o6(o8 24 Unit-2

Varying fields and Wave Propagation

Time
Faraday's law:
The total emf induced in a circuit is

equal to the Yate of decrease of total

maqnetic flux linking the circuit
enf = -do
dt
- flux (total
emf - electronotive-force
L
hith)the circuit represents N turns
then ernf -N d
dt

A non-zero Value for the emf aoill be the

following situations:
DA ime changing linting a stationey:
closed path
)A velative motion between Study flux and
closed path
3) A corobination of above two
Transformer emf:
(onsider a dosed cícait rmode of a sinqle
Auyned loop rclosed loop
 1 the field is normal to the poane of .
\oop and is încreasing, an ent is in duced
in the conductor and the current flo
in the closed circuit.
The direcion of cuYrerst is qtven by Lenz's
lauIt states that the current in closed
conducting loop by change in magnette
flux thr ough the loop fs tn a direction
Such that the flux qenerated by the indu ce
cuYrent tends to counter balance the Change
in the oríqinal magn etic lux
Erf can also be representedà as a line inteqral
of the electric field aound a cosed path.
enf =E.dl-> ()
The total flux though a circut is equal to
the întegral of the nr mal cornpon ents of
the flux density Over the Surface bo unded
by the circuit
o=B-ds’(2)
From Faraday's lauo,
emf - deo
dt (3)
Substituting 0 and (a) in 3)
St-dt d.ds
dt
 he ciYcuit is stationery and Bis Varyirg
with time.

Moving circuit in a stationery field:

Force on charqe q moving at a velocity v
a v

in a maqnetie field B is F auxB)

F

The force per unit charge

in motional eletric ffeld
iotensity (as Em) is prouceMouirg
Movin9 conductor
due to motion of conductor,
motional
in magnetic field; it is called
electric field Em= V x B- If the charge
element is located io a conductor the
motion al emf over the whole Length of the
con ductor
emf = Emdl = Sevxe)dL
emf- ((vxB) dL motioral emf
Moving iTcuit in a timevarying field:
1 the rnagnetie flux is?s changing with time
and coroduetor alsoooving then

dt
Tiansformer t motional
Maxwelì's third equation:
Thom Fanaday' s law,
emf -do
dt

AE_ ds -Integral form

STOKE's THEOREM

tvxe) ds- -(dB

dt
ds
dt
-

Differential form
Poiot form
6) Determine the emf deve loped above the
Path T=0-5m and z:0 3 to-If B= o-ol sin34t
emf- -d¢
dt

Bds BA= oo1Sin34t x x(o-sy

=:853 XI0 sin 311t
emf -ao . -d (4- 853X103 sin34*t)

enf=-.95v
 oBloa24
Equation of Continuity:
for n st ady iaqrettr field poit, forrn of
Aropere's CiCuital law stotes

I4 f5, inadequate for 4iroe H) ds

voying conditions taking díverqence of
equalior(1) is

Curl H : ay a,|

Ma Hy Hz
Div uvlH
dy dz
2

Continuity equation is total charqe leaving

a. volune i the total chorge entering
ey- volune chaxge
density
 to satisfy Arnpere's Grcuital lo.

Inconsistency of Ampere's law:

VxH J+ Jo D- Disp lacement
CuYrent
Taking diyehgence,

+ VJo
t

Replacing v by v.d [Point form of

Gauys a)
(v)

Jo is displacem ent curren density

Maxwell's Fourth Equation :

Taking surface Integral

J ds+ D ds
#(vx H)ds Jt
STOKe'S THeoREM

(HdL = It y D ds
ds
+
4H-dL= (I 0881 ds-Inegral form
eqn):
The Har montc fields (Maxwell's
Ampere's
) H-dL = (z+Dds raialads(xH):J-àD
Faraday's
la
t
Gauss law
(electríc field)-0 Py
B) GDds : S Cass law,
4) B-ds=0 4 Magnetic field)
of Maxcoell's integ ral equation:
Phasor form
-jw B= H
Conductvity
Gauss law
Electrie field)
Dýo-ds = edv Gauss vo PP
law

