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LESSON 7

Lesson focus
Pronunciation ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
/s/ and /z/ ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
/tʃ/ and /dʒ/..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Grammar: Prepositions ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Practice ..............................................................................................................................................................10

Pronunciation
/s/ and /z/
How to make the sound /s/

/s/ is an unvoiced sound. Look at the diagram.

Listen and say the sound. Bring your mouth and
lips forward and your teeth should be slightly
apart. Produce air stream.
(Recording B20a)

Sound and spelling

/s/ is often spelled s, ss, c, ce or sometimes sc. Listen and say these words.
- s: sit sister bus see
- ss : class glasses boss
- c, ce : city circle place police pronounce
- sc : science scissors

Now listen and say these phrases and sentences. (Recording B20d)
1. Summer in the city
2. Have you seen my glasses?
3. So, I’ll see you in the same place next Saturday.
4. I saw your sister on the bus yesterday.
5. My science lessons were the most interesting.

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 How to make the sound /z/

/s/ is an unvoiced sound. Look at the diagram.

Listen and say the sound. Bring your mouth and
lips forward and your teeth should be slightly
apart. Produce air stream.
(Recording B21a)

Sound and spelling

/z/ is often spelled s, z or sometimes ss, zz. Listen and say these words. (Recording B21c)
- s: gives sisters easy husband roses
- z: zoo zero size
- sc: scissors
- zz: jazz

Now listen and say these phrases and sentences. (Recording B21d)
1. What time does the zoo close?
2. A: My favourite music is jazz.
B: Really? Well, it’s always interesting, but it isn’t always easy to listen to.
3. Roses are my favourite flowers.

/ʃ/ and /ʒ/

How to make the sound /ʃ/

/ʃ/ is an unvoiced sound. Look at the diagram.

Listen and say the sound. Your tongue points
upwards towards the roof of your mouth. There is
no vibration from the throat. (Recording B28a)

Sound and spelling

/ʃ/ is often spelled sh, c, sh, ci, s, ss, ti. Listen and say these sounds.

shop fashion cash fresh wash mushroom

chef nation mission special machine ocean

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Now listen and say these sentences.

1. This is a very special pronunciation machine.

2. All our food is fresh, and we serve delicious international specialties.
3. The fishing trip was planned and we left to go to the ocean.
4. She went to a fashion show after taking a shower.

Exercise:

How to make the sound /ʒ/

/ʒ/ is a voiced sound. Look at the diagram. Listen

and say the sound. Your tongue points upwards
towards the roof of your mouth. There is vibration
from the throat., (Recording B29a)

Sound and spelling

/ʒ/ is usually spelled s or si. Listen and say these words.

usually television Asia vision

pleasure measure occasion

Now listen and say these sentences.

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 1. What is your final decision?
2. He bought a luxurious car.
3. We should avoid confusion.
4. I heard an explosion.
5. Do you watch television?

Exercise: Find the words that contain the / ʒ/ sound.

logic genre closure invasion crash

racial anxious Russia revision pressure

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 /tʃ/ and /dʒ/
How to make the sound /tʃ/

/tʃ/ is an unvoiced sound. Look at the diagram.

Listen and say the sound. There is no vibration from
the throat. (Recording B34a)

Sound and spelling

/tʃ/ is usually spelled ch, t or tch. Listen and say these words.

- ch: chips choose March which

- t: future question
- tch: catch watch kitchen

Now listen and say these sentences.

1. Which one do you choose?

2. I’ll have a cheese sandwich.
3. Which questions did you choose in the exam?
4. Today, Chuck will teach future champion cooks how to make a chocolate cheesecake.

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 How to make the sound /dʒ/

/dʒ/ is a voiced sound. Look at the diagram. Listen

and say the sound. There is vibration from the
throat. (Recording B35a)

/dʒ/ = /d/ + /ʒ/

Sound and spelling

/dʒ/ is usually spelled j, g, ge or dge. Listen and say these words.

- j: jam jacket jeans job

- g: general Germany magic
- ge age stage large
- dge: knowledge fridge badge refrigerator
Now listen and say these sentences.

1. What did you major in?

2. Would you arrange travel?
3. There’s some juice in the fridge.
4. Who’s wearing a large orange jacket?
5. Languages are bridges between people.

Exercise: Tick the words than contain the /dʒ/ sound.

1. gin 4. guilty 7. get

2. large 5. gear 8. collage
3. injury 6. just 9. college

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Grammar: Prepositions
1. Definition

Preposition is a word or a group of words used before a noun to show direction, place or time, to
introduce an object.

Examples:

• The preposition "on" in "The keys are on the table" shows place.
• The preposition "in" in "It often snows in December" shows time.

