Solution

Section A

1. (a) 4
Explanation: There are three rules on determining how many significant figures are in a number:
Non-zero digits are always significant.
Any zeros between two significant digits are significant.
A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant.
So keeping these rules in mind, there are 4 significant digits.
2.
(d) 9 : 4
energy power
Explanation: Intensity = time × area
=
area

From a point source, energy spreads over the surface of a sphere of radius r.
∴ Intensity, I =
P P
=
2
A 4πr

or I ∝ 1

2
r
2 2
I1 r2 3 9
= ( ) = ( ) =
I2 r1 2 4

3.
(b) Angular momentum
2
Explanation: I = 5
MR
2

dL
τext =
dt
= 0 ⇒ L = constant
∴ Angular momentum remains constant.
4.
(c) obtuse
Explanation: The angle of contact is obtuse for a liquid that does not wet glass.
5.
3
(c) 2
V
GM
Explanation: V = − R

Vcentre = − 3

2
GM

3
(3R
2
− r )
2

R
3 GM
=− 2 3
(3R
2
− 0)
R

=− 3

2
GM

R
= −
3

2
V

6.
−−−−−−
(c) √a 2
1
+ a
2
2

Explanation: Resultant amplitude is given by

2 2 2
A = a + a + 2a1 a2 cos Δ
1 2

where Δ is phase difference between two waves.

here Δ = π

thus A2 = a 1 + a
2 2
2
−−−−−−
A = √a 2
1
+ a
2
2

7.
(c) 2 : 1
Explanation: Magnitude of slope of distance-time graph gives the speed of the particle.
BO
Slope of line AB, m1 = AO
=
x

Thus speed in first two seconds, v1 ​= ∣m1∣ = x

−BO −x
Slope of line BC, m2 = CO
=
4

Page 8 of 18
 Thus speed in first two seconds, v2 ​= ∣m2∣ = x

4
x

v1
Thus ratio of speed v2
= x
2
=
2

1
4

8.
(d) 2 cm
Explanation: y = 5 sin( πx

2
) cos 4πt

y = a sin kx cos ω t
2π π
∴ k = =
λ 2

⇒ λ = 4 cm
∴ Distance between two consecutive nodes

= = 2 cm
λ

9.
(d) size of orifice
−−−
Explanation: Velocity of efflux, v = √2gh
Clearly, it does not depend on the size of the orifice.
10.
(d) 3.85 × 107 m
Explanation: Let the gravitational intensity be zero at distance x from the centre of the moon.
GMm GMe
Then 2
=
2
x (r − x)

22 24
7.35 × 10 5.98 × 10
=
2 8 2
x (3.85 × 10 −x)

8 −−−−−−−
2
3.85 × 10 −x 5.98 × 10
= √
x 7.35
8 −−
3.85 × 10

x
− 1 ≃ √81 =9
x = 3.85 × 107 m
11.
(b) l1 < l2
Explanation: ρ Al
< ρFe

⇒ MAl < MFe

⇒ I1 < I2

12.
(d) 320 W
Explanation: According to Stefan's Boltzmann's law,
E = σ (T
4
− T
0
4
) ,E ′
= σ (T
′4
− T
0
4
)
4 4 4 4
′ T −T (1227+273) −(227+273)
E 0
∴ = =
E 4 4 4 4
T −T (727+273) −(227+273)
0

4 4
1500 − 500
E
′
=
4 4
× 60 [E = 60 W]
1000 − 500

= 320 W
13. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
14. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
15.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: A heavenly body revolving round the sun is called a planet and there are nine planets in our solar system. A
heavenly body made of gaseous material and luminous due to its own energy is called a star.
16.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: According to statement of reason, A⃗ × B⃗ = AB sin θ.