) 8-ds- o t (Magnetifteld) ,
Farady's
acip:
)fedt- -iuHds -joe fHds (Integral
(auwyx¬jwuH
form)
 S
Arnpere's
ecircuital law
=ktjwe)e
oqlos<24
s) Find the displace ment curYent den sity
for the field E = 300sin io9t V/m

dt

D=EE =ErE
D=8-8s4XI0E, (300sinio9t)
D: 2·656%10sio ot

Jo= (3656 x1o-1E,sinlbt)

Jp= 26 56 ny E, (Cosi) et
Jp= 2-6566, (CoS to14) Am
9) în a on -magn etic dieletic
charge free non-magn
veg'on, the magnetic fteld ts given by
H=(5ços 1ot - 4) &, Am Calculate the
dielectric constat of medium. an d also
the displa ce ment Current density.
 Jp= Vx H

s(cosiot-4y)
=(5 (cosiot -4y))
Jo-5(-sinot -4)c4) = a0 sin (iot-ay)a

E20 sin (o^t-a) dt

E 20co s (1o1t - 44) ax

-(4T7 4169)scos(to4 -4)

(41 Io )(-5 stn (1o14-4y) 16)

aox1o)sin(ro"4-4)
 ay az
xE =

-4y)

|-20

(-sin (o4-44)x-4

sin (io4-4y) Qz
VE=-goH/t
ostnot-a) =(2000r) sin(iota

2000TT

Q-0129
Do|08|24
E
Pooer Po ynting vector
Propagation is given by
P= Ex H
Lay
Hy
Poynting vector:
Poynting vector P is defined as the cross
prOduct of vectors E and H.
1t qives pooer per unit area. The
direction of power flouo at any point is
nomal to both E and H vectors.The unit
is Watts/ m:
P= E x H

Poynting Theorem:
From Maxwell's eqn,
Maxuell's first eqn in point form
Taking dot product oith E on both sides

E-(vxH) EJ +E dD ( )
dt
From Vector identity
V(Ex H)= HVxE)- E (vx H)
E(vxH)= H-(vxE)- v-(ExH)-’ (2)
Substitting (2) in ())
H-(vxE)- v(ExH) E J+ E· JD ’(3)
Fro mMaxoell' second equation,

dt
So equation (3) becomes
H-(-DB)-v(ExH)- EJ+E: dD
dt

V(ExH) = -EJ EdD H

H 3B(4)

Substituting J rE; D=&E; B=uH

B= HH
v(Ex H) = - rE-E (E) H

v-(ExH) =- oe- dt e)- (u)t)

Integrating through out the volume,
o(ExH)av: f-oedv- (4eeud
Total pouoer Power Rate of energy
stored
dissipation
Using diver qence theorem,
jo- ds odv
S
 (v: (Ex H) dv - ExH)ds
V

(E xH) ds : -oE'dv - t

This is the poynting theorem

LHS is the total power leaving the
volume First term in RHS is obmic
power dissipation: Second term in RHS
is rate o.f decr ease of enerqy stored
io Electic and Hagnetic fields
Poynting theorem States that The pet
PoLoer flooing out of a qiven volume
Vis equal to the time Yate of dereaye
Losses
in the enerqy stoYed within the
(conduction) and the voume !"
22|o8|24
Instantantous, Average and Complex Poyting Wecto:
The instantaneous power floo per Sqm is

Piot = ExH
The corm plex pynting vector P may be
defined as Peom=|À
The aveva geand eactive pavts f
por ft
rer sq:m is given by
Tavg Rel?xi
Intrinsie impedance: Denot ed by n

e- permnittivity
c- speed of light
For free spa ce : ¬=E, E

Lurl

4TT XIo
Eo 36TT

n 31q4.13T 1;
n 12011

ma (20TT : 344N

which ave neavy equivalent

H: or) EnH R=
 Find
In free space, H: 0:2 cos(wt- Bx) a, AJrm.
a circular
the total power pa ssing thyough
disc of Tadius 5cm

