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Lecture 2. Cell Physiology

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26 views26 pages

Lecture 2. Cell Physiology

Uploaded by

waqaszulfqar03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Structure

& Function

Waqas Ahmad
Lecturer: UBAS
Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells.


• Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life


functions.
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic

• Do not have structures


surrounded by membranes
• Few internal structures
• One-celled organisms,
Bacteria
Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Plant Animal
“Typical” Animal Cell
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane

• Outer membrane of cell


that controls movement in
and out of the cell
• Double layer
Cell Wall

• Most commonly found


in plant cells & bacteria
• Supports & protects
cells
Inside the Cell
Nucleus

• Directs cell activities


• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
• Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane

• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow material
to enter and leave
nucleus
Chromosomes

• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics
Nucleolus

• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
Cytoplasm

• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Moves materials around in


cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
Ribosomes

• Each cell contains


thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes &
floating throughout the
cell
Mitochondria

• Produces energy through


chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Golgi Bodies

• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
Lysosome

• Digestive 'plant' for


proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell membrane
for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
Vacuoles

• Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
Chloroplast

• Usually found in plant


cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis
takes place

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