Page 9 of 18
 As B⃗ = A⃗ , angle between A⃗ × A⃗ , θ = 0. Therefore,
⃗
A × A
⃗
= A sin 0o = 0⃗ i.e. the cross product of a vector with itself is zero.
Section B
17. Some important uses of beats phenomenon are as follows:
i. Principle of beats enables us to tune one musical instrument by sounding it against a standard frequency.
ii. We may determine the frequency of a tuning fork by studying beats formed with another tuning fork of known frequency.
iii. Principle of beats is made use of in heterodyne method of radio reception.
18. Let the period of oscillation T of a large fluid star depends on the radius of star, R, the mean density of fluid, ρ and universal
gravitational constant, G as:
T = k Ra ρ b Gc, where k is a dimensionless constant and a, b, c are their exponents.
Now, equating the dimensions on both the sides, we have,
[M0 L0 T1] = [L]a [M L-3]b [M-1 L3 T-2]c = Mb-c La-3b+3c T-2c
On comparing powers of M, L and T on both sides, we get,
b - c = 0 ...(i)
a - 3b + 3c = 0 ...(ii)
and - 2c = 1 ...(iii)
On simplifying these equations, we get c = − , b = − 1

2
1

2
and a = 0
1 1
− −
Thus, period of oscillation, T = kρ 2 G 2 = k

√ρG

This is the required expression.

19. Suppose wavelength λ associated with a moving particle depends upon (i) its mass (m), (ii) its velocity (v) and (iii) Planck’s
constant (h), then
λ = km v h ..(1)
a b c

where, k is a dimensionless constant.

Representing the above equation in terms of its dimensions, we get
[M0L1T0] = [M]a[LT-1]b[ML2T-1]c
⇒ [M0L1T0] = Ma+cLb+2cT-b-c ..(2)
Comparing power of M, L and T on both sides of equation (2), we get
a + c = 0, b + 2c = 1, - b - c = 0
we get a = -1, b = -1, c = + 1
putting the value of a,b, and c in equation (1), we get
−1 −1 1
λ = km v h
kh
λ =
mv
kh
Hence, the relation becomes λ = mv
and it gives the de broglie wavelength of a moving particle.
20. Retarding force, F = -50 N
Mass of the body, m = 20 kg
Initial velocity of the body, u = 15 m/s
Final velocity of the body, v = 0
Using Newton's second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the body can be calculated as:
F = ma
-50 = 20 × a
−50 2
∴ a= = −2.5m/s
20

Using the first equation of motion, the time (t) taken by the body to come to rest can be calculated as:
v= u + at
−u −15
∴ t = =
a −2.5

=6s
21. Let the resultant gravitational intensity be zero at distance x from the mass of 10 kg on the line joining the centres of the two
bodies. At this point, the gravitational intensities due to the two bodies must be equal and opposite.
G×10 G × 1000
∴ =
2 2
x (1 − x)

or 100 x2 = (1 - x)2 or 10x = 1 - x

1
or 11x = 1 or x = 11
m

Page 10 of 18
 OR
2
gR
g= GM

2
or M = G
R

This relation is true not only to the earth but for any heavenly body which is assumed to be spherical.
Now, g = 1.67ms , R = 1.74 × 10 m
−2 6

−11 −2 −2
G = 6.67 × 10 Nm kg
2
6
1.67×(1.74× 10 )

∴ Mass of the moon, M = −11

kg
6.67×10

22
= 7.58 × 10 kg

Section C

22.

According to the equation of continuity, if there is no source or sink along the length of a pipe then for steady flow of an ideal
fluid the mass of the fluid crossing any section of the pipe per unit time is always constant. Mathematically,
A1 v1 p1 = A2 v2 ρ2 = a constant
Consider steady flow of an ideal fluid through a pipe (or tube) PRQ of varying cross-section. Let us consider flow of fluid across
any two transverse sections, say at P and Q, of the pipe having areas A1 and A2, where velocity of fluid flow is v1 and v2,
respectively.
∴ Volume of fluid crossing the area A1 per unit time at section P = A1v1

