CULTURE: LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION ASIA

(Cross Culture Understanding)

Arranged by :

1. Tio Lestari Simanjuntak (2101030004)

2. Lusia Pebriyani (2101030006)
3. Reza Sanjaya Sinaga (2101030016)
4. Gina Wijaya Simanjuntak (2101030040)

Lecturer: Asima Rohana Sinaga, S.Pd., M.Pd

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

THE FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

THE UNIVERSITY OF HKBP NOMENSEN PEMATANG SIANTAR

PEMATANG SIANTAR

2024
 PREFACE
Thank God for the presence of Almighty God, because of His grace and guidance, the
authors was able to complete the preparation of this proposal with the title
“COMMUNICATION” This proposal is an assignment to fulfill the Cross Culture
Understanding course at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, HKBP Nommensen
University, Pematangsiantar.

The authors would like to express our deepest gratitude to our lecturer Asima Rohana
Sinaga, S.Pd., M.Pd who has provided invaluable guidance, direction and suggestions during the
process of preparing this paper. This assistance and support really helped us in completing this
academic assignment.

Hopefully this proposal can provide a positive and useful contribution. The authors
realize that there are still many shortcomings in this paper, therefore, the witer really hope for
constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements.

Finally, the writer hope this proposal can be useful for readers who wish to read it.
Thank you for the attention and opportunity given.

Pematangsiantar, October, 2024

Group 3
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
PREFACE..................................................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................4
1.1 Background......................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Formulation of Problem..................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................6
2.1 Language in Communication.........................................................................................................6
2.2 Top Ten Language Spoken in the World.......................................................................................6
2.3 Language in International Business...............................................................................................7
2.4 Second Language Learning.............................................................................................................8
2.5 Language Relativsm in Communication........................................................................................9
2.7 Types of Non-Verbal Communication.........................................................................................10
2.8 Elements of Verbal Communication............................................................................................16
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................18
3.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................19
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Asia's many languages, traditions, and social norms impact cross-cultural
communication. Asia is home to high-context civilizations such as Japan, China, Korea, and
Thailand, where communication is often indirect, relying primarily on nonverbal clues, body
language, and cultural knowledge. In contrast, low-context cultures such as India and the
Philippines, particularly in professional settings, use a more direct communication style,
emphasizing the explicit meaning of words. These distinctions reflect the historical,
philosophical, and religious underpinnings that govern interactions within each culture.
Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, as well as colonial legacies, have had a
significant impact on societal structures, relationships, and means of self-expression.

Many Asian cultures focus extensively on nonverbal communication, with gestures,

facial expressions, eye contact, and personal space conveying significant messages. Maintaining
eye contact, for example, may be perceived as aggressive in Japan and Korea, yet it is frequently
used to convey confidence in India and the Philippines. The concept of "saving face" is an
important aspect of communication, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, where maintaining
unity and avoiding shame are crucial. People frequently employ indirect communication or
silence to maintain dignity and mutual respect, which might result in misunderstandings for
people unfamiliar with these cultural nuances.

Understanding cultural differences is essential for successful business dealings. Asian

countries frequently prioritize relationship-building, hierarchical respect, and consensus-based
decision-making, which may result in lengthier negotiating processes. Trust is an essential
component of professional interactions, and formal rituals such as passing business cards or
showing respect to seniors play an important role. Though globalization and digital
communication have introduced more modern, globalized practices, traditional beliefs continue
to impact communication in most of Asia, making cultural knowledge essential for cross-cultural
success.
1.2 Formulation of Problem
Based on the background above the writer formulate the problems as follows:

a. What is language in Communication?

b. What are the top ten language spoken in the world?
c. What is language in the International Business?
d. What is second Language Learning?
e. What is Languge Relativism in Commnunication?
f. What is Non-Verbal Communication?
g. What are the types of Non-verbal Communication?
h. What are the elements of Verbal Communication?
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Language in Communication
Language is the essential tool for communication, allowing people to convey their
thoughts, emotions, and facts. It is more than just a way of exchanging words; it is inextricably
linked to culture, identity, and social interactions. Language allows us to communicate our ideas,
form relationships, and gain understanding. Language gives structure to communication,
allowing us to arrange ideas and communicate them in ways that others can understand.

Language serves multiple functions in communication, including verbal, written, and

nonverbal indicators including tone, intonation, and gestures. These components work together
to produce meaning, allowing individuals to comprehend not only the literal information but also
the emotional and cultural environment surrounding it. Different languages, with their distinct
vocabularies and grammatical structures, impact how people perceive their surroundings,
influencing how they think, interact, and solve problems.

