DATA ANALYSIS IN QUANTITATIVE AND

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

QUANTITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
Statistics must be applied
effectively to organize, evaluate
and analyze the research data in
order to come up with meaningful
information that serves to answer
the research problems.
Quantitative data analysis is
time-consuming because it
involves series of
examinations, classifications,
mathematical calculations
and graphical recording.
 STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS

Step 1: Preparing the data

Step 2: Analyzing the data

 Preparing the data

1. Coding system = quantify or change the verbally expressed data

into numerical information. Converting the words, images, or
pictures into numbers, they become fit for any analytical
procedures requiring knowledge of arithmetic and mathematical
computations.

2. Data tabulation = for easy classification and distribution of

numbers based on a certain criterion, you have to collate them with
the help of a graph called Table. Used for frequency and percentage
distribution, this kind of graph is an excellent data organizer.
 Analyzing the data

Data coding and tabulation are the two important things you have
to do in preparing the data for analysis.

You have to decide whether to use simple descriptive statistical

techniques or advanced analytical methods.
 Statistics
Term that pertains to your acts
of collecting and analyzing
numerical data.
 2 classes of statistical techniques

Statistical methods are ways of gathering, analyzing and

interpreting variable or fluctuating numerical data.

STATISTICAL METHODOLOGIES:

1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Certain aspect of a data set by making

you calculate the mean, median, mode
and standard deviation.

It tells about the placement or position

of one data item in relation to the other
data, the extent of the distribution or
spreading out of data, and whether they
are correlations or regressions between
or among variables.

It does not tell anything about the

population.
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

This does not focus only on the features

but on the characteristics of the sample
that are also true for the population
from where you have drawn the sample.

Inferential statistics is a branch of

statistics that focuses on conclusions,
generalizations, predictions,
interpretations, hypothesis and the like.
DESCRIPTIVE statistics are used to explore the
data collected and to summarize and describe
those data.
Research results may be presented in terms
of percentages, proportions, ratios and
rates.

Percentage and proportion provide a frame

of reference for reporting research results
by standardizing the raw data.

Another technique of presenting large sets

of data is through the frequency
distribution. It is a listing, often expressed
in chart form , that pairs values of a variable
with their frequency.

Measures of central tendency are expressed

in mean, median, mode and midrange.
Mean is also called arithmetic mean. It represents the middle point
of a group of values according to weight.

Median. When the data are ranked in proper order according to size,
the value of the data that occupies the middle position is the median.

Mode refers to the value of x that occurs most frequently in a set of

data.

Midrange is the number which is found exactly midway between a

lowest data value and a highest data value.

The four values can be used to describe the center in a set of data.
 Measures of Dispersion

SPREAD or variability of the set of data, includes the range,

variance and standard deviation.

Range is the difference in value between the highest value and the
lowest value in a set of data.

In computing the sample variance, understand the deviation from

the mean or the difference between the value of x and the mean.

Standard deviation is the positive square root of the variance.

 Hypothesis
It is a tentative statement that something is true, which needs to be proven through statistical
information.

The researcher pursues a belief or concern that an idea is true; however for the purpose of
objectivity, a scientific testing process has to be done.

The null hypothesis is the hypothesis subjected to testing. The alternative hypothesis is also known
as the research hypothesis since it represents the idea that the researcher theorizes in his study.

A study which calls for a measurement of relationship may utilize the statistic of correlation which
looks at the relationship between two variables in a linear fashion.

Pearson r describes the relationship between two continuous variables. A hypothesis which calls
for a test of relationship may be presented and treated in a similar pattern as the test for
differences; however, the Pearson’s r is the statistic to be computed.
 QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
Look for patterns of thought or
action , and comparing what is
logically expected with what is
actually observed.
 Qualitative data
> data that come in words rather than numbers.

> concern is on meanings; context and meanings are treated as

important.

> researcher values subjectivity and qualitative data are analyzed backed
by philosophical assumptions which could be ontological,
epistemological or axiological assumptions.

> researcher arrange data into a particular pattern, find themes and from
them he can tell a particular story and develop a theory to explain various
aspects of social life.
 Analysis of qualitative data
Approaches:

1. Discourse Analysis

2. Content Analysis

3. Thematic Analysis

4. Biographical or Narrative Analysis

5. Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory approach = reflect the circular nature of
qualitative data analysis in the analytic cycle but add the deductive
strategies to approach such as deductive code development,
deductive comparison, and how deductive reasoning influences the
inductive conceptualizing and theory building.

Grounded Theory is not a theory itself, but a process for developing

empirical theory from qualitative research that consists of a set of
tasks and underlying principles. It provides an approach through
which theory can be built up through careful observation of the
social world.
 Grounded Theory process:
1. Researcher prepares verbatim transcripts.