Similarly, volume of fluid crossing the area A2 per unit time at section Q = A2v2.
If ρ 1 and ρ 2 be the densities of the given fluid at two sections, the mass of the fluid entering per unit time at section P is m1 =
A1v1ρ 1 and mass of the fluid leaving per unit time at section Q is m2 = A2v2 ρ 2
If there is no source or sink of fluid within the pipe, i.e., the flow is steady one, then from the law of conservation of matter, it
follows that
m1 = m2
∴ A1 v1 ρ1 = A2 v2 ρ2 .......(1)
which is the general form of the equation of continuity.
For flow of an ideal incompressible liquid, the liquid density at both the cross-sections remains constant i.e., ρ 1 = ρ2 .
Thus, equation of continuity may be expressed as A v = A v .................(2)
1 1 2 2

From this equation, it is clear that at narrower portion of a pipe the velocity of flow increases and vice-versa.
23. Variation of γ with temperature. For a given substance, y varies with temperature. Figure shows the variation of the coefficient of
cubical expansion of copper with temperature. The value of y first increases with temperature and then becomes constant at a high
temperature (above 500 K).

Materials γ (K-1) Materials γ (K-1)

Aluminium 7 × 10-5 Hard rubber 2.4 × 10-4

Brass 6 × 10-5 Invar 2 × 10-6

Iron 3.55 × 10-5 Mercury 18.2 × 10-5

Paraffin 58.8 × 10-5 Water 20.7 × 10-5

Ordinary Glass 2.5 × 10-5 Ethyl alcohol 110 × 10-5

Pyrex Glass 1 × 10-5

Page 11 of 18
 Table gives the average values of y for some common substances in the temperature range 0 - 100 °C. It can be noted that solids
and liquids have small values of γ . The materials pyrex glass and invar (an alloy of iron and nickel) have still smaller values of γ .
Ethyl alcohol has a higher value of y than mercury and expands more than mercury for the same rise of temperature.

24. a. When t = 0; x(t) = x0(1 - e-0) = x0(1 - 1) = 0

−0
x(t = 0) = x0 γe = x0 γ(1) = γx0

b. x(t) is maximum when t = ∞[x(t)] = x max 0

x(t) is minimum when t = 0[x(t)]min = 0

v(t) is maximum when t = 0; v(0) = x γ 0

v(t) is minimum when t = ∞; v(∞) = 0

a(t) is maximum when t = ∞; a(∞) = 0
a(t) is minimum when t = 0; a(0) = −x γ 0
2

25. Here it is given that mass of the railway car, m = 20 tonne = 20000 kg, initial speed u = 54 km h-1 = 15 m s-1, acceleration a = -0.3
m s-2 and final velocity v = 0.
a. The braking force on railway car F = ma = 20000 × (-0.3) = - 6000 N
where the negative sign shows that the force is opposing the motion.
b. From relation v - u = at, we get
v−u 0−15
t = =
a
= 50 seconds
(−0.3)

c. Using the relation v2 - u2 = 2as, we get

(0)2 - (15)2 = 2 × (−0.3) × s
⇒ −225 = −0.6s
225
s= = 375m
0.6

Thus, total distance travelled before stopping is equal to 375 m.

26. i. Waterfall: The falling of water cannot be reversible process. During the water fall, its potential energy convert into kinetic
energy of the water. On striking the ground, some part of potential energy converts into heat and (sound not possible that heat
and the sound). In nature, it automatically convert the kinetic energy and potential energy so that the water will rise back so
waterfall is not a reversible process.
ii. Rusting of iron: In rusting of iron, the iron become oxidised with the oxygen of the air as it is a chemical reaction, it cannot
be reversed.
27. a. When a force acts on a body or on a system or on a particle for some time, then the product of the force and the time interval
is called impulse.
¯
¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
Impulse I = F × t

S.I. Unit - NS
¯
¯¯¯
Impulse is a vector quantity directed along the average force F av .
b. Impulse of a force is equal to the change in momentum of the body.
According to Newton’s second law
¯
dp̄
¯
¯¯¯
F =
dt
¯
¯¯¯
or dp̄ = F dt
¯
¯

¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
Say, due to application of a force F , the momentum of a body changes from P to P in the time interval 0 to t. i.e. At t = 0
¯
¯¯¯
1 2

¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
P = P 1 and at
¯
¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯
¯
t = t , P = P2
¯
¯¯¯
¯
P2 t
¯
¯¯¯
¯
¯¯
∫ dp = ∫ F dt
¯
¯¯¯
¯ 0
P1

¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
P 2 − P 1 = Ft
¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯
P 2 − P 1 = I
¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯
[∵ F t = I ( Impulse )]

28. Here Pressure(P) = 20 gf mm-2 = (10-3)-2 kg f m-2 = 20 × 103 × 9.8 Nm-2 = 19.6 × 104 Nm-2
20
×
1000

Velocity (v) = 0.1 ms-1, h(Height from ground level) = 50 cm = 0.50 m, ρ = 103 kg m-3
4

Pressure energy per kg = P

ρ
=
19.6×10

3
= 196 J
10

Page 12 of 18
 Gravitational P.E. per kg = gh = 9.8 × 0.50 = 4.90 J
K.E. per kg = 1

2
v2 = 1

2
× (0.1)2 = 0.005 J
Total energy possessed by per kg of water
= P

ρ
+ gh + 1

2
v2 = 196 + 4.90 + 0.005 = 200.905 J.
OR
Given thath : A rectangular tank is 10 m long, 5 m broad and 3 m high.
So, Pressure on the bottom of the tank
= hρ g = 3 × 103 × 9.8 = 2.94 × 103 Nm-2
Area of bottom = Length × Breadth
= 10 × 5 = 50 m2
∴ Thrust on the bottom = Pressure × Area

= 2.94 × 103 × 50 = 1.47 × 106 N

The hydrostatic pressure on the walls of the tank increases uniformly from zero at the free surface of water to hρ g at the bottom of
the tank.
∴ Average hydrostatic pressure on the walls

3 × 103 × 9.8
0+hρg 1 1
= = hρg = ×
2 2 2

= 1.47 × 104 Nm-2

Now, area of broad walls is given by
= 2 × Length × Height
= 2 × 10 × 3 = 60 m2
Area of narrow walls = 2 × Breadth × Height
= 2 × 5 × 3 = 30 m2
Total area of walls = 90 m2
∴ Thrust on the walls = Average pressure × Area

= 1.47 × 106 + 1.323 × 106

= 2.793 × 106 N.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In everyday life, the term work is used to refer to any form of activity that requires the exertion of mental or muscular efforts. In
physics, work is said to be done by a force or against the direction of the force, when the point of application of the force moves
towards or against the direction of the force. If no displacement takes place, no work is said to be done.

(i) (c) 400 J

Explanation: 400 J
(ii) (b) zero
Explanation: zero
(iii) (b) non-conservative forces
Explanation: non-conservative forces
OR
(d) 2 J
Explanation: 2 J
(iv) (d) zero
Explanation: zero

Page 13 of 18
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Root mean square velocity (RMS value)is the square root of the mean of squares of the velocity of individual gas molecules and
the Average velocity is the arithmetic mean of the velocities of different molecules of a gas at a given temperature.

(i) (c) the r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s surface
Explanation: The r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s surface.
(ii) (c) > 1
Explanation: > 1
(iii) (b) T(H2) < T(N2)
Explanation: T(H2) < T(N2)
–
(iv) (b) v √6
0
–
Explanation: v 0 √6

OR

(d) v(11)12
Explanation: v(11)12
Section E
31. i. For Case (a), as we know that the restoring force is given by , F = -kx ⇒ |F| = kx

So, x = F

for the Case (b)

If x' is the extension in the spring, then drawing free body diagram of either mass (as the system under applied force is under
equilibrium).

kx' = F
′ F
∴ x =
k

F
In both the cases, extension is the same( k
.
)

ii. The period of oscillation in case(a)

As, restoring force(F) is given by = -kx
where, x = is the given extension
But from Newton's 2nd law of motion we know that, F = ma
∴ ma = −kx ⇒ a = − (
k

m
)x .......(i)
a ∝ −x

On comparing eq.(i) with a = -ω 2x, we get

−−
ω = √
k

m
(angular frequency or velocity of the motion)

