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LINA01H3 Lecture : Linguistics lecture notes.docx

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tanfrog621
4 May 2012

SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

UTSC Linguistics

COURSE PROFESSOR

LINA01H3 Chandan Narayan

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Linguistics lecture notes

Linguistics lecture 1:

What is linguistics?

 Scientific of human language and language use

 What humans must know in order to use language
 How languages are structures
 How humans acquire language

Scientific study of language

 Writing is more perfect than speech

 Women generally speak better than men
 More words u know in a language the better you know the language
 Statements are not verifiable, they are judgements

Seeking truth about language

 Science is about verifying the truth

 It is possible to verify the truth of facts, not of judgements which expresses an opinion

What do linguists investigate

 “the word chef in English is borrowed from French”

 “kids need to study in school 2 learn lang.
 Phonology = speech sounds and combinations
 Morphology = study of words
 Syntax = word combinations (sentences)

Human language

Complex animal communication

 Some animals have extremely complex communication systems

 Some animals appear to learn human language (parrots), needs to be taught to be able to talk,
does not learn passively, humans on the other hand learn without being “taught”
 Human language are :
1. Rule-governed
 2. Creative Pricing Log Sign
 Humans don't memorize and repeat words they hear in up
Rules governed creativity (“-ed” ruled)
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 U-Shaped development of English past tense formation in children’s English
1. Stage 1 : Walked, played, came went
2. Stage 2 : Walked, played, comed, goed, holded (kids apply past tense to other word
“Holded”)
3. Stage 3: walked, played, camed, wented
4. Stage 4 : walked, played, came, went, held
 The “wug” test
1. To make plural form off of an unknown noun before.
 Create new verbs (mop the floor)

Linguistic competence

 Knowledge that speakers have that enables them to produce and understand their language is
called their linguistics competence

Descriptive vs. prescriptive approaches


actually talk
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Descriptive : Linguists take a descriptive approach to language, interested in how speakers

 Prescriptive : how people should speak. Not to describe rules, tell them rules they should follow
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Why do humansUnlock all 15 pages and 3 million more documents.
have lang.

 Humans are hard-wired to learn language

 Endowed with species-specific language faculty
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 Intelligence has nothing to do with language behaviour

Areas of linguistics
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 Semantics : the interpretation of words and sentences
 Phonetics : the articulation and perception of speech sounds
 Phonology : patterning of speech sounds

Lecture 2 :

Speech & segments :

 “Phone” = sounds
 “ic” : having a property
 Articulatory phonetics : Production of speech sounds
  How do we know that we “have” speech segments Pricing Log Sign
o Spoonerisms : Slips of the tongue (you have tasted (wasted) my whole wormin(term) up
 Acoustic signals have no boundaries (cannot isolate letters, joining letters at all time when
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 When speaking there is a slight overlap, co articulation
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 No speech sound is ever be alike. We perceive them the same but they’re always different
frequencies

Collective phonetic illusion

 We hear things that are not there

 We fail to notice elements that are present
 We judge sounds to be identical when really their “acousticity” is different

English orthography

 Different letters may represent a single sound : to, too, two, through, threw
 A single letter may represent different sounds: dame, dad, father, call, village
 Combination of letters may represent a single sound : shoot, chef, nation
 Some letters have no sound at all in certain words “silent letters” : ghost, debt, island
 Spelling reformers : Ghoti = fish

Phonetic alphabets

 Speech sounds into symbols

Types of speech segments

 Consonants and vowels :

o Consonants are sounds produce with either a complete closure or a narrowing of the
vocal tract is some obstruction in the flow of air out the mouth
o Vowels are sounds produced with no major obstruction in the vocal tract so that air can
flow relatively freely though the mouth

Classification of consonants

 Voicing : the state of the vocal folds

 Nasality : whether the air is passing through your nose or not
 Place of articulation : location of constriction in the vocal tract
 Manner of articulation : degree and kind of constriction in the vocal tract

Voicing

 Voiceless sounds : when the vocal folds are pulled apart (=abducted) air passes through the
glottis and the vocal folds do not vibrate
 
air passing between them causes to vibrate Pricing Logclosed, Sign
Voiced sounds : when vocal folds are brought close together (=adducted), but not tightly
in up
Place of articulation
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 Upper lip : pin, my (labial)
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Scientific of human language and language use. What humans must know in order to use
language. More words u know in a language the better you know the language. Statements
are not verifiable, they are judgements. It is possible to verify the truth of facts, not of
judgements which expresses an opinion. The word chef in english is borrowed from french .
Kids need to study in school 2 learn lang. Some animals have extremely complex
communication systems. Some animals appear to learn human language (parrots), needs to
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