2. Prepositions of time

Preposition Use Example

Clock times The last train leaves at 11:00.
I’ll go shopping at lunchtime.
Specific times of day, or mealtimes
He doesn’t like driving at night.
AT
Festivals Are you going home at Christmas?
What do you often do at weekend?
Specific points in time
He's busy at the moment.
I was born in 1999.
Months, years, seasons We’re going to visit them in May.
The pool is closed in winter
IN
He’s leaving in the morning.
Long periods of time They managed to finish the job in two
weeks.
Days of the week I’ll see you on Friday.
Dates He was born on May 8th, 1996.
ON
We move house on Christmas Eve.
Special days
She was born on Valentine’s Day.

3. Prepositions of place

Preposition Use Example

My mom's still at home.
Specific places
I saw her standing at the bus stop.
Jane's at the dentist.
AT Public places and shops
I studied French at college.
Events I first met her at Jame's birthday party.
Addresses I live at 115 Main Street.
Surfaces There was a beautiful painting on the wall.
ON Roads, streets, rivers,… (something The bank is on King Street.
as a line)
Do you like living in Nottingham?
IN Countries, cities, towns, large areas
They were having a picnic in the park.

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Buildings, rooms,.. Can you take a seat in the waiting room,
(places surrounding a person or please?
object on all sides)

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Practice

A. Pronunciation

Practice 1: Practice of /s/ and /z/

Exercise 1: Write these words

Example: /saiz/ ➔ size

1. /seɪ/ ➔ ……………….. 3. /lɪvz/ ➔ ……………….. 5. /taɪmz/ ➔ ………………..

2. /sæt/ ➔ ……………….. 4. /iːst/ ➔ ……………….. 6. /ɡlæsɪz/ ➔ ………………..

Exercise 2: Answer the questions below.

1. Which two days of the week have /s/? __________ __________

2. Which three days of the week have /z/? __________ __________ __________
3. Which three months of the year have /s/? __________ __________ __________

Exercise 3: Listen and circle the word you hear (B27)

1. place / plays
2. zoo / Sue
3. so / show
4. sing / thing

Practice 2: Practice of /ʃ/ and /ʒ/

Exercise 1: Listen and complete the sentences. (Recording B82)

1. Yes, we’re an __________ business.

We’re based in __________, but we fly to anywhere in
__________ and the Pacific __________ .
2. A: Why are you __________ at that __________ ?
B: It’s eaten my __________!

Exercise 2: Unscramble these words. Each word has a /ʃ/ or /ʒ/ sound in it.

1. G R E N E -> ___________
2. T O H O S -> ___________
3. E I G B E -> ___________
4. I O V I N S -> ___________
5. E C H F -> ___________

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Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with words below.

1. should 4. decision 7. Chicago

2. Asia 5. office 8. machines
3. museum 6. business 9. garage

I work for a 1.________ in 2.________ . We fix copy 3.________ . But sometimes I can’t fix a copier. Then the
people in the 4.________ get angry. They think I 5.________ be able to fix everything. There’s just too much
stress in my world. So I’ve made a 6.________. I’m going to quit my job and move back to New York. Yes,
there’s also a lot of stress there. But my friend says he can get me a job at the Rubin 7.________. It has art
from India, China, and other countries in 8.________. The work is relaxing, and that’s what I need.

Practice 3: Practice of /tʃ/ and /dʒ/

Exercise 1: Write these words.

Exercise 2: Listen and circle the odd one out. (Recording B37)

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Exercise 3: Put these words into two groups.

teacher lounge bridge chair large chicken cheap juice Dutch language chips orange
cheese dangerous

/tʃ/ /dʒ/

B. Grammar

Practice 1: Fill in the blank the correct preposition.

1. I will go to America _____ August.

2. They came to visit us _____ my birthday.

3. Did you have a good time _____ Christmas?

4. They got married _____ 6th May.

5. I am going to have an important exam______ 8 a.m.

6. She was born _____ 1978.

7. I always wake up ________ noon.

8. I visited many places of the city ___________ the summer.

9. You should call her _________ lunch because she is busy in the morning.

10. I can’t remember when he came. I think it was _____ the afternoon.

Practice 2: Fill in the blank the correct preposition.

1. How many people were there ____________ the concert?

2. She got ________ her car.

3. I have photographs of my family _______ the wall of my office.

4. The cat is sitting _______ the box. I don’t know why he can fit in it.

5. Mr. Smith's jacket is _______ the closet.

7. It arrives_________ Chicago at ten o'clock.

8. The teacher is standing ________ the garden.

9. There is a book ________ the teacher's desk.

10. I always eat ______home.

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