Page 14 of 18
 −−
2π m
Period of oscillations is given by, T =
ω
= 2π√
k

Case (b)

The system is divided into two similar systems with spring divided in two equal halves, forming spring constant hence,
k' = 2k
Hence, force is , F = - k'x
Putting k' = 2k (on cutting a spring in two halves, its k doubles)
F = -2kx
But from Newton's law of motion, force is given by F = ma
∴ ma = -2kx

⇒ a= −(
2k

m
)x . . . . . (ii)

On comparing Eq.(ii) with a = -ω 2x, we get angular frequency or velocity is,

−−
2k
ω = √
m

Hence the required period of oscillation of the given question,

−−
2π m
T = = 2π√
ω 2k

OR
The potential energy and kinetic energy of a particle at a displacement y are given
1
Ep = 2
ky
2

and Ek = 1

2
k (A
2
− y )
2
...(i)
where A is the amplitude and k is the force constant.
i. As Ek = Ep

∴
1

2
k (A
2
− y )=
2 1

2
ky
2
or 2y2 = A2
or y = ± A
= ± 0.71 A
√2

= 0.71 times the amplitude on either side of the mean position.

ii. Here, v = v 1

2
max

In general, kinetic energy

2
= 1

2
mv
2
=
1

2
m(
1

2
vmax ) = 1

4
⋅
1

2
2
mvmax

= 1

4
× Maximum kinetic energy
or Ek = 1

4
× (Ek )
max
...(ii)
From equation (i),
Ek = k (A − y )
1

2
2 2

1
∴ (Ek)max = 2
kA
2
[Put y = 0]
Putting these values in equation (ii), we get
k (A − y ) =
1 2 2 1 1 2
× kA
2 4 2

or 4y2 = 3A2
√3
or y = ± 2
A= ± 0.86 A
= 0.86 times the amplitude on either side of the mean position.

32.

The path followed by the motorist is a regular hexagon with side 500 m, as shown in the given figure.
Let the motorist start from point P. The motorist takes the third turn at S.
Magnitude of displacement = PS = PV + VS = 500 + 500 = 1000 m (∵ P V = QR, V S = SR)

Page 15 of 18
Total path length, d1 = PQ + QR + RS = 500 + 500 + 500 = 1500 m
The motorist take the sixth turn at point P, which is the starting point
∴ Magnitude of displacement = 0

Total path length, d2 = PQ + QR + RS + ST + TU + UP

d2 = 500 + 500 + 500 + 500 + 500 = 3000 m
The motorist takes the eight turn at point R
∴ Magnitude of displacement = PR
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
2 2 ∘
P R = √P Q + QR + 2(P Q) ⋅ (QR) cos 60
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −
2 2 ∘
P R = √500 + 500 + (2 × 500 × 500 × cos 60 )

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1
P R = √250000 + 25000 + (500000 × )
2

PR = 866.03 m
∘
−1 500 sin 60 ∘
β = tan ( ∘
) = 30
500+500 cos 60

Therefore, the magnitude of displacement is 866.03 m at an angle of 30o with PR.

Total path length = Circumference of the hexagon + PQ + QR
Total path length= 6 × 500 + 500 + 500 = 4000 m
The magnitude of displacement and the total path length corresponding to the required turns is shown in the given table
Turn Magnitude of displacement (m) Total path length (m)

Third 1000 1500

Sixth 0 3000

Eighth 866.03; 30o 4000

OR
From the figure resolving the components of v0 and g, we get

vx = v0 sin θ and v = υ cos θ y 0

gx = gcosθ ,g = gsinθ acting vertically downwards

y

Consider the motion of particle from O to A in new YOY’ axis.

y = u t + ya t ​ 1

2
y
2

Where, z = 0, vy = v0 cos θ, ay = −g sin θ ​

∴ t = T ( time of flight ) , y = 0​​
1
⇒ 0 = v0 cos θT −
2
g sin θT
2
​
2v0 cos θ
⇒ T = ​
g cos θ