Language is also important for establishing identity and fostering social connections.
People frequently use language to reflect their cultural background and sense of belonging. It
represents common experiences and ideals, which assist to define a society's norms and
behaviors. Language has an important part in cross-cultural communication since it can act as
both a bridge and a barrier. Effective communication between cultures necessitates not only a
mastery of the language itself, but also an awareness of the cultural meanings and nuances
contained in it.

Finally, language determines power dynamics in communication. The ability to speak a

specific language fluently can provide social and professional benefits, whilst language
difficulties can cause misunderstandings and exclusion. In multilingual environments, language
can also represent authority, inclusion, or exclusion, making it an important role in influencing
relationships and communication outcomes.

2.2 Top Ten Language Spoken in the World

Language Primary Country Number of Speakers
 Mandarin Chinese China. Tiwan, Singapore Over 920 milion

Hindi India Around 600 million

Bengali Bangladesh, India Around 270 million

Japanese Japan Ariund 125 million

Punjabi India, Pakistan Around 125 million

Javanese Indonesia Around 82 million

Lahnda (Western Punjabi) Pakistan Around 85 million

Telugu India Around 80 million

Vietnamese Vietnam Around 85 million

Tagalog (Filipino) Philipines Around 28 million

2.3 Language in International Business

Language is important in international business communication, particularly in Asia,
which has a rich linguistic and cultural diversity. Effective communication in international
business necessitates not only language skills but also a grasp of cultural conventions, nonverbal
communication, and context. In Asia, where countries such as China, India, Japan, and Indonesia
are key economic powers, language fluency can be a valuable asset in developing strong
commercial contacts and negotiating profitable deals.

In many Asian cultures, language represents not just communication but also respect for
hierarchy, traditions, and cultural values. For example, in Japan and Korea, the usage of
honorifics and suitable language formality is critical in business communication. Failure to
follow these linguistic rules may result in miscommunication or even offense. Mandarin Chinese
is the primary business language in China, and knowing how to speak or comprehend it can help
you connect with local partners more deeply because it communicates respect and a willingness
to participate in the local culture.

English is frequently used as the common language for international commerce in Asia,
particularly in nations such as India, Singapore, and the Philippines, where it is commonly
spoken in professional settings. However, relying simply on English might not always be
enough. Learning important words or basic proficiency in the local language can help business
executives in Asia exhibit respect and create relationships. Understanding local idioms, phrases,
and communication nuances, such as the significance of keeping a straight face or using indirect
speech, can greatly improve commercial discussions.

Furthermore, the complexities of translation and interpretation in international commerce

should not be disregarded. Accuracy is required when translating business documents, contracts,
and presentations, as is cultural sensitivity. Misinterpretations might result in serious
misunderstandings or even legal concerns. As a result, businesses frequently rely on competent
translators and interpreters to bridge linguistic gaps in high-stakes negotiations and cross-border
cooperation.

Language in international commerce in Asia extends beyond words to include cultural

knowledge, respect for local norms, and a comprehension of the larger social context. Learning
the language of business in Asia, both literally and metaphorically, can result in stronger
collaborations, more effective negotiations, and long-term success in the global marketplace.

2.4 Second Language Learning

Second language learning is critical for efficient communication in Asia, a region known
for its vast linguistic diversity and cultural complexities. Individuals frequently experience
difficulties in attaining mutual understanding due to the multitude of languages and dialects
spoken throughout diverse countries. As a result, learning a second language, especially English
or another regional language, has become increasingly crucial for navigating social, academic,
and professional situations. In many Asian countries, competence in a second language is
regarded as a vital asset, improving employment opportunities, enabling international business
relations, and boosting cultural interaction.
 English has evolved as Asia's most extensively taught second language, serving as a
lingua franca in numerous corporate and academic settings. Countries such as India, the
Philippines, and Singapore have integrated English into their education systems, emphasizing its
importance in global communication. This tendency has resulted in an increase in the number of
people who speak English fluently, allowing them to participate in worldwide discourse and
work with people from all backgrounds. However, English proficiency levels vary substantially
across the region, emphasizing the importance of personalized language education programs that
take into account local settings and cultural nuances.

Technology has changed second language instruction in Asia, making it more accessible
and enjoyable for students. Online platforms, mobile applications, and social media offer a
variety of materials and opportunity for practice in real-world scenarios. Language exchange
programs and virtual conversation partners enable students to engage with native speakers,
which improves their awareness of language nuances and cultural differences. This technological
revolution encourages a more dynamic and immersive approach to language learning, giving
students confidence in their communication abilities and preparing them for the demands of an
increasingly interconnected society.

