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1 - EN - MIA - O2.3 - Exp Course 6 - Course Material - Part 1

Automatic control System

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15 views19 pages

1 - EN - MIA - O2.3 - Exp Course 6 - Course Material - Part 1

Automatic control System

Uploaded by

nganzebenjamin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Automatic

Control system

1
Chapter 1: Introduction

Automatic control is essential in all fields of engineering and science.


Automatic control is an important and integral part of space-vehicle systems,
robotic systems, modern manufacturing systems, and of any industrial
operations involving control of temperature, pressure, humidity, flow, etc. It is
desirable that all engineers and scientists are familiar with the theory and
practice of automatic control.
A control system consists of interconnected components to achieve a
desired purpose. There are two types of control systems :

❖ open-loop control (without feedback)


❖ closed-loop feedback control

2
Chapter 1: Introduction

An actuator is a device employed in control systems to alter or adjust the


environment (The electric motor drive used to rotate a robotic arm is an
example of an actuator which transforms electrical energy to mechanical
torque).

3
Chapter 1: Introduction

A sensor is a device that measures a required external signal.


A closed-loop control system uses the output measurement and the
feedback of this signal to compare it with a desired output (reference or
command). As we will discuss latter, closed-loop control has many
advantages over open-loop control including the ability to reject external
disturbances and improve measurement noise attenuation. We
incorporate the disturbances and measurement noise in the block diagram
as external inputs

4
Chapter 1: Introduction

Many feedback control systems contain more than one feedback loop. A
common multi loop feedback control system with an inner loop and an
outer loop is shown in the next slide. Other multi-loop feedback systems
will be studied in this course as they represent situations found in
real-world applications.

5
Chapter 1: Introduction

However, we use the single-loop feedback system for learning about the
benefits of feedback control systems, since the outcomes readily extend to
multiloop systems.

Due to the increasing complexity of the system under control and the
interest in achieving optimum performance, the importance of control
system engineering has grown in the past decade.

6
Chapter 1: Introduction

Furthermore, as the systems become more complex, the interrelationship of


many controlled variables must be considered in the control scheme. A
block diagram depicting a multivariable control system is shown in
Figure below

7
Chapter 1: Introduction

The shaft axis of the governor is connected via mechanical linkages and bevelled
gears to the output shaft of the steam engine. As the shaft speed of the steam
engine increases, the ball weights rise and move away from the shaft axis
And, through mechanical linkages, close the steam valve and slow down the
engine.
The first historical feedback system is the water-level float regulator said to
have been invented by the Rusian I. Polzunov in 1765 . The level regulator
system is shown in the figure . The float detects the water level and controls the
valve that covers the water inlet in the boiler.

8
Chapter 1: Introduction

The next century was characterized by the development of automatic control


systems through intuition and invention. Efforts to increase the accuracy of
the control system led to slower attenuation of the transient oscillations and
even to unstable systems. It then became imperative to develop a theory of
automatic control. In 1868, J. C. Maxwell formulated a mathematical theory
related to control systems using the differential equations of a governor.
9
Chapter 1: Introduction

Examples of control systems


Control engineering is concerned with the analysis and design of
goal-oriented systems.
The mechanization of these systems has given raise to a plethora of
hierarchical control systems. Modern control theory is concerned with
systems that are self-organizing, adaptive, robust and which are capable
of learning, in addition to other optimal qualities.

10
Chapter 1: Introduction

Brief History of Automatic control


The first automatic feedback controller used in an industrial process is
generally agreed to be James Watt’s flyball governor, developed in 1769
for controlling the speed of a steam engine. The all-mechanical device,
shown in the adjacent figure measured the speed of the output shaft and
utilized the movement of the flyball to control the steam valve and
therefore the amount of steam entering the engine.

11
Chapter 1: Introduction

Example 1. Automated vehicles


Driving an automobile is a pleasant task when the vehicle responds rapidly to
the driver’s commands. The era of autonomous or self-driving vehicles is
almost upon us.

The autonomous vehicle must be able to sense the changing environment,


perform trajectory planning, prescribe the control inputs that include
steering, turning, accelerating, braking and many other functions typically
handled by the driver, and actually implement the control strategy. Steering
is one of the critical functions of autonomous vehicles.

12
Chapter 1: Introduction

13
Chapter 1: Introduction

Example 1.2 Humanoid robots


A robot is a computer-controlled machine and involves technology closely
associated with automation. Industrial robotics can be defined as the field
of automation in which the automated machine (that is, the robot) is
designed to substitute for human labor.

14
Chapter 1: Introduction

Example 1.3 Unmanned aerial vehicles


The research and development of unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) is full of potential for the application of control systems. An
example of a UAV is shown in Figure below. UAVs are unmanned but are
usually controlled by ground operators.

15
Chapter 1: Introduction

Example 1.4 Industrial control systems


Other familiar control systems have the same basic elements as the
systems shown in the beginning.
A refrigerator has a temperature setting or a setpoint temperature, a
thermostat to measure the actual temperature and the error, and a
compressor motor for power amplification.
The household oven, furnace, and water heater are other examples. In the
industry, there are many examples including speed controllers, process
temperature and pressure controllers; position, thickness, composition and
quality controllers, level adjusters etc…

16
Chapter 1: Introduction

17
Chapter 1: Introduction

Conclusion:
Control systems and feedback play a central role in aerospace control,
Manufacturing technology, Robotics, Active damping, Climate control of
buildings, Chemical process control, Electrical power systems, Consumer
products, Active suspensions, Automatic braking, Engine timing,
self-driving cars, mobile communications, power control, noise cancellation
in headphones, and many other areas of engineering.

18
THANKS

19

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