Magnetic field in phasor

form H: o-2 e-t-p)a
E= n,H
Ey
120T x0 -2 e(ot-paa.
E:
E= 5. 398 eJ(ot-p*)
Pavg Re |Ex a
Tavg -x 02 x 5-348
-4:5348a, Watts/m
Pavg
Area
P :
Area = T,Y
-3
= 1-85 39 vD m
r Pavq (txs'x1o)
25 TT 10
P-: 4S348 x
Po: 0-05921a

P = 59.21 x1oWatts

Pr : 59-214mN
) In free space, E(z,t): 50cos(u)t-B)a, V/e
Find the average power crossing crulay
place
area of Yadis Sm in the L=constant P
E- 50 cos wt-B)a
E= 50 e-)(wt-p) a,

H= 50 Hz
cos (wt-B) a
H: o-13 26 Co S(wt-p) &, = o-1326 e*i(ot-a
Pavg Re|Èxg*
50 X o- 1326
2

ravg = 3-3156 a Watts|m

P-= Pavg ds
P-: Pavg (25T)
Pr : 3-3156 x 25 TT
P= 260-41 Watts
slo824
Wave Equations:
wave equation:
Electromaqnetie w
Free space Condins no charqe and no
Conduction cuYrent
Maxwell's equation aYe

VX H dD

JB ’(2)

V-B- O ’ (4)
Wave equation for electric field E:
Differentiating eqn· () cot time.
’ (5)

Since curl operation is the differentiation

wTt space,the order of differentiation
may be veversed,

t -’ (6)
Substituting D: £E in eqn: (G)
’(1)
Taking curl of eqn: (2)
v(oB)- (*)
Fvom vector identity .
v(v)- ' t ’ (1)
Substituting cqn () in (8)
v(v.)- v'E = dB\

Substituting B-H,
Jt
Substituting from eqn ()
v()- v°E = ’(10)
From Maxwell's third equation,
y-EE=0 >v-Eo(e#o)
3u bstituting eqn () in (10)
-vE =-ue oE

E= E

This is the uDave eqn for a time Varying

elecdric field at free space condition
Wave equation for magnetic field,H:
Taking time derivative of eqn(2)
-(vxe)= -3B
dt
Revevsing the order of dfferentiaion in.
the LHS of the above eqn:,

’(12)
Taking curl of eqn:(),
VX VX H = ’ (13)
.dt
From vector identity
VxVX H= v( H)-v'H ’(14)
Substituting eqn-(4)in (13)
(v-))-vH vx OD15)
Substitting D= EE
dE
’(15)
ot
Substituting egn- (12) in (15)
v(vH)- yH =-E dH (16)
From Moax well's fourth eq uation,

Substituting eqn (I) in (IG)

- H= - HE JH
This i the wave eqn for time varging
magnetic field
General Wave Equation:
Wave equation for a conducing medium:
Maxw ell's equations are
VX H=J+ dD J:GE
D=EE

VXE= -B
B= H

’ (2)
Wave equation foY electric fteld, E:
Taking time derivative of eqn: ()
(vxH)
Reversinq the order of diferentiation in
the LHS of ab0ve eqn,

’(3)
Taking Curl of eqn (3)

dt
’ (4)
From vector ide ntity,
vx V*E vE)- VE(5)
Substitting eqn: (5) in (4).
vlv:E)- v'E = -HvxH )

But from Maxwell's third eqn

Sioce there is no net charge withio the

conductoY although there nay be charge
on Surface of conductor, harge density

Substituting qn: (3) and () io (6)

-y°E = - uodE uE E

This is a wave eqn for a time varytng

electric field in a conducting medium.

Wave equation for magnetic field, H:

Takt ng time derivative of eqn(2)
D(vxe) -ud'H-
Revevsing the order of differentition in
LHs of above eqnI
JE
-’ (8)
 Taking curl of eqo()
dt

From the vector identity,

VxVXH = v(H) - y²H(io)
Substitting éqn (2), eqn:(io) and eqn (8)
in
eqn-()
v(H)-vH=
From Maxwell's fourth equation,

VH=0

Substiting VH=0 in above equation,

This i6 the wave equation for tine

Varying
maqnetic field in conducting medium
Wave Equation in PhaSor for m:
General wave equation for E is
v'E-uodE E