2.5 Language Relativsm in Communication

Language relativism, also known as linguistic relativity, holds that a language's structure
and vocabulary shape how its speakers see and think about the world. In the context of Asian
communication, this notion emphasizes how multiple languages can influence cultural identity,
social connections, and comprehension. Given Asia's vast linguistic diversity, language
relativism influences how people from different cultures receive information and communicate.
For example, various Asian languages may have specialized terminology or phrases that reflect
cultural values or social hierarchies, resulting in distinct ways of thinking and expressing ideas.

One major example of linguistic relativism in Asia is the concept of honorifics, which is
found in languages such as Japanese and Korean. These languages use varied amounts of
politeness and respect in their syntax and vocabulary to express societal hierarchies and
relationships. As a result, speakers are trained to include social context and relationships into
their speech, which can have an impact on interpersonal interactions and decision-making
processes. This cultural nuance emphasizes the necessity of recognizing language relativism in
cross-cultural communication, as misinterpretations can occur when speakers from various
linguistic backgrounds engage without being aware of these subtleties.

Furthermore, language relativism is reflected in how particular cultures label and rank
experiences. For example, some languages have many terms for concepts that may be grouped
together in English, such as various words for different types of rice in Vietnamese or various
words for colors in Chinese. These disparities can shape how speakers perceive and interact with
their surroundings. In Asia, where language and culture are inextricably linked, acknowledging
linguistic diversity is critical for efficient communication and mutual understanding. As
globalization continues to cross cultural divides, recognizing language relativism can help reduce
misunderstandings and improve collaboration among the region's varied linguistic communities.
2.6 Non-Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication plays a crucial role in human interaction, often conveying

more meaning than spoken words. In Asian cultures, where indirect communication is often
preferred, understanding non-verbal cues becomes even more important.

2.7 Types of Non-Verbal Communication

1. Proxemics

Proxemics is the study of personal space and how different cultures perceive physical distance in
interactions. This varies significantly across cultures, as some societies prefer close physical
proximity while others value personal space. Proxemics can influence perceptions of intimacy,
aggression, and authority.

Example :

 Japan: In Japan, personal space is highly valued, especially in formal contexts. During
conversations, individuals typically maintain about an arm’s length distance. This space
reflects respect for personal boundaries. In informal settings, such as among close
friends, this distance may decrease slightly, but people still prefer a moderate amount of
space. The Japanese cultural emphasis on harmony often leads individuals to be aware of
each other’s comfort levels regarding space.
  India: In India, the norm is to stand much closer during conversations. Personal space is
less emphasized, and standing shoulder to shoulder is common among friends and family.
This proximity signifies warmth and familiarity. For example, during a casual gathering,
friends might engage in conversations with very little distance, while in formal settings, a
slightly greater distance may be observed, particularly with unfamiliar individuals.
However, even then, the distance is generally closer than in cultures like Japan.

 China: Proxemics in China can vary depending on the context and the relationship
between individuals. In business settings, a moderate distance is typically maintained,
particularly when interacting with superiors. However, in informal situations among
friends, people may stand closer together. The concept of "guanxi" (relationships)
influences how distance is perceived; the closer the relationship, the smaller the personal
space.

 Thailand: Thai culture values a balance in personal space. In formal situations,

individuals often maintain a respectful distance, akin to Japan. However, in social
settings, especially among close friends, people may stand closer together. The traditional
greeting, the "wai," reflects this cultural emphasis on respect, as individuals bow slightly
while keeping a comfortable distance.

 South Korea: South Koreans generally respect personal space, especially in formal
interactions. Individuals maintain a distance that signifies professionalism. However, in
more casual settings among friends, this distance may decrease, reflecting the closeness
of relationships. The cultural context dictates these spatial norms, with a preference for a
respectful distance in professional environments.

2. Kinesics

Kinesics involves the use of body language, gestures, and facial expressions to convey messages.
This includes several subcategories:

a. Gestures
Gestures are hand movements or body postures that express ideas or emotions. They can
have specific meanings in different cultures and can lead to misinterpretations if not
understood properly.

Example:

 Thailand: Uses the "wai" gesture (palms together) as a respectful greeting.

 India: The "Namaste" gesture (palms together) is commonly used as a greeting and sign
of respect.

 Japan: Bowing is a significant gesture for greetings and apologies.

 Philippines: The "mano" gesture involves taking an elder's hand and bringing it to one's
forehead as a sign of respect.

 South Korea: A slight bow is often used when greeting someone, reflecting respect.

b. Facial Expressions

Facial expressions are universal indicators of emotion, yet their interpretations can vary
culturally. While some cultures encourage open expressions of emotions, others may
promote restraint.

