Fall 2024 9 Week Study Guide Honors Biology

Macromolecules, Cells, Cell Transport, Cell Energy

Macromolecules
1. Complete the table below to review macromolecules
Chemical
Macromolecule Function Monomer Example
Test/Indicator

2. Why is carbon considered the building block of life?

3. Complete the table below to describe the functional groups.

Character
Group (polar/nonpolar/ Diagram
acidic/basic)

Hydroxyl Polar, hydrophilic

Methyl Nonpolar, hydrophobic

Carbonyl Polar, less hydrophilic

ketone aldehyde
Acidic, hydrophilic
Carboxyl

Basic, Polar
Amine

Polar, Acidic
Phosphate

Sulfhydryl
Polar
4. How is a saturated fat different from an unsaturated fat?

5. How would you recognize a steroid in a diagram?

6. Which reaction breaks molecules?

7. Which reaction makes molecules?

8. How many molecules of water are needed to hydrolyze a molecule that is 7 monomers long?

9. In the diagram to the right label:

a. the catalyzed reaction
b. the uncatalyzed reaction
c. Which kind of reaction uses enzymes?
d. What causes the difference in the two reactions?

e. Which kind of reaction uses less activation energy?

10. What two things does an enzyme do for a chemical reaction?

1.
2.

11. On the diagram below, which part of the diagram was changed during the reaction?

12. How will temperature and pH changes affect an enzyme?

13. How is an enzyme like a lock and key?

Cells
1. Complete the table below to summarize each scientist’s contributions to the cell theory.
Scientist Idea
Hooke
Schwann
Schleiden

2. What are the three main ideas of the cell theory?

1. 2. 3.
3. How is a plant cell different from an animal cell?
1.
2.
3.

4. What is the theory of endosymbiosis and list three pieces of evidence used to support this theory.

5. Complete the table below to identify each organelle in the diagram below and its function in the cell.
Organelle Function Letter in diagram below
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosome
Lysosome Not pictured
Vesicle Not pictured
Golgi bodies
Cell membrane
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast Not pictured
Vacuole Not pictured
Cell wall Not pictured
Cytoskeleton Not pictured
Cytoplasm

6. Is the cell above an animal or plant cell? Pro or eukaryote? How can you tell?
7. Complete the table below to compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes Both Eukaryotes

8. What is the main difference between pro and eukaryotic cells?

9. In the table below, summarize the advantages and disadvantages eukaryotes have over
prokaryotes.
Advantages Disadvantages

1. 1.
Eukaryotes
2. 2.

Cell Transport

10. Draw a water molecule and label the following: H, O, covalent bonds, regions of (+) and (-) charge.

11. Draw another water molecule attached to the first one. What bonds hold the two molecules
together?

12. Define and give an example of these two properties of water:

a. Adhesion
b. Cohesion
13. Describe the function of each cell membrane structure.
Structure Function
A phospholipid

C, F, G protein

D carbohydrate

E cholesterol

14. Complete the table below to summarize cell transport.

15. What does it mean to say the cell membrane is selectively permeable?
16. Which molecule in the diagram below would require energy to be brought into the cell?

17. In the diagram below the majority pf H+ ions are on the outside of the cell. Which type of transport
would be required to get them inside the cell? Why? What would happen if glucose weren’t
available?

18. What is the purpose of grocery stores spraying water on produce?

19. What is the purpose of the contractile vacuole in the paramecium? Does this organelle use
passive or active transport?

20. What is the purpose of the cell wall in plants in regards to osmosis?

Match the description to the type of transport.

A. Active Transport B. Passive Transport

21. movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

22. requires energy
23. exocytosis
24. endocytosis
25. osmosis
26. diffusion
27. does not require energy
28. movement of particles against the concentration gradient
29. facilitated diffusion

30. Label each of the solutions below as either isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic and say what will
happen to the cell.

Diagram Type of What will

solution happen to
cell?
A

31. In the scenario below, indicate what you would expect to happen and explain why.

32. Hospital patients are often given intravenous fluids (IVs) to maintain proper levels of water and salts
in the body. Great care is used in preparing these solutions. If a manufacturer accidentally prepared a
batch of IV fluid that contained much more than the usual amount of salt what might happen to the
patient’s blood cells?

Cell Energy
1. Draw and label a molecule of ATP and show what part has to be removed for it to release energy and
become ADP.
2. What is the function of ATP in photosynthesis?

3. Label all parts of the diagram below.

4. Write the equation for photosynthesis and label the reactants and products.

5. Complete the table below to summarize photosynthesis.

Light dependent reaction Light independent reaction
Reactants
Products
Location

6. Label the diagram below.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
a. What is the function of the photosystems?
b. What are the end products of this reaction?
c. What is created by the ETC?
d. What is created by ATP Synthase?
7. Write the equation for cellular respiration and label the reactants and products.

8. Fill in the blanks in the diagram below.

c. What is term for ‘no oxygen required’?
d. Which parts are aerobic?
e. What two things do glycolysis and fermentation have in common?
f. Which organisms use lactic acid fermentation?
g. Which organisms use alcoholic fermantation?
h. What is fermentation used for?
i. What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
j. What gas is required for the ETC?
k. What gas is released during the Krebs cycle?

8. Complete the table below to summarize cellular respiration.

Location Aerobic/anaerobic What is produced?
Glycolysis 1.
2.
Fermentation 1.
2.
Krebs Cycle 1.
2.
Electron 1.
Transport Chain 2.
9. What type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells?

10. What type of fermentation occurs in yeast?

11. If cellular respiration occurs, but an organism receives no nutrition, what is the effect on the
organism?

12. If oxygen is unavailable during cellular respiration, what might occur?

13. What is the function of ATP from cellular respiration?

14. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis complimentary processes?