Replace jw

jwu(o jwe) E

) yE- E= O: ohere is
jou(ojue)
Yis called propagation constant
Further, X+j8
BBis caled phase constant
d is call ed attenu ation
Constant:

Loss of pouwer and loss, o.f signal is

ter med as attenuation.

d: Read part of juwulotjwe)

V2 w'
 B- Imaginary part of Vjoy(ojae)

)
Plane wave in free spa cei
The wave cqn for electric field is qiven
by 'E-E 0
=
jou(onjwE)
For a loss less medium,

E-w'uEE

ohere is phae shifting constant.

efa se shift meas ure
The pha,e velocty of w'ave is qiven by
B
 Íntrinsic impedance for a loss less
The
medium,
120TT,3 7 S n
H

X- wavelength
E

The distance over which the sinu soidal

wave passes through a full cycle of 2

Yadians.
B =2TT
B- w

From the eqn: c0=2tIf

Frequency is me asured in cycles/sec (or
Hertz:
26|o8|24
Plane wJave in Lossy Diele ctric:

Foy diele ctyic

ohere only fiyst 2 teY ms afthe binonnil

Expression are used
The d becomes

V2 1)

2
28

Then p becornes,
 -)

V 4 wg

4 w 4 w'e
o-2

4 we'

By bino mial expanyion,

(|+

term is the corretion factor

The se cond
Loss
for Smal anount of
p= wJueFor perfect dielectric
Velocity:
wae in dielectric is
Velocity o.f the

qiven by
 8 wE

where
= 3x108 ms
Jue
tor a perfect dielectyic we usLme

2=o and = lo
This is the veloity of woave in dielectric,
cohen the conduivity G=0The
velecity of propaqation of coave is sliahtl
reduced due to Loss
Irdriosic impedance
jwu
V(ojw)
jo
Njwei*w)

VE
Srmll am Ount of loss added to Smal
weactance Component
is he intrin sic impedance of
=0
dielectric when

Propagation in Good conductor:

For good conductor >>|

Propagation constant =+jB

: Jjoo(1+ juog)
>> then cE

In polar form, =Vwuo las

is
JP

B
The velocity of the oave in the Conductoy is
 V

The intinsic impedance for the conducr'

V(onjuoe)
jw
|jwe(!
Since
Can be neglected,
jwu

polarform

For a qood conductor is larqe, So

a and are
large The velocity is veny
Srmall in qood ondncuY
nis olso very
d ha Teactance Component: Ih
Smal and
angle of inpedo
daoce is 454 in
Conductor
 o824

) Electric field associated with plane wave

fn a pex-fect dielectrte medium
trave lling
E,(z,t) = t0 cos(2T xo- 0-(T7)M
is given by
Fod the velocity of propagation and
itrtosic impedance Assume u=uo

V=

200x 106 ms

ue

X2x08

16TT

10x 6-314
V |989 x I0-"

|=25135 x0?
n= 25|· 35.nL
a) Cal culate the atten uation constant, pha
constant and intrinsie impedance fra
uniform plane wave oith the fre quenay a
10 GHZ in a mediun for which u= Ho and
4
Ey=23, 2:56 x I0 älm

For dielectr ic
wE
Fox conducto

271f

23 256
|445
-\5

8-854x\012
It is a dielectric

256 x 0-4 4Tx10-1

2 23x3-854x I0-12

= O: o31446 317 96 x 10nepersneter

 2T X 1041TX IOx2-3 x8.854x10

9
B: 2T X lox 5-058x lo-1
B= 31844 ad/rn

V2-3x 8-854x I0

:2484n|1+ j(1-0oo l xi6)

243-4|| +j248435 xIo-4)
1-
Calculate the attenuation Constant
a)
and phase constant for the uniform plane
oave with the frequency of 00 GHz in
conducting medium for ohich Uy=l and
conductivity at that point

d= B =

2Ux 10"x 4T x i0X 58 x Io6

d= B

228444.82X |ß

d:B= 4485x 10 4.48 x 06

 2a|c8|24
Reflection of a plane oave at noTmal inciden
Medium Medium -2)
E;