Example:

 South Korea: Neutral expressions are common in professional settings to convey

professionalism.
 Japan: Subtle facial expressions are used; excessive emotion is often downplayed.
 China: Facial expressions may be muted in formal contexts to maintain harmony.
 India: Expressions of emotion can vary; smiling is often used to ease tension.
 Vietnam: People may smile to show politeness, even in uncomfortable situations.
c. Touching

The role of touch in communication varies greatly. Some cultures are more tactile, while
others prefer minimal physical contact. Understanding these norms is crucial to avoid
crossing boundaries.
Example:

 Indonesia: Handshakes are acceptable, but physical contact between genders is often
avoided.
 India: Light touching among friends is common, but less so between opposite genders
in formal contexts.
 Japan: Minimal touching is preferred; bowing replaces physical greetings.
 Thailand: Touching in public is limited; handshakes are common among men, while
women may bow.
 Philippines: Light touches like a pat on the back are common among friends and
family.
d. Posture

Posture conveys confidence, authority, and openness. Different cultures have distinct norms
regarding how one should sit or stand in various contexts.

Example:

In Bhutan, cultural norms dictate that individuals should sit with a straight back and hands on
their knees when conversing, especially in formal settings. This posture reflects attentiveness
and respect for the person speaking. Conversely, in more relaxed settings in Western
cultures, slouching may be acceptable, which could be misinterpreted as disinterest in
Bhutan.

e. Eye Contact

Eye contact varies in significance across cultures. It can convey confidence and attentiveness,
but excessive or prolonged eye contact may be perceived as confrontational in some cultures.

Example:

 Japan: In Japanese culture, maintaining prolonged eye contact can be considered

confrontational or disrespectful, particularly in formal situations. Instead,
individuals may look down or away to show humility and respect, especially
when interacting with authority figures. This nuanced approach to eye contact can
 lead to misunderstandings with those from cultures that encourage direct eye
contact.
 India: Eye contact varies widely in India depending on the context. While
maintaining eye contact with peers is generally seen as respectful, avoiding it with
elders or authority figures is customary, as it may signify respect and deference.
For instance, a student may look down when speaking to a teacher, while more
direct eye contact is expected among friends.
 China: In Chinese culture, direct eye contact may be viewed as a challenge or
sign of disrespect, especially in formal settings. Individuals often avoid prolonged
eye contact with superiors and may look down or away during conversations. This
practice reflects a cultural emphasis on humility and respect for authority.
 South Korea: South Koreans often avoid direct eye contact with superiors, which
is seen as a sign of respect. In informal settings among friends, however,
maintaining eye contact is more common. This cultural variation can create
misunderstandings, as foreigners may interpret the avoidance of eye contact as
disinterest.
 Thailand: In Thailand, eye contact is generally polite, but too much can make
others uncomfortable. When engaging with elders or authority figures, it’s
common to avert one’s gaze as a sign of respect. This practice illustrates the
importance of maintaining appropriate levels of eye contact based on social
hierarchy.
1. Silence

Silence can convey a range of meanings depending on the context and culture. In some cultures,
silence is a form of respect or contemplation, while in others, it may signify discomfort or
disagreement.

Example:

 Japan: Silence is a valued part of communication in Japan, often indicating

thoughtfulness or respect. During conversations, especially in formal settings, pauses are
common and not perceived as awkward. Instead, they allow individuals to reflect on what
 has been said. This cultural norm contrasts sharply with Western practices, where silence
can create discomfort and prompt people to fill the gaps with small talk.
 China: In Chinese culture, silence can be interpreted in multiple ways. It may signal
contemplation, disagreement, or a desire to avoid conflict. For example, during business
negotiations, a moment of silence may indicate that one party is considering a proposal
carefully rather than expressing dissatisfaction. This nuanced understanding of silence is
crucial in navigating conversations.
 South Korea: Silence during discussions in South Korea is often seen as a sign of
respect. Participants may pause to reflect before responding, especially in group settings.
This practice underscores the cultural emphasis on thoughtfulness and respect for others'
contributions. In more casual settings, silence may also signify comfort among friends.
 Thailand: Similar to Japan, moments of silence in Thailand are viewed positively,
particularly in conversations with elders. It reflects a moment of respect and
thoughtfulness. In social situations, silence may indicate that individuals are considering
their responses carefully, rather than filling the conversation with unnecessary chatter.
 India: Silence can hold different meanings in India. In some contexts, it may indicate
contemplation, while in others, it may be a sign of discomfort or disagreement. For
instance, during heated discussions, silence may reflect a lack of consensus or a need for
individuals to gather their thoughts before continuing.

