V

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