H;0

H,
incident wave
Transmitted wave
Ex

az Hr

Yefleted wave

’-xis

When a plane wave incident on norm al

Surface blw two media,
Plane wave propagating along tz- directi
is inciderd norny on boundary z-o
between medium - where x<o characterised
by T ) i , and medium-2 cohere z>0
characterised by os, ,&
3o/os/24
Incidernt wave: (-incid ent Yrefected and
t t y ansmitted
(Ei,Hi)
is travelling along + a, direction in
lE,H:) i5
medium-O we suppo se the
I tirne factor
jwt aod assume that
Eio e z
Eis - Eio e ay ’ (1)
His H;, e-z
Then
ay
H
Eio e ay ’ (2)
Ftn>The magnitude of incident wave
Pellected oave: (E,,H,)
Eys = Ero e ay ’ (3)
Hs = Hyo e"fay Evo

-Ero
-
e t ay’ (4)
Ero The maqnitude of Yefle cted oave
along z-ais
Transroitted oave:(E,,H)
ay -’(5)
Eto e ’ (6)

tto’ Magnitude of trans mitted coave

 (For normal incidence fi, Ey, E4 have the .
polarisation)
Total field in medium -|:
Both incident + eflected fields
t, = E;+ Ey H, = H;+ Hy
For medium-,
E =Et H = H+
At inter phase z=o (Boundary condition)
Tan gential component of E and H must be
COntinuows (E and H ields are
tangentil to the
entirely
ioterface) Hen ce at Zio,
ttani = E.
ttan2
Tmpyth at Ertojt Evo) = Etlo)
tiot Ero Et )
Hi(oy t Hr(oy = Hto)

Eto ’(3)
Solving these equations,
Eio- Ero = Eiot Evo
Eiot Ero
Eio- Eyo
 Iyo
n, +n,

Eto

(a) yeflection
Frem eqn- (4) coefficie nt
Eyo ’n(a)

Exo = Ei u(b)

Fro m egn: (1o) trans miss ion coeffitient

Eto
Eio M,+n,
Eto = t Eio’ 12(b)

nstonless may
Both and t aYe dime
be Complex

ng to vuy between osTI

3) r is qoi

General case:
Medium-l: Perfect dielectric( o =0)
Medium-2: Pexfect conductor (o3 - o)
)

freespace From boundary conditions,

ConductY
 Eio - Ero

Eio
Es tis t Es

Eis (Eto e )a
-JP ; , =o (Ideal conditien)
ET Ei + Ey
- Eio e j(wt-pz)

Et = Eioe j(wt-pz tioe t + Bz)

E E,e
E,:E:o(eP- eipet
E: -
-2j Ero eiot(epzerip)

WK-T Sin = eie-Se

siohe = e-eo

E -2jEjo eJwt
singz
 -2j Eto (coswt +jsinwt) sinBz
2Ei0 -jcoSwt -jsin wt) sinßz
ET
Ey 2ti0
2Eio sio wt singz 2jEio cosStot sinpz
p=EX H Pav - Re (ExH)
ET Rel(t)
Bz
Real (E) = 2 Eio Sinot sin
e (wt-Bz)
B z ) Hee(ottpz)
H = Hi +

Hio = Hro
=

+ Hio e(wttp)
Hy Hio e

H= 2 Hioejwt (eiez
t -jpz)
e-JBz

H = 2 Hio ejwt Co Sgz

Hy- 2Hio (coSwt + jsin t) cOS BZ

H 2 Hio CoSwt cospz j2Hio Sin wt cOspz

HT = Rel(H)
Real (H) 2 Hio co Swt cosBZ
Standing
When
wave:

in cideot wave Collide idL

veglectin9 standin9 wave oCCUrS

incident cwave and ye flected wave

Same magnitude
having
Medía-1 2Ei0
Media-2
T=21T 2T

t-0,%V43%
- 2Eio

’Z-axis

Here standing wave in space bt varying

Sinusoidaly coith time period
Stonding wave E = 2Eisinwt sinpz az
The curVes O,l,2,3,4 re
Yespectively at
times t=0,,I. 4
3T
) A-2TT

Media-1 2 ,both are ostle ss

i and are eal So aYe r and T
Let u Con sider two more Cases.
 Case- (): n, >n, and r o o3/o9/24
n,-n

Here standing wave will be in nediu-l

and tYansmitted wave oill be in medium-2.

