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2.2 Theorems On Differentiation

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26 views19 pages

2.2 Theorems On Differentiation

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johara umpara
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MAT051 Calculus I

Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City

February 13, 2024


Chapter 2
Derivative of a Function

2.1 Formal Definition of the Derivative


2.2 Theorems on Differentiation
2.3 Differential Notations
2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
2.5 Implicit Differentiation
2.6 Higher Order Derivatives
2.7 The Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2.8 The Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
2.9 The Logarithmic Differentiation
2.2 Theorems on Differentiation

Definition 2.7 The process of finding the derivative of a given function is


called differentiation.
Notations If the function f is defined by the equation y = f (x), then the
derivative of f at x can be denoted by any of the following symbols:

dy d
f 0 (x), , Dx f, Dx f (x), Dx y, [f (x)], y0
dx dx
Theorem 2.8 [Derivative of a constant]
If c is any constant and for all x f (x) = c , then f 0 (x) = 0.
Theorem 2.9 [Derivative of a power]
If r is a real number and f (x) = xr , then f 0 (x) = rxr−1 .
Illustrations:
√
1. f (x) = 2, we have f 0 (x) = 0
2. f (x) = x3 , we have f 0 (x) = 3x2
√
3. If g(x) = ln 3 7, then g 0 (x) = 0
√
4. h(x) = x
√ 1
Solution: Rewriting the function, h(x) = x = x2 .
1 1 −1 1 − 12 1 1
Then for r = 21 , we have h0 (x) = x 2 = x = 1 = √
2 2 2x 2 2 x
1
5. f (x) = 5
x
1 −5
Solution: Rewriting the function, f (x) = 5
=x .
x
−5−1 −6 −5
Then for r = −5, f 0 (x) = −5x = −5x = 6
x
Theorem 2.10 If h is a differentiable function at x and

f (x) = c · h(x),

where c is a constant, then f is differentiable at x and

f 0 (x) = c · h0 (x).

Illustration:
1. f (x) = 6x4
Solution: f 0 (x) = 6 · 4x3 = 24x3
4
2. f (x) = √
x
4 4 −1
Solution: Note that f (x) = √ = 1 = 4x 2 so that
x x2
 1
− −1
 −1−2 −3 −2
f 0 (x) = 4 − 12 x 2 = −2x 2 = −2x 2 = − 23 = √ .
x2 x3
Theorem 2.11 [Derivative of a Sum]
If g and h are differentiable at x and

f (x) = g(x) + h(x),

then f is differentiable at x and

f 0 (x) = g 0 (x) + h0 (x).

Illustration:
1. f (x) = 3x5 − 7x3
Solution: f 0 (x) = 15x4 − 21x2
2. f (x) = 2x5 + 3x4 − 6x3 + 5x2 − 5x − 8
Solution: f 0 (x) = 10x4 + 12x3 − 18x2 + 10x − 5
Theorem 2.12 [Derivative of a Product]
If g and h are differentiable at x and

f (x) = g(x) · h(x),

then f is differentiable at x and

f 0 (x) = g(x) · h0 (x) + h(x) · g 0 (x).


Illustration:
f (x) = (3x2 + 2x)(x2 − 5x + 1)
Solution:
f 0 (x)= (3x2 + 2x)(2x − 5) + (x2 − 5x + 1)(6x + 2)
= 6x3 − 15x2 + 4x2 − 10x + 6x3 + 2x2 − 30x2 − 10x + 6x + 2
= −39x2 − 14x + 2
Theorem 2.13 [Derivative of a Quotient]
If g and h are differentiable at x and
g(x)
f (x) =
h(x)
with h(x) 6= 0, then f is differentiable at x and

h(x)g 0 (x) − g(x)h0 (x)


f 0 (x) = .
[h(x)]2
Illustration:
x2 +1
1. f (x) = 3x−1
Solution:
(3x − 1)(2x) − (x2 + 1)(3)
f 0 (x)=
(x − 1)2
6x − 2x − 3x2 − 3
2
=
(x − 1)2
2
3x − 2x − 3
=
(x − 1)2
Theorem 2.14 [Derivative of a Composite Function - The Chain Rule]
Suppose that f , g , and u are functions with

f (x) = g(u(x))

and suppose that g and u are differentiable at x. Then f is differentiable at


x and
f 0 (x) = g 0 (u(x)) · u0 (x).
Corollary 2.15 If
f (x) = [u(x)]r ,
where r is any real number, and u is a differentiable function, then

f 0 (x) = r[u(x)]r−1 u0 (x).


Illustration:
1. f (x) = (x2 + 3x − 2)5
Solution: f 0 (x) = 5(x2 + 3x − 2)4 (2x + 3)
dy 3
Example 2.16Find given that y = 3 2
.
dx x − 4x − 5x + 2
3
Solution: Note that y = 3 can be written as
x − 4x2 − 5x + 2
y = 3(x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 2)−1 .

Applying Corollary 2.15 with n = −1, we obtain


dy
= 3(−1)(x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 2)−2 (3x2 − 8x − 5)
dx
−3(3x2 − 8x − 5)
= 3
(x − 4x2 − 5x + 2)2
−9x2 + 24x + 15
= 3 .
(x − 4x2 − 5x + 2)2
This example could also be solved using Theorem 2.13. That is if
3
y= 3 2
, then
x − 4x − 5x + 2
dy (x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 2)(0) − 3(3x2 − 8x − 5)
=
dx (x3 − 4x2 − 5x + 2)2
2
−9x + 24x + 15
= 3 .
(x − 4x2 − 5x + 2)2
 5
Example 2.17 Given the function f (x) = 5x+2
2x−3 , find f 0 (x).
Solution:
This example requires a combination of Corollary 2.15 and Theorem 2.13.
Thus,
5x + 2 4 (2x − 3)(5) − (5x + 2)(2)
   
0
f (x)= 5
 2x − 3 4  (2x − 3)2 
5x + 2 10x − 15 − 10x − 4
=5
 2x − 3 4 (2x − 3)2
5x + 2 −19
=5
2x − 3 (2x − 3)2
−95(5x+2)4
= (2x−3)6 .
dy
Example 2.18 Find dx given the function y = (x2 − 3x + 1)12 (2x − 3)15 .
Solution: This example requires a combination of Corollary 2.15 and
Theorem 2.12. That is,
dy
= 30(x2 − 3x + 1)12 (2x − 3)14 + (2x − 3)15 12(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)
dx  
= 6(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)14 5(x2 − 3x + 1) + 2(2x − 3)2 
= 6(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)14 5x2 − 15x + 5 + 2(4x2 − 12x + 9)
= 6(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)14 (5x2 − 15x + 5 + 8x2 − 24x + 18)
= 6(x2 − 3x + 1)11 (2x − 3)14 (13x2 − 39x + 23)
Exercise 2.19 Find the derivative of each of the following:
1. f (x) = 8 −√x3 2. f (x) = 3x3 − 12x + 5
3. f (x) = 3x 3 2x − 4 4. f (x) = (5x2 − 1)(7x3 + 3)
x3 − 1 2x + 1
5. f (x) = 3 6. f (x) = (3x − 1)
x +1 x+5
7. y = (3x − 2)−4 8. y = (x3 + 7x + 2 − x− 3)5
  (2x−3)3
9. d (2x − 1)4 (3x + 2)5 10. g(x) = (3x−2)4
 15 h i
x−1 1
11. h(x) = x+1 12. D 3 x2 +x+1
√

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