2. Clothing

Clothing choices can communicate social status, cultural identity, and professional roles. What
one wears often reflects societal norms and expectations.

Example:

 Japan: Traditional clothing, such as kimonos, is worn during special occasions like
weddings and festivals. In everyday business contexts, formal attire like suits is standard.
Understanding the context in which traditional versus Western attire is appropriate is
crucial; wearing a kimono to a business meeting might be perceived as inappropriate.
  India: In India, traditional attire like sarees for women and kurtas for men symbolizes
cultural pride. However, in professional settings, particularly in urban areas, Western-
style business attire is often preferred. For example, during formal business meetings in
cities like Mumbai, professionals typically wear suits, while traditional dress may be
reserved for cultural festivals and celebrations.

 Vietnam: The "ao dai," a traditional long tunic worn over trousers, is a symbol of
Vietnamese culture and is commonly worn during festivals and important events. In
urban business environments, Western attire is often the norm, reflecting a blend of
traditional and modern influences. This duality highlights the importance of context in
interpreting clothing choices.

 Indonesia: In Indonesia, traditional batik shirts are often worn for formal occasions,
while Western business attire is common in professional settings. Understanding when to
wear traditional clothing versus modern attire is essential, as missteps can lead to
perceptions of disrespect or cultural insensitivity.

 Thailand: Traditional clothing, such as the "chut Thai," is worn during cultural events
and ceremonies. In business settings, however, professionals typically opt for Western-
style business attire. This shift highlights the interplay between cultural identity and
professionalism in Thai society.

2.8 Elements of Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is an essential component of human connection, allowing people
to send messages, express ideas, and share feelings using spoken or written language. In Asia, a
region known for its great linguistic diversity and rich cultural legacy, numerous factors
influence verbal communication in unique ways. Understanding these characteristics is critical
for efficient communication, particularly in situations when many languages and cultural
nuances meet. The following is a thorough examination of the essential components of verbal
communication in Asia.

1. Language Diversity
Asia contains thousands of languages, each with its unique structure, lexicon, and peculiarities.
This variation has an impact on how messages are formulated and understood. Mandarin, Hindi,
 Arabic, and Japanese all have unique grammatical rules and phonetics that influence verbal
expression. Understanding the precise language being spoken is critical for efficient
communication since different languages may stress different thoughts or ideas.
2. Contextual Language Use
In many Asian cultures, context is essential in verbal communication. The context in which a
message is given, such as the relationship between speakers, social hierarchies, and cultural
standards, can all have a significant impact on its meaning. For example, in cultures that value
collectivism, such as Japan and Indonesia, communication may rely on implicit messages and
common understanding rather than explicit declarations. This means that speakers frequently
must understand the underlying meaning of words based on context rather than merely the
explicit content.
3. Politeness Formality
Many Asian languages use varied degrees of politeness and formality in their verbal
communication. Languages such as Korean and Japanese, for example, use honorifics and
speech levels to convey the speaker's regard for the listener. This formality influences how
messages are created, requiring speakers to use words and expressions that are consistent with
social hierarchies and relational dynamics. Understanding these nuances is critical for effective
communication, since failing to employ proper levels of civility can result in misunderstandings
or apparent disrespect.
4. Non-Verbal Integration
While focusing mostly on verbal features, it is important to note that verbal communication in
Asia frequently incorporates nonverbal indicators such as tone, pitch, and body language. The
manner words are pronounced can express emotions and intent, providing depth to the vocal
message. For example, in some cultures, a softer tone may denote courtesy or humility, whereas
a more assertive tone may show confidence or authority. Thus, effective verbal communication
frequently necessitates a good understanding of both verbal and nonverbal cues.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
Communication in Asia presents a rich tapestry of linguistic and cultural diversity,
requiring a nuanced understanding that goes beyond mere language proficiency. This paper has
explored various facets of communication, including the significance of language in shaping
cultural identity and worldviews, the crucial role of non-verbal cues, and the impact of language
relativism on cross-cultural interactions. In the realm of international business and education,
language skills, particularly in English, have become increasingly vital. However, effective
communication in Asia demands more than linguistic competence; it requires an appreciation of
cultural contexts, hierarchies, and communication styles unique to each country. From the
intricate use of honorifics in Japanese to the importance of 'saving face' in Chinese culture,
understanding these nuances is crucial for successful cross-cultural dialogue. As globalization
continues to bring diverse cultures into closer contact, the ability to navigate these complex
communication landscapes becomes not just an asset but a necessity, fostering better personal
and professional relationships and contributing to greater cross-cultural harmony in the
increasingly interconnected Asian region and beyond.
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