Incident wave ampétude and Yeflected
oave mpitude are not equal

(or)
Zoax = n= O, l, 2,.
Bi
B, 2TT -nA ;n= O,l, 2,
2

The maxi mum Value of eeA modulus El

OccuYS at Lmax
E
The minimum Value of modulus IE
OCcurs at

. -B, min = (20+1)

(or)
Zmin -(20+1)TT - (20t1) ,

4
wheye n= O, I,2, --
Case- I: If n, < n. and r<o
 L-ais

\n,>n Eio(i+r)

Eiol -r)
1,<n,
-3A -

Standinq waves due to veflection at an

inter face blw tuo Lostless media

) H| minimuum oceuYS at uohenever there

.is E maximum and viceversa
2) The transmitted oave in mediun-2 is
purely tyavelinq wave and conse cutive ly
there are no maxtmal minin în this reg ion
Stan ding wave Ratio:

IHilmax
|Elmin
S+I
Since refle ction coeficient (r) is o<rel,
it fo lo Ws that 1<s o.The standinq
 Yatio is dimensionless

e) e un iform plane o ye in free spate is

normall focident on a dieledr ie hayinq
permitivity 4 relati ve permeabily
relative 3ve ,
field of incident
1The electr ic whee t
to Z
zco Er
given by E =EoeJ
constant, Calcwate
is the real incident
wsawelength af
) Frequency and
and ransmitted wave

fild of inided wave

(2) Magnetic
(3) Trasmission oeffient and the
expresion fo Y electric field ae the
tran rnitted sawe
essíon for maqntic field of the
Expression
(a)Expr
trangrnitted uwave.

/4TX1o1X8-854x10 x4

J44:50S
|-448 x 10ols
 t = 3* 10- 4t.45 x10° Hz
14q-3 x106

A 3 - |4m

2TX 44-45
I49-8 x In6

P2-0|m
n,= 120tT

V-8s4%1 0 I

|M. =60TT =88-4

(ti) Hio Go -iz Eio

|20TT
-e-a
(it) -2n, -2(326-8) O.664
188-4+376-8

H=E E,eSay
E TEto eJBaz
 (iv) H= 0-664 t,e

H= 0-035 Epe
dieletrie
Reflection of Plane wave by perfet
Obique io cidence:
Ray
Ray
- Reflected
wave

Incident Ray-O Ray-

Medium-O

Medium
Ray
=0, le,E,

Ray-O
Transnitted
wave

The incident ay 2 travels distance ce

ohere as transmitted ray1 travels distance
A0 and refle cted Yayi travels from Ato E
IR V, is the velocity of save in me dium-O
and V is the velocity of wave in mediu -)
then CB

Frorm the ABC, CB =ABsin;

From the ABD, AD= ABsint
sin i
ABsinO sin +
where Vi = and VT

Here i= l2= Mo

VE
ohere n, and no are refractive indices
This is Snell's lauo of refraction of Ld
of sines.Ioter face blw too dielectric
media, the Yatio of sine of ange of
incidence in medium- to the sine of
angle of incidence i medium-2 is equal
to inverse ratio of in ex of Yefraction.
Furthner more, cB= Ae
AB sin i = AB Sio,

Sin Or

The soell's law of Te fle ction states

that 4he angle of refletion is equal
to angle of incidence.
 o6(09|24
Reflection:
TotalInternal

incidertwave Reflected oave

anr

Medium -

ant

O4 =q0 Transtted e
Mediumn

Foy E, >> E (or) n, >n,

Medium - is incident On less dense
medium then 4 > e;, 4 increa
with 9; , at particular e; , 04-q0° at
cohich the refracted ray (TyanSmitted wave)
just glaze along -the interface.
The anqle o.f inddence for which 4 = 9¡ is
called critical ongle . from Snell's lau)
Sin e
sin 4
 Afurther incyease in ; wOuld Yesult :