2. Anonymize data.

3. Develop codes.

4. Define codes in a codebook.

5. Code data.

6. describe.

7. compare.

8. categorize.

9. conceptualize.

10. Develop a theory.

 Data preparation for Analysis

3 main tasks involved:

a) producing a verbatim transcript of the interview or group

discussion

b) translating the transcript if necessary,

c) removing identifiers from the data to preserve participant

anonymity.
Verbatim transcripts
In verbatim transcription, the researcher makes a written record of
an interview or group discussion for data analysis.

It captures information in participants’ own words, phrases and

expressions.

Each transcript must be checked for accuracy and completeness by

listening to segments of the recorded interview while reading the
written transcript to identify any errors or inaccuracies and check
if something has been omitted.

It should be labeled file name that is needed during the analysis.

Anonymizing Data
Important to preserve the participant’s anonymity as part of ethical
consideration.

This involves removing the names of people, locations, or specific

information that may reveal the identity of a participant in the
study.

These identifiers may simply be left blank in the transcript or

replaced with a code or pseudonym.
 Developing codes

A code refers to an issue, topic, idea, opinion, etc. that is evident in

the data.

Inductive codes - raised by the participants themselves.

Other codes maybe prompted by the interviewer using topics in an

interview guide that were defined from literature and theory =
deductive codes
 Making a codebook

This is important since it is essential in providing a central

reference for all codes in the study.

The process of coding the data involves reading the data carefully
and identifying what has been said by the participants, assessing
the context of the discussion, and then deciding which codes are
appropriate.

Code development should be well-grounded in the data, conducted

systematically and validated for consistency.
 Research data organization,
interpretation and discussion
The interpretation phase involves
working with the data, searching
for patterns, organizing them,
breaking them into manageable
units, coding, organizing,
synthesizing, classifying and have
them closely examined for their
meanings.
The appropriate method for
analyzing data will depend on
whether you are conducting a
quantitative or qualitative
research.
 Interpreting Quantitative Data

Discussions will focus on the explanations of the collected

numerical data.

It involves deductive method as it focuses on theory testing and

hypothesis testing.

Present a summarized data to facilitate understanding. Have the

basic knowledge of statistics and describe collected data.
 Interpreting qualitative data
Data are non-numerical

Requires data to be reduced to certain patterns, categories or themes

which are then interpreted using some schema.

Data will have to be broken down into smaller pieces so that a larger and
consolidated picture can emerge.

Researcher focus at the many dimensions, behaviors or phenomena

being observed.

Researcher is operating in the exploratory mode of research

In most qualitative approach, data collection and data analysis occurs at the same
time.

Induction method is used.

From field notes, data are organized, coded and ideas are pieced together to work
with key ideas.

Thematic analysis is a process of segmentation, categorization and relinking of

aspects of data prior to final interpretation.

Interpreting qualitative data is facilitated by researcher’s ability to capture in

words, stories, accounts..

Researcher will now work out with key ideas or themes to identify meanings that
emerge as basis for further interpretation.
Interpreting data gathered through
testing hypothesis
 Hypothesis

Is a prediction or guess of the relation

that exists among variables being
investigated.

It must be stated so that it is capable of

being either refuted or confirmed.

The result will answer relationships that

exist among variables.
Writing the Summary, Conclusion
and Recommendation
 Drawing conclusions from
quantitative studies

Conceptualization and generalizations in response to the problems

raised in the study.

Focus on the answers to major problems raised in the study more

particularly on the results of hypothesis testing or for the
researcher to demonstrate his creative best and savor a bit of
intellectual stimulus or in sense related in some way to
implications with consequences that might be perhaps anticipated.
 Drawing conclusions
from a qualitative study

The manner in which they are presented are somewhat related to

implications, elaborations or generalizations.

It represents a culmination on the discussion of the results.

 Contents of the Conclusion

1. It should remind the reader of what you have done, what has
been answered and summarized what has been learned and
discovered.

2. Researcher is to evaluate his/her study as a whole and discuss its

strengths and weaknesses. Recall or consider all the things in your
research that went well and those that turned out less well. This
could lead to a discussion on how future researchers might refine
or redesign the methodology.
3. If the research has practical application, the researcher might
want to make suggestions for future practice or policy.

4. Personal reflections may not be appropriate for some types of

research, but it can be useful in reflecting on an impact on specific
individual in the research. It may need assertions made by the
researcher and findings presented.
 Formulating Recommendations

They are formulated to improve a particular field specified in the

research report. It is addressed to particular sectors concerned.

It should convey the tangible accomplishments.

It should bear an introductory statement that link back to the

findings and conclusion, outlining the areas needing attention .

It should be clear, concise and correct.