2v0
T =
g

Now consider the motion along OX axis.​​

2v0
x = L, ux = v0 sin θ, ax = g sin θ, t = T =
g
​
x = ux t +
1

2
ax t
2
​
2
2v5 2v0
L= [
g
] v0 sin θ +
1

2
g sin θ[
g
] ​
2 2
2υ 4v

​
0 1 0
L= sin θ + g sin θ ⋅
g 2 2
g
2 2
2v 4v

=
g
0
[sin θ + sin θ] =
g
0
sinθ ​

Page 16 of 18
 2
4v

.
0
⇒L = sin θ
g

2
4v

Hence the value of L is​​ g

0
sin θ ​.
33. lx = ypz - zpy
ly = zpx - xpz
lz = xpy - ypx
The linear momentum of the particle in cartesian coordinate, p ⃗ = p x
^ ^ ^
i + py j + pz k

Position vector of the particle in cartesian coordiantes , r ⃗ = x^i + y^ + zk

^

As we know the angular momentum of a moving particle about a point is given as, l ⃗ = r ⃗ × p ⃗ where p and r are linear momentum
and position vector respectively,
′
^ ^
^ + zk ^ ^ ^
= (x i + y ) × (px i + py j + pz k)

∣^ ^ ^ ∣
i j k
∣ ∣
= ∣x y z ∣
∣ ∣
∣ px py pz ∣

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
lx i + ly j + lz k = i (y pz − zpy ) − j (xpz − zpx ) + k (xpy − y px )

= = ^i (yp z
^ ^
− zpy ) + j (−xpz + zpx ) + k (xpy − y px )

Comparing the coefficients of ^i , ^j , ^

and k we get the components of angular momentum as :
lx = ypz - zpy
ly = xpz - zpx …..(i)
lz = xpy - ypx
b) If the particle moves in the x-y plane only. Hence, the z-component of the position vector and z component of linear momentum
vector become zero, i.e.,
z = pz = 0
Thus, equation (i) reduces to:
lx = 0
ly = 0
lz = xpy - ypx
Therefore, when the particle is confined to move in the x-y plane, the x and y components of linear momentum are zero and hence
the direction of angular momentum is along the z-direction.
OR
Radii of the ring and the disc, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Initial angular speed, ω =10 π rad s-1
z

Coefficient of kinetic friction, μ = 0.2 k

Initial velocity of both the objects, u = 0

Motion of the two objects is caused by frictional force. As per Newton's second law of motion, we have frictional force, f = ma
μ mg = ma
k

Where,
a = Acceleration produced in the objects
m = Mass
∴ a = μ g … (i)
k

As per the first equation of motion, the final velocity of the objects can be obtained as:
v = u + at
= 0 + μk gt

= μk gt … (ii)
The torque applied by the frictional force will act in a perpendicularly outward direction and cause a reduction in the initial
angular speed.
Torque, T= - Iα
α = Angular acceleration
uz mgr = -Iα
− μk mgr
∴ a=
I
…….(iii)

Page 17 of 18
Using the first equation of rotational motion to obtain the final angular speed:
ω = ωe + at
−μ mgr
= ωx +
k

I
t ……(iv)
Rolling starts when linear velocity, v = ru
μk gm rt
∴ v = r (ω0 −
I
) ……(v)
Equating equations (ii) and (v), we get:
μk gmrt
μk gt = r (ω0 − )
I

2
μi gm r t
= rω0 −
I
…….(vi)
For the ring I = mr 2

2
μ gm r t
k
∴ μk gt = rω0 −
mr2
2
uk gm r t
= rω0 = uk −
2
mr

2μ˙ gt = rω0
k
rω0
∴ tr =
2μk g

=
0.1×10×3.14

2×0.2×9.8
= 0.80s ……(vii)
For the ring I = 1

2
mr
2

2
μk gm r t
∴ μk g td = rω0 −
1
m r2
2

= rω0 − 2μk gt

3μk g td = rω0
rω0
∴ td =
3μ g
k
0.1×10×3.14
=
3×0.2×9.8
= 0.53s ……(viii)
Sincet d > tr , the disc will start rolling before the ring.

Page 18 of 18