Do xefyacted ay and the ineident

is said to be totaly reflected.
Case - ): Perpendicul ar polar is athion:

incídent wa veflected wave

E
Ei
anr
Hi ani
Medium -0
ant

Transmitted
Medium - wave
Et
Ht

Oblique in cidence of uniform plane wave

oith perpen dicular polarfSato n
Case-E JlY to the plane of incidence
E; and E4 are in +- diection
Boundary Conditioo Etan = Etan2

Divide by Ei
Et ’()
E; Ei 4

Loident wave E cose;

tPower)
Reflectsped waVe
EY cose,
pOwer

ToanSmitted wave 2
E cos
POweY

Etcos 0 ;
n,
t f OSe,+cosO4 2

throughout by E coserd
and

,
substitting O1=
E COSe,

Eosei/n,
-> E
n,Erco se;
Ey2
n, E¡cosO;
t JE. ECOS 4
’(2)
E VE, Etcos e;

Since n.:

Substituting () in (2)
E Er
I+Er ose4
E E; Cose;
 E,
E E Ei cos e:

E, 2Er CoSe4
E E;coSOi
EY
Er CoSt
E; Ei Cos

JE, COS4
Ve cose;
caloa|24 n-simpltftcton)
Je cose;- )E coSe
E;
VE, cos e;+E,co Se

VE
an d
Ve

t: Er
E;
The ab ove eguation is caed Fresnel
equation
Substituting Ex vaue from eqn(4) in
eqn-()
From(3),
On simpt cation,
 +
Je, coSe4 JEcos O4 ’(4)
Ve, coSe; Je, coS e;

Erom ) and (4):

2 )E, cosO;
E;
JE cos O;tJE,cos 04
21, co SO;

n, cose; +n,cos4
caled Fresnel's equation
Above eqn: is also
Parallel polarisation:
Case- (2):
Er

H; zíanr
Or
Medium-O

Mediu

In this case, E is parallel to the plane of

tncidence, again applying bgun dary
Conditions thatthe tanqential co mponen
of E is cortinuou acsoSs the bounda
Here ; y1
Dividing above eqn: by Ei
Ey
Co SO4
EiJ
Co Sei ’(5)
Ei Cos t
Substitting eqn-(5) in eqn:(0)
() E
2
E, cos Cose4
X
Eicos et
Ey CoS
E: cos t

E E; Cos O4

1
E1 Ey
Cos t

Ey
 Zlel
Yelalet are
xangmitted Reflection
and
VEcoSO;
tVE,
SCO
e, coS VE, Et
(6) eqn:
in(Substituting
G) 6)
, mission ans Similar
TY y,
Stmitayganes
+,cos. cos; n
L
O4 coS VE t 0;coS VE,
Ei
VE, - Ilel
cos VEcOSe;
CoS4 Ve
coS Je, coSe; JE,
4cos Ei-EY
;Cos
EYE:t
Breuoster's angle for Ilel polarisatin,
Anqle of încidence at cohich there t
no refletion

Trett) eo
CoS4 0
VE Cos i JE, cos +
VE cos eltel Jecos 4
E,cose B/vel= E, cose4

e,(i- sites/e) = E,(- sine)-)

From Snelt s lauo,

sin 4
Sin
(o)
sio" e =(& sin Bllel
Substituti ng in (0,
E.(-sie glie) -&s(- sioeaie)
2
sin OBlel E-Esine,ellel
 sinOellel

sio eBlel (ea-e) (e, +E)

coSeB/rel

Blel tan E

1oloa|24
Skin depth:
In good Conductors, the 0ave attenuates

Very rapidly and the fields aYe Confined

to the region near the surface of the
Conductor. This phenomenon is call ed
Skin effect
Skin depth (or) Depth of penetration:
IH is defined as -the distance travelled
by a condueting mediun
madium at whch
ts amplitude fals in /e (or) 36- 8/. of
its value on ihe surface o-f the co
nductina
medium.

O368

E=E,eos(#ot-p2)ax
1

-)
2

Vwuo
is skin depth